RIPEST - Repository of the Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection
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QuEChERS pesticides extraction using EMR sorbent
No full textFor the efficient removal of lipids from a wide range of matrices during the QuEChERS extraction and purification the different sorbents can be used. The novel sorbent mixture, which is primarily present as a sorbent for fatty matrices, containing C18 and some special kind of polymers, known as EMR ‒ Lipid (Enhanced Matrix Removal ‒ Lipid) was applied and tested on non lipid matrices. Our work deals with a highly colored extract such as an extract of sour cherries. The validation of five pesticides, which are registered in the Republic of Serbia for use in sour cherries protection, the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC/MS-MS) was used. LC-MS/MS was equipped with a reversed-phase C18 analytical column of 50×4.6 mm and 1.8 μm particle size (Agilent Zorbax Eclipse). The mobile phase was methanol and Milli-Q water with 0.1% formic acid in gradient mode, with the flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. For the mass spectrometric analysis, an Agilent 6410B Triple-Quad LC/MS system was applied. Agilent Mass Hunter software was used for method development, data acquisition and quantification. Carbofuran-D3 was used as an internal standard. The validation comprised the basic validation parameters such as LOQ, recovery, precision and linearity. For all investigated pesticides (boscalid, tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole and chlorpiryfos), the recovery values for 0.1 and 0.01 mg/kg spiking levels were in accordance with SANTE/11945/2015 Document and ranged from 73.5% (pyraclostrobin) to 116.0% (chlorpyrifos) with %RSD less than 20%. The LOQ for all investigated pesticides were set on 0.01 mg/kg. The good linearity was obtained for all pesticides with the R2 over 0.99.Hotel Metropol ‒ Belgrade, Serbia, June 22–24, 201
Response of tomato to simulated soil residues of imazamox
No full textImazamox is a selective imidazolinone herbicide applied post-emergence. As imidazolinone
herbicides are characterized by extended persistance in various media, there are numerous
evidences of their eff ects on the next susceptible crops in crop rotation schemes.
A laboratory bioassay was conducted to investigate the sensitivity of tomato to the residual
activity of imazamox in a sand soil (pH 7.63, humus 0.91%, sand 91.44%, silt 1.32% and
clay 7.24%). The eff ect of three diff erent levels of soil moisture (20, 50 and 70% fi eld water
capacity – FWC) was also examined. Imazamox was applied at diff erent rates from 6.25 to
800 μg a.i./kg soil. The parameters measured 21 days after treatment were shoots and roots
fresh weight and root length as well as the content of water soluble proteins. The content of
soluble proteins was determined by Bradford’s method (1976).
Imazamox caused a growth delay and lower protein content at all levels of soil moisture,
and the degree of change depended on the application rate. In plants grown in soil with 20%
FWC, root fresh weight showed the highest inhibition, root length showed less sensitivity and
there was no statistically signifi cant reduction in shoot fresh weight. In soil containing 50%
FWC, concentrations ≥100 μg a.i./kg soil caused a signifi cant reduction in root fresh weight
and root lenght, while only the two highest concentrations caused a signifi cant reduction in
shoot fresh weight. Root lenght was the most sensitive parameter in soil of 70% FWC, while
shoot fresh weight was the least sensitive parameter. Soluble protein contents were lower
in all trial variants, but the changes did not depend on herbicide concentration.June 19–25, 2016, Prague, Czech Republi
The role of cultural practices in prevention of soil borne plant infections
No full textFitopatogene gljive i pseudogljive koje se prenose zemljištem, predstаvljаju značajan problem u proizvodnji paprike. Primenа fungicidа i dezinfekcijа supstrata činili su osnovu suzbijаnjа ovih pаtogenа u nаšoj zemlji dugi niz godina. Međutim, povlačenje iz upotrebe metil bromida koji je veoma uspešno korišćen za dezinfekciju zemljišta, pre svega zbog štetnog delovanja na ozonski omotač i pooštrenih kriterijuma u pogledu bezbednosti hrane, nameće potrebu za alternativnim načinima suzbijanja patogena koji se prenose zemljištem. Zbog toga je sve veće interesovanje za primenu nepesticidnih mera suzbijanja prouzrokovača bolesti i štetočina, a među kojima su svakako najznačajnije agrotehničke mere. U ovom radu dat je pregled agrotehničkih mera koje se koriste u suzbijanju patogena iz zemljišta, a koje obuhvataju: primenu plodoreda, hidroponički sistem gajenja povrća, đubrenje zemljišta zelenišnim i organskim đubrivima, korišćenje biouglja, sterilizaciju zemljišta vodenom parom, solarizaciju zemljišta, korišćenje kalemljenih biljaka, upotrebu zdravog semena i suzbijanje korenovih nematoda.Soil-borne fungi and pseudofungi cause great economic losses and present major challenges to the production of pepper. Soil disinfection is the most effective way to control these pathogens, and for this purpose methyl bromide was successfully used for many years. However, this fumigant was excluded from use due to its impact on the ozone layer and stricter food safety regulations and standards. Consequently, nowdays numerous researches are interested in finding methyl bromide alternatives for suppression of soilborne plant pathogens. There is an increasing interest in using non-chemical methods for the management of soil-borne pathogens. In this paper, several cultural methods available for reducing the incidence of diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens are presented. They include crop rotation, use of hydroponic production, vapour and solarisation, organic amendments, biochar, vegetable grafting, certificated plant material
First Report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' Associated With Potato Stolbur Disease in Montenegro
No full textDetermination of multi-class herbicides in soil by liquid-solid extraction coupled with headspace solid phase microextraction method
No full textDescribed is a method for simultaneous determination of five herbicides (metribuzin, acetochlor, clomazone, oxyfluorfen and dimethenamid) belonging to different pesticide groups in soil samples. Developed headspace solid phase microextraction method (HS-SPME) in combination with liquid-solid sample preparation was optimized and applied for the analysis of agricultural samples. Optimization of microextraction conditions, such as temperature, extraction time and sodium chloride content was performed using 100 mu m polydimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) fiber. The extraction efficiencies of methanol, methanol: acetone and methanol: acetone: hexane in 1:1 and 2:2:1 volume ratios, respectively, and the optimal number of extraction steps during the sample preparation, were tested as well. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for detection and quantification, obtaining relative standard deviation (RSD) below 13 %, and recovery values higher than 83 % for multiple analyses of soil samples fortified at 30 mu g kg(-1) of each herbicide. Limits of detection (LOD) were less than 1.2 mu g kg(-1) for all the studied herbicides
Enhancement of bentazone efficacy with newly developed ecofriendly adjuvants
No full textAdjuvants have been developed to enhance the activity of pesticide and possibly could allow reduction of pesticide rates. This is a very important fact as there are many concerns associated with pesticides use, because of their potential to cause adverse effects to operators, crops and environment. Because of that there is continued government regulatory pressure for safer pesticide products and for reduction of pesticides application rate. Trend towards minimum use of pesticides lead to development of new, more effective adjuvants to enhance biological activity of pesticide formulations, either built-in formulation or added in tank mix just before application. Among others, crop oil concentrates (COC) and soluble concentrates (SL) are bioenhancing adjuvants which enhance the effectiveness of pesticides. In our study we investigated how adjuvants with different compositions influenced bentazone efficacy. The first step was development of ecofriendly crop oil concentrates based on vegetable oils (sunflower oil, soybean oil and esterified rape seed oil) in combination with different surfactants. Then we compared the effects of the crop oil concentrates and the commercial adjuvant (Trend (R) 90, soluble concentrate) during the application with bentazone on two different locations. The results after two year trials confirmed that all investigated adjuvants have beneficial effects on bentazone efficacy, but the effects of the developed crop oil concentrate with esterified rape seed oil was the most pronounced
Effect of Different Storage Conditions of Apple Fruits on Colletotrichum Species Virulence
No full textPostharvest losses caused by phytopathogenic fungi can be severe, and low and high temperatures can significantly inhibit pathogen development from harvest to marketing. Colletotrichum spp. are important post-harvest pathogens of apple, causing losses from 30-80%. The losses are mostly managed by fungicide applications, as well as by keeping of fruits in adequate storage. Therefore, effect of different storage conditions (cold storage, ultra-low oxygen cold storage, storage at 35 degrees C) of apple fruits on Colletotrichum spp. virulence was studied in vivo, and compared with an effect of low and high temperatures on mycelial growth of the pathogens in vitro. It was found that both, high and low temperatures significantly affect pathogen development, in vitro and in vivo, and that high temperatures (35 degrees C) can completely inactivate virulence of C. acutatum, while low temperatures ( lt = 2 degrees C) can inactivate virulence of C. gloeosporioides. However, short-term storage of inoculted apple fruits at 5 degrees C can cause more pronounced virulence of both Colletotrichum species once they reach room temperature. According to the obtained results, combination of postharvest heat treatment with a long-term cold storage is proposed for complete elimination of Colletotrichum spp. on apple fruits
The effect of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunk.) on chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content parameters of alfalfa and sugar beet plants
No full textThe presence of parasitic plants in food crops, and the associated damage, has become
a growing problem. Obligate parasites are unable to develop without assimilates received
from their host plants because they are either incapable of any photosynthetic activity or
their photosynthetic potential is very low. The aim of this study was to investigate the eff ect
of Field Dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunk.) on the chlorophyll fl uorescence and chlorophyll
content of important host plants.
The impact of Field Dodder on chlorophyll fl uorescence and chlorophyll content of infested
alfalfa and sugar beet plants was examined under controlled conditions. Several parameters
of chlorophyll fl uorescence (Fo, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, Fv and IF) were measured in infested (I) and
non-infested (N) alfalfa and sugar beet plants over a period of twenty days, beginning
with the day of infestation. Chlorophyll contents, both total (TCC) and relative (RCC), were
determined at 1, 7, 14 and 20 days after infestation (DAI).
Field Dodder was found to aff ect both TCC and RCC in infested alfalfa and sugar beet plants,
causing signifi cant reductions in chlorophyll content in both species. Our data show that
such reductions in TCC and RCC were greater in infested alfalfa (TCC= 6 – 38%; RCC= 11
– 57%) than infested sugar beet plants (TCC= 10 – 34%; RCC= 6 – 19%). The parasite also
reduced several parameters of chlorophyll fl uorescence (Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, Fv and IF) in infested
alfalfa and sugar beet plants. Contrarily, Field Dodder was found to increase Fo values in
both host plant species.
Field dodder aff ects chlorophyll fl uorescence parameters and chlorophyll content in infested
alfalfa and sugar beet plants, showing that these parameters may be considered as sensitive
indicators of the impact that this parasitic plant has on its hosts
Monitoring of Bacterial Diseases of Agaricus bisporus in Serbia
No full textButton mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach) is one of the
most common cultivated edible mushrooms in Serbia. Its production is
mostly intended for fresh market but although market demands are
increasing, it is still at the level of small-scale growers. Unlike fungal
pathogens that were thoroughly studied in Serbian mushroom farms
(Potočnik et al. 2015), bacterial pathogens in A. bisporus were not
studied until 2006 when symptoms resembling brown blotch were
observed on several mushroom farms and Pseudomonas tolaasii was
reported for the first time (Milijašević-Marčić et al., 2012). Since there
are several fluorescent pseudomonads with the ability to cause diseases
of A. bisporus (Munsch et al., 2000; Godfrey et al., 2001; Iacobellis,
2011), after these findings, an extensive survey of button mushroom
bacterial diseases both in farms and fresh markets was conducted to
estimate the presence and identity of mycopathogenic bacteria and to
determine the predominant bacterial pathogen in Serbia
Isolation and identification of bacillus spp. From compost material, compost and mushroom casing soil active against trichoderma spp.
No full textThe isolation of bacteria was carried out from samples of straw and chicken manure, compost at various stages of the composting process and casing soil used for growing button mushrooms. A preliminary screening of 108 bacterial isolates for antagonistic activity against Trichoderma aggressivum is europaeum showed that 23 tested isolates inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungus. Further screening with four indicator isolates of fungi revealed that all 23 bacterial isolates inhibited the growth of T. aggressivum f. europaeum, T. harzianum and T koningii, while only 13 isolates inhibited the growth of T atroviride. T aggressivum f. europaeum proved to be the most sensitive, with many bacterial isolates generating a high percentage of growth inhibition. Only two bacterial isolates (B-129 and B-268) were successful in inhibiting the growth of all 4 tested pathogens. All 23 bacterial isolates were characterized as Gram-positive and catalase-positive and were subjected to molecular identification based on the partial sequence, the hypervariant region of the 16S rDNA. It was shown that the obtained bacterial strains belong to Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis and B. pumilus species