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Identifikacija Fusarium spp. – patogena uskladištenih plodova jabuke
No full textTokom procesa skladistenja plodova jabuke dolazi do znacajnih gubitaka koje velikim delom
prouzrokuju fitopatogene gljive. Vrste roda Fusarium se sve cesce nalaze na uskladistenim plodovima
jabuke. Najcesci prouzrokovaci trulezi uskladistenih plodova jabuke iz ovog roda su: F. avenaceum,
F. culmorum, F lateritium, F. solani, kao i F. pseudograminearum, F. semitectum, F. crookwellense
i F. compactum. S obzirom da neke vrste roda Fusarium proizvode mikotoksine, pracenje pojave ovih
vrsta na uskladistenim plodovima jabuke je od velikog znacaja. Tokom 201 6. godine prikupljeni su
plodovi jabuke iz skladista sa lokaliteta Tavankut, Hajdukovo i Jazak. Sa ciljem precizne i pouzdane
ident ifikacije ispitane su morfoloske i odgajivacke odlike 21 izolata preliminarno identifikovanih kao
Fusarium sp., a molekularnim metodama je izvrsena potvrda identifikacije do nivoa vrste.
Porast, sporulacija i morfoloske karakteristike izolata proucavani su na podlogama od krompira,
dekstroze i agara (KDA), od lista karanfila (KLA) i podlozi od sargarepe (SA). Ostvareni rezultati su
obradeni u paketu Statistica 12. Molekularna detekcija i identifikacija izolata izvrsena je primenom
lancane reakcije polimeraze (PCR) upotrebom prajmera specificnih za vrstu F. avenaceum FA-ITS F/
FA-ITS R i prajmera EF1/EF2 koji amplifikuju deo gena koji kodira elongacioni faktorTEF-la.
Najveci porast izolata je zabelezen na KDA i SA podlozi (80 mm nakon 5 dana), dok je porast
na KLA podlozi bio znacajno manji kod svih izolata. Sporulacija izolata je bila najizrazenija na KLA
podlozi. Svi izolati su formirali narandiaste do smede sporodohije u centralnom delu kolonije na
KLA podlozi. Vazdusna micelija je bila bujna i paperjasta, bela, fota do sivoruzicasta. Na miceliji su
formirane konidiofore tipa monofijalida i polifijalida sa 2-3 konidiogena mesta. Makrokonidije bile su
zakrivljene, iglaste, visecelijske sa 3-7 septi. Ova izolata su formirala hlamidospore. Na osnovu boje
kolonije svi izolati su razvrstani u dve grupe: izolati koji stvaraju foti pigment i izolati koji stvaraju
ruzicasti pigment. Prema brzini rasta izolati su klasifikovani kao brzorastuci (9, 1-16 mm/dan na KDA
podlozi) i spororastuci (4,2-8,8 mm/dan na KDA podlozi). Na osnovu ispitanih morfoloskih i odgajivackih
osobina odabrani izolati preliminarno su identifikovani kao F. avenaceum. Prisustvo hlamidospora
kod dva izolata ukazivalo je na mogueu pripadnost vrsti F. graminearum. Primenom prajmera
specificnih za vrstu amplifikovani su fragmenti ocekivane velicine od 272 bpi potvrdena je pripadnost
izolata vrsti F. avenaceum za osam izolata. Upotrebom EF1/EF2 para prajmera, sekvenciranjem
dobijenih produkata i analizom sekvenci potvrdeno je da osam izolata pripada vrsti F. avenaceum,
dok su preostala dva izolata koja su formirala hlamidospore i koji su se izdvojili kao najbrie rastuCi u
grupi brzorastucih izolata identifikovana kao F. graminearum
Pythium aphanidermatum suppression by antagonistic action of trichoderma longibrachiatum*
No full textExcessive use of pesticides represents a growing problem in agriculture sustainability and food safety. The use of antagonistic fungal interactions represents a promising approach to achieve reduced pesticide in-put. Beneficial saprotrophic fungi from the genus Trichoredma are able to express different mechanisms of antagonistic activity and effectively suppress plant pathogens. The aim of the present research was to inves-tigate the potential use of the antagonistic effect of T. longibrachiatum 10/5 strain against the plant pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum. The antagonistic activity of T. longibrachiatum 10/5 strain against P. aphanider-matum was tested in vitro by dual culture test. A glasshouse trial was conducted with cucumber plants grown on commercial substrate. Ten plants per container were inoculated at the cotyledon growth stage with P. aphanidermatum mycelium. The experiment was conducted in five replications. The number of inoculated plants without symptoms per treatment was recorded. P. aphanidermatum expressed asymmetrical growth in the dual culture test, and the colony diameter was reduced by 77% in comparison to the control. Sterile liquid culture filtrate of T. longibrachiatum 10/5 showed 50% efficiency in the suppression of cucumber damping-off caused by P. aphanidermatum. Metabolites produced by T. longibrachiatum 10/5 showed a suppressive effect on P. aphanidermatum damping-off, which has a potential in application in sustainable agriculture
Electronic Nose for Pesticides Detection: a First Realization
No full textIn order to develop an Automatic Pesticide Detection System an electronic nose based on an array of commercial gas sensors has been realized. The sensors works in parallel and a qualitative response to different pesticides has been found through the use of a self-made measurement bench
Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and cover crops on seed germination and early establishment of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunk.)
No full textZa ispitivanje uticaja rizobakterija (Planth Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria - PGPR) na klijanje semena i stope klijanja viline kosice (Cuscuta campestris Yunk.), korišćene su bakterijske kulture: Bacillus licheniformis (MO1), B. pumilus (MO2) i B. amyloliquefaciens (MO3) izolovane iz stajnjaka; B. megatherium ZP6 (MO4) iz rizosfere kukuruza; Azotobacter chroococcum Ps1 (MO5) i Pseudomonas fluorescens (MO6). Svakodnevno u periodu od deset dana brojana su proklijala semena. Takođe, za praćenje uticaja semena biljaka domaćina na klijanje semena i početni porast klijanaca viline kosice u mraku i pri tretmanu belom svetlošću korišćena su semena četiri biljke domaćina (lubenica, crvena detelina, lucerka i šećerna repa). Proklijala semena su prebrojavana svakodnevno u periodu od deset dana, a poslednjeg dana su izmerene dužine klijanaca. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da su tretmani MO3, MO4 i MO6 ispoljili inhibitorni (15%, 65% i 52%), a tretmani MO1 (Bacillus licheniformis), MO2 (B. amyloliquefaciens) i MO5 (Azotobacter chroococcum Ps1) stimulativni efekat (3%, 3% i 19%) na klijanje semena viline kosice. Takođe, rezultati dobijeni sa semenima biljaka domaćina ukazuju da je za podsticanje klijanja semena viline kosice, osim prisustva domaćina (73-79%, kontrola 80%), kao inicijalni faktor značajna i svetlost (83-95%, kontrola 95%).Several bacterial cultures: Bacillus licheniformis (MO1), B. pumilus (MO2), and B. amyloliquefaciens (MO3), isolated from manure; B. megatherium ZP6 (MO4) isolated from maize rhizosphere; Azotobacter chroococcum Ps1 (MO5) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (MO6), were used to test the influence of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on seed germination and germination rate of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunk.). Also, to examine the effect of host seeds on germination and initial growth of seedlings of field dodder plants in the dark and under white light, the seeds of four host plants were used (watermelon, red clover, alfalfa and sugar beet). Germinated seeds were counted daily over a ten-day period and the length of seedlings was measured on the final day. The results show that treatments MO3, MO4 and MO6 had inhibitory effects (15%, 65% and 52%, respectively), while treatments MO1, MO2 and MO5 had stimulating effects (3%, 3% and 19%, respectively) on seed germination of field dodder. The data for host seeds show that light was a significant initial factor (83-95%, control 95%) for stimulating seed germination of field dodder plants, apart from host presence (73-79%, control 80%)
Fitness studies on invasive weedy sunflower populations from Serbia
No full textWeedy sunflower has become a problem worldwide, giving significant yield losses in sunflower and soybean fields even at low densities, decreasing their oil quality and allowing gene flow among crops and weeds. Its evolution differs among countries due to availability of wild forms. The problem is not only weedeness but also herbicide resistance in the Republic of Serbia. Three weedy sunflower populations from Serbia were studied: RWS1 and RWS2, which were presumably ALS herbicide resistant and SWS which is susceptible. Plant height, fresh weight, leaf area, relative chlorophyll content, fecundity and percentage of germination, length and weight of seedlings with and without nicosulfuron application were recorded. The most frequently RWS1 and RWS2 populations were of better ecological fitness than the SWS population under the conditions with and without nicosulfuron application. The number of seed produced was higher in RWS1 without herbicide application and RWS2 with nicosulfuron application. It was concluded that the differences in the level of herbicide-resistance could result in different fitness level of weedy sunflower populations which could promote the invasiveness of these populations in landscape
Presence of small rodent species in replanted oak forests
No full textForests are complex ecosystems rich in a variety of plant and animal life. Ecological characteristics of oak forests undergoing reforestation make them appropriate for colonization of different rodent species.
Oak?s specific growing technology requires a variety of activities to secure a sufficient number of trees for a period of planned thinning. From the moment of sowing to fully stabilized ecosystem, rodent activities may cause significant losses in replanted oak forests. By damaging roots, root collars or trunks of oak saplings, which is especially evident and visible in early spring, rodents cause unwanted thinning out of oak stands and expansion of clearings. Data obtained so far indicate that the most expansive damage is caused in plantations up to five years old. Sporadic damage has also been observed in seven or eight years old stands.
In order to maximize effects in preventing economic losses through the expansion of clearings in oak forests under reforestation it is essential to know the population size and species of rodents affecting them.
Presence of small rodent species were monitored for three years in oak plantings of various age. The data revealed the presence of common voles (Microtus arvalis), striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius), wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) and yellow-necked field mice (Apodemus flavicolis). The age of oak stands was found to affect the numbers of small rodent species. In the first and second years of oak plantation, common voles were dominant over other rodent species. Striped field mice populations expanded and took over the lead in the succeeding years.
Acceptable protection of oak forests from harmful rodent species preceding any protective treatment should therefore include an inventory of present species, knowledge of their biology and competition. Protection measures based on such information should then be prepared and conducted as either preventive or immediately implemented.Warsaw, Poland, September 25–29, 201
Uticaj klimatskih promena na brojnost Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) na lucerištima u Srbiji
No full textIzražen trend povećanja temperatura vazduha i dugotrajne suše utiču na kvalitet i
kvantitet prinosa gajenih biljaka, ali i na brojnost štetočina. Tačkasta ili žuta
lucerkina vaš Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) jedna je od
najznačajnijih štetočina lucerke u svetu. Zbog toksičnog sadržaja sekreta
pljuvačnih žlezda ishrana ove vaši na lucerki dovodi do hloroze listova, nekroze
stabla i uvenuća biljaka. Ova vrsta je kod nas pre dvadeset godina bila prisutna u
niskoj brojnosti, a rezultati dobijeni praćenjem brojnosti poslednjih godina
pokazuju da je sada znatno brojnija.
Brojnost tačkaste lucerkine vaši na lucerki praćena je tokom tri godine istraživanja
(2011-2013) na dva lokaliteta: Ovča (Južni Banat) i Progar (Srem). Na svakih 10
dana, tokom svih pet otkosa lucerke (april-oktobar), metodom otresanja na belu
ploču merena je brojnost tri vrste biljnih vaši koje se hrane i razvijaju na lucerki.
Da bi se pronašla zavisnost između brojnosti T. trifolii i temperaturnih uslova i
količine padavina na istraživanim lokalitetima, izračunate su korelacije između
vrednosti navedenih klimatskih faktora i broja vaši. Testirane su korelacije između
brojnosti T. trifolii i suma temperatura optimalnih za njen razvoj, suma srednjih
dnevnih, maksimalnih i minimalnih dnevnih temperatura, kao i količine padavina.
Koeficijent korelacije (Ck) je izračunat u programu Fortran na osnovu samostalno
razvijenih formula. Klima istraživanih lokaliteta je analizirana na osnovu podataka
dobijenih tokom 28 godina uzastopnih merenja.Vrednosti temperatura vazduha i
količina padavina na istraživanim lokalitetima su preuzete iz baza Republičkog
hidrometeorološkog zavoda.
U trogodišnjem istraživanju brojnosti biljnih vaši na lucerištima u Srbiji utvrđeno
je da je T. trifoii najbrojnija vrsta. U povoljnim vremenskim uslovima prve jedinke
na lucerištima se mogu naći sredinom aprila. Sa porastom temperatura vazduha
raste i njena brojnost. Visoke temperature, oko 35ºC, pogoduju njenom razviću,
zbog čega se naziva i “vaš tople sezone”. Najveća brojnost je zabeležena sredinom
avgusta, u proseku oko 500 jedinki na 100 stabljika lucerke. Utvrđeno je da postoji
korelacija između temperature vazduha i brojnosti T. trifolii na lucerki. Brojnost
ove vaši je najbolje korelisana sa sumom maksimalnih dnevnih temperatura (Ck=0,595) i sa sumom srednjih dnevnih temperatura u opsegu 20-30C
(Ck=0,546) pet dana pre pojave velike brojnosti. Dakle, tokom leta kada su
temperature izuzetno visoke i traju bar 5 dana, stvaraju se povoljniji uslovi za
pojavu veće brojnosti ove vaši. Jasna korelacija između količine padavina i
brojnosti vaši nije nađena.
Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da su klimatske promene jedan od razloga
neočekivanog porasta brojnosti T. trifolii poslednjih godina u odnosu na malu
brojnost pre 20 godina. Veći broj generacija godišnje i visok stepen reprodukcije
vašima omogućava da se lakše prilagode promenama klime. Vrsta T. trifolii je
uspela da se adaptira na promene temperature i da od sporadično prisutne postane
dominantna biljna vaš na lucerištima u Srbiji
Possibilities of biological control of fungal pathogens in vegetables and field crops
No full textThe production of vegetables is severely afflicted by fungal pathogens that are able to cause diseases that affect yield and quality. Major fungal pathogens in vegetables production are caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria solani and various Fusarium, Phytium and Verticillium species. The usual method of disease control on vegetables worldwide is based on the chemical treatments. However, development of pathogen resistance to fungicides after frequent application, and host sensitivity to fungicides are serious problems. Fungicides from different modes of action are officially recommended in vegetable production: benzimidazoles, triazoles, and strobilurines. The use of toxic soil disinfectants such as methyl bromide phased out recently. Considering such resistance development, harmful impact to the environment and human health, special attention have been focused on biofungicides, together with good programs of hygiene. Two main groups of biofungicides are used, microbiological products based on antagonistic microorganisms (Bacillus spp., Trichoderma spp., Pythium oligandrum, etc.) and various natural substances of plant origin (algae concentrates, plant extracts, essential oils, etc.). The introduction of biofungicides has created new possibilities for crop protection with reduced application of chemical fungicides
Effect of inorganic ions, photosensitisers and scavengers on the photocatalytic degradation of nicosulfuron
No full textIn the present study, the photocatalytic degradation of nicosulfuron, using TiO2 as a catalyst under UV light (315-400 nm), was studied. The optimization of the nicosulfuron photodegradation was performed. It was found that the optimal concentration of the catalyst was 1 g L-1 at concentration of nicosulfuron solution of 20 mg L-1 while the highest reaction rate was obtained using 2 g L-1. The degradation rate was the highest at pH .= 5.0. Effects of anions (Cl-, SO42- NO3- and F-) and cations (Na+, Ca2+, Al3+) were investigated. In addition, the influence of isopropanol, acetone, and hydrogen peroxide was studied. It was shown that the photocatalytic degradation is mainly due to the reaction of nicosulfuron with (OH)-O-center dot in solution. Also, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to identify intermediates during the photocatalytic degradation of nicosulfuron. the mineralization was monitored with ion chromatography (IC) and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. Although 100% HPLC removal of nicosulfuron was achieved, only 69% TOC removal after 90 min was recorded. The results of ion chromatography showed that the mineralization resulted in ammonium and nitrate ions during the process. The phytotoxicity experiments using mung bean seeds showed a reduction in phytotoxicity. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) response to sulcotrione
No full textBiotest metodom, u laboratorijskim uslovima, ispitivana je osetljivost ciganskog perja na sulkotrion. Sulkotrion je primenjen u seriji koncentracija od 0.15-0.90 kg a.s./ha sa ili bez okvašivača Dash® (1 L/ha). Biljke su rasle 14 dana, a nakon tog perioda mereni su morfološki (visina i sveža masa) i fiziološki parametri (sadržaj karotenoida i hlorofila a i b). Stepen vizuelnih oštećenja ocenjivan je 7. i 14. dana nakon tretmana. Sulkotrion je izazvao izbeljivanje listova i smanjenje sadržaja pigmenata u listovima ciganskog perja, a stepen ispoljenih promena je zavisio od koncentracije herbicida, kao i od toga da li je primenjen sa ili bez okvašivača. Veći stepen osetljivosti ispoljile su biljke koje su tretirane kombinacijom herbicida i okvašivača. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je cigansko perje umereno osetljivo na preporučene količine primene sulkotriona u polju.A laboratory bioassay was conducted to investigate common milkweed response to sulcotrione. Sulcotrione was applied in concentration series of 0.15-0.90 kg a.i./ha without a surfactant and with Dash® at 1 L/ha. Plants grew for 14 days, upon which period morphological (height and fresh weight) and physiological parameters (content of carotenoids, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) were measured. Visual crop injury was estimated 7 and 14 days after treatment. Sulcotrione caused leaf bleaching and reduction in pigments content in common milkweed leaves and the degree of change depended on application rates and whether it was applied with or without the surfactant. Inhibition was slightly higher in plants which were treated with a combination of herbicide and surfactant. Based on the findings in this study, common milkweed showed moderate susceptibility to the recommended field rates of sulcotrione