Publicații - Universitatea de Vest "Vasile Goldiș" din Arad
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The Relationship Between the Shadow Economy, Corruption, and Taxes: Empirical Evidence From Countries With High and Low Financial Development
Full text linkThe paper explores the relationship between the shadow economy, corruption, and taxes in 25 high-financial developed countries (HFDCs) and 30 low-financial developed countries (LFDCs) using the PVAR method. The results of the impulse-response function show that the corruption perception index (CPI) has a positive correlation with tax revenue and the shadow economy in HFDCs, while tax revenue and the shadow economy are negatively correlated. In contrast, in LFDCs, the shadow economy has a positive correlation with tax revenue and a negative correlation with the CPI. In addition, the study also suggests that there is no relationship between tax revenue and the CPI. From the above findings, we propose several related policies for each group of countries
Double Taxation Conventions, Transfer Pricing and Fiscal Space. From Tax Law Underpinnings to Financial Assessments
Full text linkThis article tackles the sensible and complex problem of international taxation. The main objective of the paper is to create a comprehensive fiscal space, especially at the European level, in the direct taxation domain. The main scope of the research is to identify, evaluate, and assess the main pillars and features of this fiscal space. The research methodology is based both on theoretical analysis of double taxation and transfer pricing issues, but also on practical aspects of several specific case laws. The conclusions of the article highlight the further improvement and development of the arm’s length principle structure, improving double taxation multilateral conventions, recalibrating the mutual agreement procedure, and strengthening the tax authorities’ international cooperation techniques and tactics
Do Local Political Elections Affect Daily Stock Returns? Evidence From the Republic of North Macedonia\u27s MBI10 Index
Full text linkEven though “all politics” are supposedly “local”, as reportedly said Tip O’Neil, the majority of studies on the link between politics and finance focused on presidential elections. This argues that overlooking local elections could result in a gap in the literature, thus it focused on the effect of the 2021 local elections on the stock market in the Republic of North Macedonia. The results could not reject the null hypothesis that local elections did not have any statistically significant effect on the stock prices as only 10% of the stocks traded experienced significant abnormal returns during the election period.  
Analysis of the Differences Between Female and Male Employment in Türki̇ye With Different Variables
Full text linkThe research aims to analyze the differences between male and female employment in Turkey between 2007 and 2022. In this process, various variables are taken into account and the results are supported by TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) data. In this study, panel data of TUIK for the years 2007-2022 were used as the methodology. These data were analyzed using SPSS 22 and E-Views programs using Correlation, Anova, Independent Samples t test, Man-Whitney u test and Regression tests. At the end of the analysis, it was seen that there is a high degree of correlation between female and male employment and that there is a high level of difference in terms of employment in all female age groups. According to the regression analysis results, female employment grows by 0.28 units per year, while male employment grows by 0.11 units per year. This shows that female employment has been rising faster than male employment in recent years
How Organizational Inefficiency Adversely Affects Number-of-employee Based Production Outputs
Full text linkThis study uses an analytical approach to investigate the emerging disconnect between firm size and financial performance, as observed recently from a set of long-term data collected from U.S. public firms. By holding all organizational aspects of a firm constant, it confirms the validity of the old saying that the larger a firm is, the better chance it can secure advantages against rivals and the higher returns it can fetch. However, if the assumption about organizational aspects is removed, the present study shows that if a firm employs its assets to increase production output through hiring additional employees, then the consequently increased organizational inefficiency, as caused by interactions of the employees, will soon erase the expected increase in the output. Additionally, it is also shown, among other results, that when a firm hires additional human labor to meet the increasing market demand, the expected profit will decline after first reaching its maximum level. These results crystalize what has been speculated and what have been empirically observed. In the conclusion section, it is recommended that increasing a firm’s size, in terms of the number of employees, is not a realistic, efficient solution to meeting the challenge of increasing market demand. Instead, any genuine solution must satisfy the condition that it does not increase the organization’s inefficiency of the firm, such as increasing the magnitude of automation and/or digitization
Exploring Legal and Non-legal Approaches to Eliminating Child Labor in the Cocoa Industry in Ghana
Full text linkThe problem of child labor in cocoa-producing countries like Ghana and Ivory Coast has been projected into the international limelight due to coverage by notable international media organizations like CNN, BBC, and Al Jazeera. The incidence of child labor in the cocoa industry raises legal and ethical issues in the production and manufacturing processes that feed into international trade. This paper explores the international legal framework on child labor under the Minimum Age Convention and the consistency of Ghanaian domestic law with the Convention. It further discusses empirical data collected from Anyinam, a cocoa farming community in the Eastern Region of Ghana and the sustainability programme of Federated Commodities Ltd. (FEDCO), as a private sector responsible business initiative aimed at addressing the problem of child labor from a holistic approach
Legal Perspective on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Corporate Governance in Nigeria: Potentials and Challenges
Full text linkFrom a legal standpoint, this paper critically examines the potential and challenges in deploying Artificial (AI) Intelligence in corporate governance in Nigeria. The examination revealed that leveraging AI in corporate governance could enhance corporate efficiency in Nigeria through improved decision-making, risk management, financial reporting, and stakeholder protection and engagement. However, possible bias and data privacy breaches are significant risks that pose ethical challenges when AI is deployed in corporate governance. Particularly, Nigeria is bisected by several socio-economic challenges, such as a lack of a robust AI framework and insufficient technological expertise to develop and optimize AI systems. Furthermore, Nigeria currently lacks comprehensive national AI legislation, thereby resulting in the absence of a legal basis for the effective deployment of AI in corporate governance and board management. Against this backdrop, this paper proposes an AI-based corporate governance framework, which can be adapted into future legislative reforms to streamline decision-making processes and improve board accountability and stakeholders’ protection in companies. Overall, it argues that AI legislation and policies are vital to the success of efforts to implement AI-based corporate governance in Nigeria. 
Determinants of Mortgage Loan Approval in Banks in a Developing Country: Evidence From Nigeria
Full text linkThis article is aimed at investigating the determinants of mortgage loan approval in developing countries, employing the binary probit model. Loan approval was made the response variable while deposit, amount to borrow, lending rate, gratuity, capacity to pay the loan and character of the borrowers stood as the explanatory variables. Cross-sectional data were collected from the four top banks in Nigeria. The result showed that all the variables had the correct signs but only the capacity to pay the loan has a significant impact in determining the success of mortgage loan approval. Collectively, all the variables have significant power to determine mortgage loan approval. It is therefore suggested that prospective borrowers should ensure that they have all it takes to refund the loan they wish to obtain from commercial banks
Analysis of the Relationship Between Military Expenditure and Investment in the Economic Community of West African States: a Heterogeneous Panel Data Approach
Full text linkWest Africa has been grappling with various security challenges prompting governments’ intervention via military expenditure both at the country and regional level. Given the sporadic surge in military expenditure in the region and the potential effect such expenditure may exert on investment which is a sin qua non to the development process of any economy or region, this study utilizes the augmented mean group (AMG) approach and the Granger non-causality test in investigating the impact and causal relationship between investment and military expenditure in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) between 1980 and 2020. With country-specific cross-dependence and heterogeneity adequately accounted for, the study found that military expenditure has a dampening impact on investment at both the panel and country levels; unemployment adversely impacts investment; whereas economic growth stimulates investment (catalytic effect) in the ECOWAS, although at differing levels of significance. The study also established a long-run relationship among the variables; with only economic growth Granger causing investment. The study thus recommends that country-specific and regional-based military policies be established to glean economic growth through viable investment
Political Participation Behavior: Young People\u27s Enthusiasm for the 2024 Presidential and Vice-presidential Elections
Full text linkThe enthusiasm of the younger generation for presidential and vice-presidential elections has a significant impact on the political dynamics of a country. This study aims to explore the factors that influence the level of enthusiasm of the younger generation in the process of electing the head of state. The research method used is descriptive analysis using primary and secondary data. The findings show that factors such as political education, social media, participation in political activities, and the aspirations of the younger generation play an important role in shaping their level of enthusiasm for the presidential and vice-presidential elections. The results of this analysis provide valuable insights for policymakers, political stakeholders and educational institutions to design more effective strategies to strengthen young people\u27s engagement in the democratic process, as well as to sustain their political participation in the future