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Toxicity of clomazone and its formulations to zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio)
No full textHerbicides are the most widely used group of pesticides but after reaching water bodies they are able to cause adverse effects on non-target organisms. Different formulations using the same active ingredient are frequently available, which raises the issue of potential influence of different formulation types on herbicide toxicity. The present study evaluated the toxicity and teratogenic effects of the active ingredient clomazone and its two formulations (Rampe (R) EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, both containing 360 g a.i./l of clomazone) on zebrafish embryos. The crucial difference between the two formulation types is the way of active substance release. This investigation is the first report on zebrafish embryotoxicity of both clomazone and its formulations. The technical active ingredient and formulations caused mortality and diverse teratogenic effects, showing different levels of toxicity. The LC50 values for the technical ingredient, Rampa (R) EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS were 61.4, 9.6 and 92.5 mg a.i./l, respectively. Spontaneous movements in 22 hpf embryos decreased under exposure to both the technical ingredient and formulations. A significant number of underdeveloped embryos was detected after exposure to clomazone and Rampe EC, while no underdevelopment was noted in embryos exposed to GAT Cenit 36 CS. Exposure to the technical ingredient and formulations led also to a series of morphological changes and interfered with the growth of zebrafish embryos. The EC50 based on detection of edemas, spine and tail tip deformations and gas bladder absence (120 hpf) was 12.1, 10.1 and 24.1 mg/l for technical clomazone, Rampe EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, while teratogenicity index (TI) based on LC50/EC50 ratio was 5.1, 1 and 3.8, respectively. The data in this study showed that the emulsifiable concentrate formulation (Rampa. EC) caused statistically significantly higher toxicity, and the aqueous capsule suspension (GAT Cenit 36 CS) lower toxicity than technical clomazone. It indicates that different formulations with the same active ingredient may have different environmental impacts, which is why risk assessment based only on active ingredient toxicity might not be sufficient in terms of preventing formulation effects on the environment.Peer-reviewed manuscript: [https://ripest.pesting.org.rs/handle/123456789/564
Biological control of fungal diseases by antagonistic microorganisms
No full textWorldwide plant disease control usually relies on the use of fungicides. However, pathogen resistance to fungicides, developing after frequent treatments, and host sensitivity to fungicides have been recognized as serious problems. Disease control with only a few or no chemicals available at all is a major challenge for growers in the 21st century. Considering pathogen resistance evolution and harmful impact on the environment and human health, special attention has been focused on biofungicides based on antagonistic microorganisms. Previous studies have indicated that various biological agents appear to be suitable, eco-friendly alternatives as they have demonstrated strong antifungal effects against pathogenic fungi on cultivated plants and mushrooms. Microbiological products are usually based on antagonistic microorganisms, such as bacteria (Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.), fungi (Pythium spp. and Trichoderma spp.) and actinomycetes (Streptomyces spp., etc.). The use of microbial inoculants registered for biological control applications is the result of their ability to antagonize the pathogen by multiple modes of action and also to effectively colonize the rhizosphere or phyloshere. Strong activities of antagonistic species are due to their production of antibiotics, volatile compounds, lytic enzymes, and plant growth-promotion effects by phytohormones. The efficacy of antagonistic organisms depends on many abiotic and biotic factors, climatic conditions and interactions with other soil-inhabiting organisms. The introduction of biofungicides has created new possibilities for crop protection with reduced application of chemicals
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) pests of pepper and tomato
No full textBiljne vaši (Hemiptera: Aphididae) mogu predstavljati problem u proizvodnji
paprike i paradajza na otvorenom polju i u zaštićenom prostoru. Direktne štete nanose
ishranom, a indirektne prenošenjem biljnih virusa, što se negativno odražava na
prinos i kvalitet ovog povrća. Na paprici i paradajzu se javlja više vrsta biljnih vaši:
Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis nasturtii, Aulacorthum solani,
Macrosiphum euphorbiae i Myzus persicae. Reč je o izuzetno polifagnim vašima.
U radu su navedeni osnovni morfološki podaci za svaku vrstu, biljke domaćini,
biologija razvića, vektorska uloga i rasprostranjenje.Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) cause damage to pepper and tomato on open
fields and in greenhouses. Production yield and quality are affected by aphids directly
by feeding and indirectly - as being vectors of plant viruses. Many different aphid
species are feeding on pepper and tomato: Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae, Aphis
gossypii, Aphis nasturtii, Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus
persicae. All species are very polyphagous. Basic information on their morphology,
host plants, biology, vector competence and distribution is given in the text
Spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) - Pest on alfalfa in Serbia
No full textTa kasta lucerkina vaš Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)
jedna je od najzna ajnijih šteto ina lucerke u svetu, tako e, to je najbrojnija vaš
na lucerki u Srbiji. Pored direktnih šteta koje nanosi ona je i vektor najzna ajnijih
virusa lucerke. U radu su prikazani osnovni marfološki podaci, biljke doma ini,
štetnost, biologija razvi a, vektorska uloga i rasprostranjenje ta kaste lucerkine vaši.
Analizirana je njena brojnost na lucerki, uticaj klimatskih promena na pove anje
brojnosti, kao i najzna ajniji prirodni neprijatelji (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae i
Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) na teritoriji Srbije.Spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) is
one of the most important alfalfa pest on the world. Also, it is the most abundant
alfalfa aphid in Serbia. This aphid cause damage to alfalfa directly by feeding
and indirectly by vectoring plant-pathogenic viruses. Some notes of morphology, host plants, damage, biology, vector role and distribution of spotted alfalfa aphid
are given. Abundance of this aphid on alfalfa, infl uence of climates changes on its
abundance, as well as the most important natural enemies (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae
and Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) in Serbia were analyzed
Fungal diseases
No full textIn general, three factors need to be in place
for a fungal disease to occur: (i) presence of
the pathogen; (ii) suitable climatic condi-
tions; and (iii) a suitable host tissue. Patho-
gen presence is avoidable for diseases with
a narrow host spectrum and for which the
main inoculum sources is in the trees.
Mummified fruit are a typical example, since
it is easy to avoid their formation by picking
the whole yield, and if present, they can be
removed during pruning and training of the
trees. However, this is realistic only in inten-
sive growing systems. Inoculum of patho-
gens with broader host spectrums is not as
easy to avoid, but it is possible to reduce
inoculum levels by removal of possible hosts
in the surroundings. Climatic conditions
can be optimized to avoid disease risk. On a
local scale, the location of the orchard is es-
sential, for example choosing a place with
good air circulation and drainage. On a
microclimatic scale, tree planting distance,
tree vigour, training and pruning influence
the openness of the canopy and thus the
risk of wetness. In addition, covering sys-
tems reduce the wetness on the trees. Suit-
able host tissue differs among cultivars, but
no cultivar is resistant to all diseases. In cher-
ries, trees are more susceptible to infections
during bloom and near harvest. Indeed,
near harvest, the fruit becomes increasingly
susceptible because of the tissue softening,
which makes nutrients more easily avail-
able for the pathogen. Moreover, during the
latter part of fruit development with the
rapid increase in size, the cuticle can become
fractured. Wounds and weakened tissues
(e.g. doubles and aborted fruit) show a higher
susceptibility to pathogens. Fungal spores
can be transported to the wound by birds or
insects such as wasps. Moreover, insect and
bird damage provides very suitable openings
even for weak pathogens. Bird nets or other
tools to drive them out are commercially
available. Preharvest preventative or curative
sprays with fungicides are a possible way of
avoiding or controlling infections. A common
schedule for spraying in sweet cherry is: fre-
quently during blossom time, less during the
green fruit stage and then again frequently
prior to harvest. In sour cherry, sprays are
more focused on protecting leaves, and it is
common to spray regularly throughout the
whole seaso
Effect of Cuscuta campestris parasitism on the physiological and anatomical changes in untreated and herbicide-treated sugar beet
No full textThe effects of field dodder on physiological and anatomical processes in untreated sugar beet plants and the effects of propyzamide on field dodder were examined under controlled conditions. The experiment included the following variants: Nnoninfested sugar beet plants (control); I - infested sugar beet plants (untreated), and infested plants treated with propyzamide (1500g a.i. ha(-1) (T-1) and 2000g a.i. ha(-1)(T-2)). The following parameters were checked: physiologicalpigment contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids); anatomical -leaf parameters: thickness of epidermis, parenchyma and spongy tissue, mesophyll and underside leaf epidermis, and diameter of bundle sheath cells; petiole parameters: diameter of tracheid, petiole hydraulic conductance, xylem surface, phloem cell diameter and phloem area in sugar beet plants. A conventional paraffin wax method was used to prepare the samples for microscopy. Pigment contents were measured spectrophotometrically after methanol extraction. All parameters were measured: prior to herbicide application (0 assessment), then 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35days after application (DAA). Field dodder was found to affect the pigment contents in untreated sugar beet plants, causing significant reductions. Conversely, reduction in the treated plants decreased 27% to 4% for chlorophyll a, from 21% to 5% for chlorophyll b, and from 28% to 5% for carotenoids (T-1). Also, in treatment T-2,T- reduction decreased in infested and treated plants from 19% to 2% for chlorophyll a, from 21% to 2% for chlorophyll b, from 23% to 3% for carotenoids and stimulation of 1% and 2% was observed 28 and 35 DAA, respectively. Plants infested (untreated) by field dodder had lower values of most anatomical parameters, compared to noninfested plants. The measured anatomical parameters of sugar beet leaves and petiole had significantly higher values in noninfested plants and plants treated with propyzamide than in untreated plants. Also, the results showed that propyzamide is an adequate herbicide for control of field dodder at the stage of early infestation
Detection and identification of phytoplasmas associated with declining Liquidambar styraciflua trees in Colombia
No full textLiquidambar styraciflua was introduced in Bogota (D. C.) Colombia, in the 1990s as an urban tree. Yellowing and deformation of the tree crowns began to appear in 2007, leading to the hypothesis of a possible phytoplasma infection. To detect and identify phytoplasmas, samples were collected from 21 liquidambar trees from Bogota in 2009, 2010 and 2011 and subjected to nested PCR, RFLP and sequencing analyses of 16S ribosomal DNA. Nested PCR assays with group-specific primers and RFLP analyses identified phytoplasmas belonging to the 16SrI-B (aster yellows), 16SrV-B (jujube witches' broom), 16SrVII-A (ash yellows), 16SrIX (pigeon pea witches' broom) and 16SrXII-A ("stolbur") groups/subgroups, in single or mixed infections. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic evaluation of samples with single phytoplasma infections confirmed the presence of phytoplasmas related to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris', 'Ca. P. fraxini', and 'Ca. P. solani'. In 2010 and 2013 two further surveys involving 100 trees each time were carried out to estimate the prevalence of the disease: the average prevalence with severe symptoms was 28%, with mild symptoms, 56%, and with minor symptoms 16% of the trees. No symptomless trees were observed. Phytoplasma presence in liquidambar trees from Bogota carries economic, environmental and epidemiological consequences, and urgent measures should be implemented to avoid the spreading of the disease to other tree species and to the agricultural areas surrounding the city
Acaricidal activity and sublethal effects of the microbial pesticide spinosad on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
No full textLaboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the microbial pesticide spinosad to different life stages of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, as well as its sublethal effects on reproduction and population growth of this important mite pest. The biopesticide was applied to bean primary leaves or leaf discs carrying spider mites using a Potter spray tower (2.7 mg/cm(2) aqueous deposit). The following LC50 and LC90 (mg/L) estimates for motile stages were obtained in acute toxicity bioassays: 27.52 and 116.72 (larvae), 36.55 and 136.20 (protonymphs), 82.76 and 721.28 (female deutonymphs), and 61.47 and 457.21 (adult females). Spinosad showed no significant ovicidal action: toxic effect observed after spraying eggs (LC50 = 105.78 mg/L, LC90 = 596.95 mg/L) was the result of its residual action on larvae that hatched from the treated eggs. The effects of spinosad on life history traits and population growth of adult female survivors from treatments with 240, 120 and 60 mg/L were evaluated in two successive 7-day bioassays on untreated leaf discs. In the first bioassay, females that survived treatments as 24 h old eggs and completed their juvenile development on treated leaves had significantly lower gross fecundity, net fecundity and instantaneous rate of increase (r(i)) but the reduction was merely 4-6%, 9-11%, and 2-3%, respectively. Female longevity was significantly reduced (approximately by half a day) only after treatment with 240 mg/L. In the second bioassay, in which females were treated during their pre-ovipositional period, the treatments with 240 and 120 mg/L significantly reduced their gross fecundity (16-17%), net fecundity (28-31%), ri values (8-9%) and female longevity (approximately by one day). Spinosad effects on the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and other demographic parameters were evaluated in two successive bioassays in which life tables were constructed for females that survived treatment with 120 mg/L at the egg stage (first demographic bioassay) or pre-ovipositional period (second demographic bioassay). In the first bioassay, the intrinsic rate of increase was significantly higher in treated (r(m) = 0.278) than control mites (r(m) = 0.267) as a result of higher net fertility at the beginning of reproduction of treated females. In the second bioassay, treated females had significantly lower rm than control females (0.254 and 0.283, respectively). The results obtained in this study indicate that spinosad, applied against insect pests (at field relevant rates of 60-240 mg/L), could eliminate a part of T. urticae population as well, but survivors would retain a significant potential for population recovery
The photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran and Furadan 35-ST: the influence of inert ingredients
No full textA comparative study on photocatalytic degradation of the pesticide carbofuran and its commercial product Furadan 35-ST in an aqueous suspension of ZnO, irradiated by long-wave light (315-400 nm), is presented in this study. In order to assess the effects of inert ingredients present in the commercial product Furadan 35-ST, non-competitive and competitive adsorption and kinetic studies of carbofuran degradation processes were conducted. A higher photochemical degradation rate was found for pure carbofuran in comparison to a two-component system, carbofuran and single addition of ingredients at appropriate concentrations, and the commercial product Furadan 35-ST. The overall effect of inert ingredients was evaluated from a competitive study using the model system of Furadan 35-ST. The results of a mineralization study, obtained by ion chromatography (IC) and total organic carbon (TOC) analyses, revealed the formation of acetate, oxalate, and formate ions. Photodegradation products of carbofuran, three of them detected for the first time, were identified based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results, and their photodegradation pathways were proposed
Antioxidant activity in different morphological fractions of some cereal grains
No full textCilj rada je bio da se ispita antioksidativna aktivnost etanolnog ekstrakta zrna cerealija i njihovih morfoloških frakcija. Ispitivani se : pšenica (Triticum durum L.), ječam (Hordeum vulgare L.), raž (Secale cereale L.) i heljda (Fagopyrum esculentum). Određivan je sadržaj ukupnih fenola (TPC) metodom po Folin-Ciocalteu i antioksidativna aktivnost (AOA) po tri najčešće korišćene metode: DPPH (sposobnost neutralizacije 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil radikala), FRAP (antioksidativna sposobnost redukcije Fe III jona) i TBA ( metoda sa tiobarbiturnom kiselinom). Antioksidativna aktivnost etanolnog ekstrakta celog zrna opada u sledećem nizu: heljda gt ječam gt pšenica gt raž. Isti odnos je dobijen i za mekinje. Spoljni slojevi zrna imaju veći sadržaj polifenola, pa sledstveno tome i veću antioksidativnu aktivnost. Heljda sadrži najviše polifenola i ima najveću antioksidativnu aktivnost određenu DPPH i FRAP metodom, ali ima najmanju sposobnost inhibicije lipidne peroksidacije.The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidant properties of 70% ethanolic extracts of cereal grains and their different morphological fractions. Wheat (Triticum durum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) were used. The total phenolic content (TPC), determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities (AOA) were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity, ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. The following hierarchy of antioxidant activity was provided for 70% ethanolic extracts originated from whole grain: buckwheat gt barley gt wheat gt rye. In respect to hulls, the antioxidant hierarchy was the same. The outer layers of grains had higher amount of phenolic compounds and subsequently higher antioxidant activity. Buckwheat had the highest amount of total phenolics, with the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and capacity for Fe3+ reduction, but it had the lowest lipid peroxidation inhibition ability