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Mogućnosti suzbijanja patogena iz zemljišta
No full textSoilborne pathogens cause significant economic losses in agricultural production all over the world. These species can survive for many years in the absence of a host plant by forming persistent structures such as microsclerotia, sclerotia, chlamydospores or oospores. Consequently, soilborne diseases are particularly difficult to predict, detect, diagnose and successfully control. Over the past 30 years, a fumigant, methyl bromide, has been widely used for their control in many crops. In 1992, methyl bromide was listed as an ozone-depleting substance under the Montreal Protocol - an international treaty to protect the ozone layer. During the phaseout of methyl bromide, problems generated in agricultural production made it clear that dependence on a single method or a single chemical should be avoided. The objective of this review paper was to summarize the current knowledge about different methods of soilborne disease control including: crop rotation, steam soil disinfection, soil amendments, hydroponics and soilless growing systems, soil solarization, grafting, biological control and use of natural compounds, and chemical control. Positive and negative aspects of all available methods were reviewed. Benefits, achieved by simultaneous application of several methods based on different mechanisms of actions, are discussed.Fitopatogene gljive i pseudogljive iz zemljišta, predstavljaju značajan problem u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji širom sveta. Zahvaljujući perzistentnosti tvorevina za preživljavanje (mikrosklerocije, sklerocije, hlamidospore ili oospore), ovi patogeni opstaju u zemljištu godinama i bez prisustva biljke domaćina. Preparati na bazi metil bromida činili su okosnicu njihovog suzbijanja preko 30 godina. Međutim, Montrealskim protokolom iz 1992. godine, metil bromid je označen kao supstanca koja ima štetan uticaj na ozonski omotač, što je dovelo do njegovog postepenog povlačenja iz upotrebe. Nakon ukidanja metil bromida postalo je jasno da ne postoji jedna efikasna mera za suzbijanje ovih patogena, kao i da je za održivo suzbijanje neophodno primeniti kompleks mera. U ovom radu sistematizovana su najnovija saznanja o merama koje se koriste za suzbijanje patogena iz zemljišta, a koje obuhvataju: primenu plodoreda, sterilizaciju zemljišta vodenom parom, đubrenje zemljišta zelenišnim i organskim đubrivima, hidroponički sistem gajenja povrća, solarizaciju zemljišta, korišćenje supstanci prirodnog porekla, korišćenje kalemljenih biljaka i hemijske mere suzbijanja. Istaknuti su pozitivni i negativni aspekti svake pojedinačne mere, kao i prednosti istovremene primene kompleksa mera zasnovanih na različitim mehanizmima
Antagonistički efekat sporogenih bakterija na patogene iz zemljišta
No full textZemljiste je kompleksan i dinamican visefazni sistem, koji predstavlja zivotnu sredinu za brojne
mikroorganizme. Osim vafoe uloge u formiranju i odrzavanju strukture i plodnosti zemljista, mi·
kroorganizmi uticu na rast i razvice biljaka, razgraduju pesticide i druge zagadivace i predstavljaju
indikatore promena fizicko-hemijskih osobina zemljista. Procenjuje se da 1 g zemljista sadrzi do mi·
lijardu bakterijskih celija, vise desetina hiljada taksona i oko 200 m hifa gljiva, sto predstavlja 0, 1 do
3% celokupne organske materije zemljista. Brojnost mikroorganizama je veca u povrsinskim, toplim
i aerisanim slojevima zemljista (do 30 cm dubine profila), dok se u dubljim slojevima njihov broj
znacajno smanjuje. U rizosferi biljaka, usled velike kolicine organskih materija, narocito je izrazena
visoka brojnost i pojacana aktivnost mikroorganizama koji mogu imati koristan, neutralan iii stetan
efekat na biljku. Tako je rizosfera glavno staniste korisnih mikroorganizma koji pospesuju rast biljaka,
ali i populacija fitopatogenih mikroorganizama privucenih obiljem organske materije i izlucevinama
korena domacina. Smatra se da prisustvo patogenih populacija deluje stimulativno i na razvoj populacija
bakterija sa izrazenom antagonistickom aktivnoscu. Medu njima su najznacajnije bakterije iz
roda Bacillus. Vrste ovog roda produkuju citav niz antibiotika kojim oslobadaju prostor i obezbeauju
hranljive materije u kompeticiji sa drugim mikroorganizmima u zemljistu. Polazeci od pretpostavke
da u rizosferi zdravih biljaka dominiraju oni sojevi Bacillus spp. koj i su ispoljili najizrazeniju antimikrobnu
aktivnost zahvaljujuci intenzivnoj produkciji sekundarnih metabolita, ci lj ovog rada bio je da
se izvrsi izolacija i identifikacija potencijalnih bioagenasa za suzbijanje patogena u zemljistu.
Bakterijski izolati su izdvojeni iz rizosfere razlicitih gajenih biljaka sa ukupno 14 lokaliteta. Preliminarna
determinacija dobijenih izolata je obavljena na osnovu morfoloskih karakteristika kolonije
na podlozi krompir-dekstrozni agar (KDA), razlikovanja po Gramu i katalazne reakcije, a molekulama
identifikacija izvrsena je na osnovu sekvence 165 rRNK regiona. Antagonisticki efekat dobijenih izolata
na patogene iz zemljista (Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum i Pythium aphanidermatum) testiran je in vitro u dve faze. U prvoj fazi, ispitivana je antimikrobna
aktivnost svih dobijenih izolata metodom dvojne kulture. lzolati koji su ispoljili izrazenu
antagonisticku aktivnost, korisceni su u drugoj fazi, u kvantitativnom testu, primenom metode
bunarcica (double layer). Od 108 dobijenih izolata sporogenih bakterija, osam je ispoljilo antagonisticki efekat na sve
ispitivane izolate izuzev P. aphanidermatum. Na osnovu morfoloskih karakteristika, razlikovanja po
Gramu, katalazne reakcije, otpornosti spora na visoku temperaturu, kao i na osnovu molekularnih
karakteristi ka, jedan izolat je identifikovan kao Bacillus subtillis, jedan kao Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,
dok je ostalih sest izolata identifikovano do nivoa roda (Bacillus sp.). Od proucavanih patogena,
najveci procenat inhibicije utvrden je kod R. solani i 5. sclerotiorum
Triazine herbicides extraction depending on the soil characteristics
No full textU radu je ispitano ponašanje herbicida iz hemijske grupe triazina u zavisnosti od različitih fizičkih i hemijskih karakteristika zemljišta. Sudbina i mobilnost pesticida, pa i triazina, u životnoj sredini primarno zavise od adsorpcije, zato što degradacija, metabolizam, mikrobiološka razgradnja i mobilnost uključuju samo slobodnu (neadsorbovanu) frakciju molekula ovih jedinjenja. Sorpciona interakcija pesticid-zemljište može uključiti mineralne ili organske komponente, a nekada i obe. Sorpcija pesticida je bazirana na dva fenomena: slabog hemijskog vezivanja i difuzije komponenti kroz strukture zemljišta. Sorpcija pesticida za zemljište ne predstavlja samo kontaminaciju zemljišta već i vodenih sistema koji su u kontaktu sa takvim zemljištem, a u velikom stepenu određuje i intenzitet mobilnosti ovih jedinjenja u životnoj sredini. Slobodna (nesorbovana) frakcija molekula pesticida se može nesmetano kretati vodenom fazom, dok će se vezane komponente zadržavati u zavisnosti od sorpcionih osobina pesticida, fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika zemljišta, kao i osobina vodene faze. Spiranje pesticida u dublje slojeve zemljišta do podzemnih voda je kompleksan proces kontrolisan uslovima koji vladaju u zemljištu i životnoj sredini. Predmet istraživanja ovog rada je da se u okviru validacije multirezidualne metode određivanja ostataka herbicida i njihovih metabolita iz grupe triazina (atrazin, cianazin, heksazinon, tiodikarb, desetilatrazin i simazin) u zemljištu, metodom LC-MS/MS utvrdi prinos ekstrakcije ispitivanih analita u zavisnosti od fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika zemljišta.The work investigates the behavior of herbicides from the chemical groups of triazine according to different physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. The fate and mobility of pesticides, including triazine, in the environment primarily depend on the adsorption because the degradation, metabolism, microbial degradation and mobility comprise only the free (non-adsorbed) fraction of molecules of these compounds. The pesticide-soil sorption interaction may comprise either mineral or organic components or sometimes both. The sorption of pesticides is based on two phenomena: weak chemical bonding and diffusion of the components through the soil structures. The sorption of pesticides in soil does not refer only to the contamination of soil but also of water systems which are in contact with such soils and to a great extent determine the intensity of mobility of these compounds in the environment. The free fraction of pesticide molecules can float through the aqueous phase while the bonded components will remain depending on the sorption properties of pesticides, physic-chemical characteristics of the soil as well as on the characteristics of the aqueous phase. The leakage of pesticides into the deeper layers of soil to groundwater is a complex process controlled by the conditions prevailing in the soil and in the environment. Therefore, the subject of this research work is to determine the extraction yields of the studied analytes depending on the physic-chemical soil properties within the validation of multi-residual method for the determination of the residues of herbicides and their metabolites from the triazine group in soil by LC-MS/MS
The effect of synthetic pesticides and biopesticides on Bacillus subtilis growth in vitro
No full textThe use of synthetic pesticides in controlling pests that affect agricultural crops
indisputably provides significant benefits to humans. However, in areas where human
health, environmental concerns, or pesticide resistance development limit the use of
synthetic pesticides, biopesticides became an important pest management tool.
Biopesticides are mass-produced crop protection agents manufactured from living
microorganisms (microbial biopesticides) or plant products (botanical biopesticides) as
active ingredients. Microbial biopesticides are in most cases highly specific for their
target pest[s], and, therefore, different kinds of pests and pathogens are often
controlled by using different products simultaneously. In addition, biopesticides are not
available for all kinds of pests-in some cases, a synthetic agrochemical is the only
option. Therefore, compatibility of a particular biopesticide with other products that are
needed to be used against the other pests in the same time or alternatively could affect
the biopesticide efficacy. Usually, compatibility data are missing, even for biocontol
agents like Bacillus subtilis that is registred for numerous crops worldwide. Therefore,
the aim of this study was to examine the influence of different pesticides on the
development of B. subti/is strain QST 713, isolated from commertially available Serenade
Max biofungicide. The effect of 17 conventional pesticides (chlorpyrifos, lambdacyhalothrin,
bifenthrin, imidacloprid, clofentezine, hexythiazox, tebufenpyrad,
spirodiclofen, cyprodinil, captan, boscalid, chlorothalonil, pyrimethanil, fenhexamid,
cooper hydroxide, copper-oxychloride, and sulfur) and five biological products (tea-tree
oil, oxymatrine, azadirachtin, abamectin, and spinosad) was evaluated. The assay was
performed in potato-dextrose-agar plates using wells technique. The results showed
that most of the tested pesticides did not affect the growth of B. subtilis; therefore, they
could be recommended for simultaneous application with the biopesticide. On the other
side, different levels of bacterial growth inhibition was recorded for: chlorothalonil,
captan, copper-based compounds, oxymatrine, and tea-tree oil; therefore, they should
be avoided when B. subtilis-based biofungicides are used
The Impacts of Temperature, Soil Type and Soil Herbicides on Seed Germination and Early Establishment of Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.)
No full textThe effects of different temperatures (20 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 35 degrees C and photoperiod 26 degrees C/21 degrees C), types of soil (sand and loam) and soil herbicides (oxyfluorfen, terbuthylazine and mesotrione) on seed germination percentage, germination rate, as well as seedling length and weight of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) were examined. Over a period of ten days, germinated seeds were counted daily, and seedling length and weight were measured on the final day and germination rate calculated. The results indicated that temperature was the factor that significantly affected the percentage of germinated seeds of common milkweed, seedling length and germination rate, while it had less influence on seedling weight. The results showed that the alternating day/night temperature of 26 degrees C/21 degrees C also had a significant impact as the percentage of germinated seeds was the highest at that temperature on both soil types (sand: 71.3%; loam: 61.3%). Data regarding the herbicides tested (oxyfluorfen, terbuthylazine and mesotrione) showed decreasing germination percentage and seedling length with increasing herbicide concentrations on both soil types. Their effect was weakest on seedling weight. Tested herbicides are usable in control of common milkweed at the stages of germination and early establishment
Is hyalesthes obsoletus a species complex undergoing cryptic speciation? More evidence of host-associated genetic differentiation in Southeast Europe
No full textMorphology versus DNA barcoding: two sides of the same coin. A case study of Ceutorhynchus erysimi and C. contractus identification
No full textGenotyping of 2 well-known weevil species from the genus Ceutorhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) distributed in west Palearctic, C. erysimi and C. contractus, revealed phenotype versus genotype inconsistencies in a set of 56 specimens (25 C. erysimi and 31 C. contractus) collected from 25 locations in Serbia and Montenegro. An analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI), widely used as a barcoding region, and a nuclear gene, elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha), revealed stable genetic divergence among these species. The average uncorrected pairwise distances for the COI and EF-1 alpha genes were 3.8%, and 1.3%, respectively, indicating 2 genetically well-segregated species. However, the genetic data were not congruent with the phenotypic characteristics of the studied specimens. In the first place, C. erysimi genotypes were attached to specimens with phenotypic characteristics of C. contractus. Species-specific PCR-RFLP assays for the barcoding gene COIwere applied for themolecular identification of 101 additional specimens of both morphospecies (33 C. erysimi and 68 C. contractus) and were found to confirm this incongruity. The discrepancy between the genetic and morphological data raises the question of the accuracy of using a barcoding approach, as it may result in misleading conclusions about the taxonomic position of the studied organism. Additionally, the typological species concept shows considerable weakness when genetic data are not supported with phenotypic characteristics as in case of asymmetric introgression, which may cause certain problems, especially in applied studies such as biological control programs in which the biological properties of the studied organisms are the main focus
Toxicity of twenty-two plant essential oils against pathogenic bacteria of vegetables and mushrooms
No full textToxicity of twenty-two essential oils to three bacterial pathogens in different horticultural systems: Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (causing blight of bean), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (bacterial wilt and canker of tomato), and Pseudomonas tolaasii (causal agent of bacterial brown blotch on cultivated mushrooms) was tested. Control of bacterial diseases is very difficult due to antibiotic resistance and ineffectiveness of chemical products, to that essential oils offer a promising alternative. Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations are determined by applying a single drop of oil onto the inner side of each plate cover in macrodilution assays. Among all tested substances, the strongest and broadest activity was shown by the oils of wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), oregano (Origanum vulgare), and lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus. Carvacrol (64.0-75.8%) was the dominant component of oregano oils, while geranial (40.7%) and neral (26.7%) were the major constituents of lemongrass oil. Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli was the most sensitive to plant essential oils, being susceptible to 19 oils, while 11 oils were bactericidal to the pathogen. Sixteen oils inhibited the growth of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and seven oils showed bactericidal effects to the pathogen. The least sensitive species was Pseudomonas tolaasii as five oils inhibited bacterial growth and two oils were bactericidal. Wintergreen, oregano, and lemongrass oils should be formulated as potential biochemical bactericides against different horticultural pathogens
Genetic variability of Alder yellows phytoplasma in Alnus glutinosa in its natural Spreewald habitat
No full textThe genus Candidatus Phytoplasma' comprises wall-less bacteria colonizing the phloem of plants and insect tissues. Phytoplasmas are associated with diseases in over 1000 plant species worldwide, including many important crops as well as forest trees. Alder yellows (AldY) phytoplasma, which frequently infects Alnus spp., is closely related to the economically important phytoplasma causing Flavescence doree (FD) in grapevines. In a natural habitat (Spreewald, Brandenburg, Germany), 57 Alnus glutinosa (black alder) trees were examined for phytoplasma infection in summer 2013. No phytoplasma typical infection-associated symptoms such as yellowing and decline were observable in this natural swamp-alder area. Amplification followed by a restriction fragment length polymorphism, and a sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA, allowed for the detection of AldY phytoplasmas in all examined trees and their assignment to the taxonomic group 16SrV-C. Additional analyses of the non-ribosomal marker gene methionine aminopeptidase (map) revealed diverse strains as well as mixed infections with closely related AldY strains, and the strains were assigned to phylogenetic clusters closely related to German Palatinate grapevine yellows, AldY or FD strains. The results confirmed that AldY phytoplasmas infection in A.glutinosa is prevalent. The results also indicate a presence of an established phytoplasma population in chronically infected black alder
Trombidiformne grinje (Acari: Prostigmata)-prirodni neprijatelji biljnih vašiju (Hemiptera: Aphididae) lucerke
No full textMnoge vrste grinja iz reda Trombidiformes, kohort Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata), su predatori
i paraziti biljnih vašiju i drugih grupa insekata. Trombidiformne grinje dovode do smrti plena ili
mu oslabe kretanje, ishranu i reprodukciju. Fauna trombidiformnih grinja u Srbiji je slabo istražena.
Ovo su prva istraživanja ove grupe prirodnih neprijatelja biljnih vašiju na nekom gajenom usevu u
našoj zemlji.
Prikupljanje biljnih vašiju i trombidiformnih grinja sa lucerke obavljeno je tokom četvorogodišnjih
istraživanja (2011-2014). Uzorci su prikupljeni sa 44 lucerišta iz 16 okruga na teritoriji Srbije. U Laboratoriji
za entomologiju i poljoprivrednu zoologiju Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Beogradu izvršen je
detaljniji pregled uzoraka. Grinje su odvojene od vašiju, obeležene i sačuvane u 75% etanolu. U laboratoriji
Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta u Podgorici jedinke su prosvetljene pomoću Nessbitt rastvora
i napravljeni su mikroskopski preparati upotrebom Faure medijuma. Jedinke su detaljno pregledane,
merene i determinisane korišćenjem mikroskopa Carl Zeiss Axioscope A1 i A2 i odgovarajućih ključeva.
Trombidiformne grinje su prikupljene sa larvi, beskrilnih i krilatih formi sve tri vrste biljnih vašiju
koje se razvijaju na lucerki u Srbiji: Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis craccivora i Therioaphis trifolii. Grinje
su se nalazile na gornjoj ili donjoj strani grudi vaši, a veoma retko na trbuhu. Sakupljene su u periodu
jun-avgust, na 7 lokaliteta (Golubac, Kikinda, Lučani, Ovča, Rudnik, Topola i Ušće). Prikupljene su
ukupno 43 jedinke i utvrđene su tri vrste grinja.
Nova vrsta za nauku – Erythraeus (E.) serbicus Šundić, Haitlinger and Hakimitabar nađena je na
lokalitetu Rusko Selo u okolini Kikinde, 16.06.2014. godine, na vaši A. craccivora. Vrsta je opisana na osnovu prikupljenih jedinki, a rad je objavljen u mađunarodnom časopisu. Nova vrsta za faunu Srbije
– Allothrombium clavatum Saboori, Pešić and Hakimitabar nađena je u junu 2014. godine u okolini
Ušća, takođe na vaši A. craccivora. Vrsta A. clavatum je opisana na osnovu dve oštećene jedinke i do
sada je registrovana jedino u Crnoj Gori. Na osnovu jedinki prikupljenih u Srbiji tokom ovih istraživanja
urađena je redeskripcija vrste. Na nekoliko lucerišta utvrđena je vrsta Allothrombium fuliginosum (Hermann),
za koju je od ranije poznato da se nalazi na teritoriji Srbije. Nađena je na svim vašima lucerke.
Zaključno sa ovim istraživanjima ukupno je registrovano 14 vrsta trombidiformnih grinja u Srbiji