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Cixiidae) and on epidemiological transmission routes of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'
No full textHyalesthes obsoletus, vektor biljnog patogena 'Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma solani', smatra se polifagnom štetočinom od ekonomskog značaja u centralnoj Evropi i Mediteranu. Istraživanjima sprovedenim u jugoistočnoj Evropi, koja gravitira centru arela vrste i gde je zabeležen značajan broj 'Ca. P. solani'- uslovljenih biljnih bolesti, utvrđeno je postojanje četiri asocijacije vektora sa biljkama dualnim domaćinima: Convolvulus arvensis (Ca), Urtica dioica (Ud), Vitex agnus-castus (Vac) i Crepis foetida (Cf). Populaciono-genetičkim analizama mitohondrijskih i nuklearnih markera (mikrosatelita) utvrđena je kriptična diferencijacija simpatričkih (uključujući sintopske) i geografski udaljenih H. obsoletus populacija na tri filogenetičke linije uslovljene biljkom domaćinom: (1) Ca-Ud, (2) Vac i (3) Cf. Pored jasne diferencijacije na mitohondrijskim genima (1.1% - 1.5%) i mikrosatelita koji potvrđuju izdvajanje populacija u jedan od tri klastera prema biljci domaćinu (pripadnost >90%), podršku za izdizanje genetičke divergencije H. obsoletus sensu lato na nivo kriptične specijacije daje registrovana distanca u odnosu na morfološki najsrodniju vrstu - Hyalesthes thracicus (2.1% - 3.3%). Posledice specijalizacije i diferencijacije H. obsoletus sensu lato prema biljkama domaćinima na epidemiologiju 'Ca. P. solani' procenjene su multigenskom karakterizacijom izolata fitoplazme detektovanih (1) in situ u prirodnim epidemiološkim sistemima mediteranskih vinograda i (2) eksperimentima unakrsne inokulacije biljaka putem prirodno inficiranih populacija vektora. Potvrđena je osnovna epidemiološka divergencija 'Ca. P. solani' na tuf-a/-ab i tuf-b cikluse vezane za Ud i Ca uz ukrštanje sa Vac-uzrokovanom tuf-b epidemiologijom i utvrđena kompleksnost tuf-b epidemiologije u kojoj učestvuje i treća genetička linija vektora, H. obsoletus ex Cf, kao i sama biljka dualni domaćin - C. foetida.The cixiid planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus is generally considered as a polyphagous vector of 'Candidatus (Ca.) P. solani' associated with numerous wild and cultivated plants in central Europe and Mediterranean. Research conducted in southeastern Europe, the distribution centre of H. obsoletus and the area of most 'Ca. P. solani'-inflicted crop diseases, points toward specific dual host-plant associations with: Convolvulus arvensis (Ca), Urtica dioica (Ud), Vitex agnus-castus (Vac) and Crepis foetida (Cf). Population-genetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers (microsatellites) have revealed cryptic differentiation between sympatric (including syntopic) and geographically distant H. obsoletus populations into three phylogenetic lineages delineated by host-plant preference: 1) Ca-Ud, 2) Vac i 3) Cf. Cryptic species diversification within H. obsoletus sensu lato is supported by the genetic divergence of mitochondrial genes (1.1% - 1.5%), microsatellites that confirm population clustering into three genetic groups associated with specific host-plant (average assignment >90%) and genetic distances among host-associated H. obsoletus metapopulations comparable to the most closely related, morphologically distinguishable species - Hyalesthes thracicus (2.1% - 3.3%). Consequences of the H. obsoletus sensu lato differentiation on the epidemiology of 'Ca. P. solani' are assessed by multilocus genotyping of the phytoplasma isolates detected (1) in situ in natural epidemiological systems of the Mediterranean vineyards and (2) plant inoculation experiments using naturally infected vector populations. Basic 'Ca. P. solani' epidemiological divergence into tuf-a/-ab and tuf-b cycles, each associated with Ud and Ca, respectively, is confirmed with evidences of intermixing Vac-induced tuf-b epidemiology, while complexity of the tuf-b epidemiology is further evidenced through influence of the third genetic lineage of the vector H. obsoletus ex C. foetida and its dual host-plant
Grapevine phytoplasmas
No full textThe diseases associated with phytoplasmas in grapevine are collectively called yellows and occur in the majority of grapevine-growing regions over the world. At first, a short overview of symptoms and damage associated with the presence of grapevine phytoplasmas is reported. Then, vectors, alternative host plants, and epidemiological cycles, where known, are discussed for the main grapevine yellows in the different continents. Moreover, potential insect vectors and host plants, together with molecular characterization of the associated phytoplasmas, are reported
Comparison between Routing Protocols for Wide Archeological Site
No full textThe paper shows a comparison between three routing protocols for WSN. The protocols are conceived for particular scenario easily findable in archeological site and take into account energy consumptions and robustness of the transmission. This study will show which of the three protocols better meets the needs of this particular scenario
Alien species of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) found in Serbia, new to the Balkan Peninsula
No full textNew alien species of aphids (Illinoia liriodendri (Monell), Wahlgreniella nervata (Gillete), Takecallis arundicolens (Clarke) and Tinocallis takachihoensis Higuchi) have been found for the first time in Serbia. These records are new for the Balkan Peninsula. Data of Ericaphis scammelli (Mason), species recently mentioned in Serbia, are also presented in the text. The species have been found during the last five years at four sites (Belgrade, Zemun, Mladenovac and Bojnik) on five cultivated plants. Ericaphis scammelli is a pest of blueberry and a vector of Blueberry scorch virus. The other four develop colonies on decorative plants: I. liriodendri has been found on Liriodendron tulipifera, W. nervata on Rosa sp., T. arundicolens on Pseudosasa japonica and T. takachihoensis on Ulmus x hollandica. The origin of three of the species (E. scammelli, I. liriodendri and W. nervata) is North America and two (T. arundicolens and T. takachihoensis) have come from East Asia. Their morphology, biology and the damage they inflict are discussed here, as well as their potential economic and environmental threat. Only parthenogenetic viviparous females of all 5 species have been collected. Their biology has not been studied enough in Europe and needs further examination. Original drawings of all species are presented
Degradation of nicosulfuron using fenton and fenton-like reactions
No full textNicosulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide, was subjected to different Fenton reactions at pH of a nicosulfuron aqueous solution (pH 5). Usually, the optimal pH for the Fenton reaction is between 3 and 4, but the addition of acids is not environmentally acceptable. This is the reason why the reactions were performed at a higher pH value than usual. So, classical Fenton and Fenton-like reactions were applied as well as phot-Fenton and photo-Fenton-like reactions. In addition, microwave Fenton and Fenton-like reactions were used in nicosulfuron degradation. Influences of Fe2+ and Fe3+ concentrations, as well as hydrogen peroxide concentrations, were studied The Fenton reaction was much faster and more efficient than the Fenton-like reaction, while the photo-Fenton reaction proceeded much faster and more efficiently than the Fenton reaction. The microwave-Fenton and microwave-Fenton-like reactions proceeded with increased efficiency in comparison to the Fenton and Fenton-like reactions. The phytotoxicity and acute toxicity of the reaction products of nicosulfuron oxidation by the photo-Fenton reaction were analyzed The toxicity testing of nicosulfuron treatment by photo-Fenton process showed a decrease in phytotoxicity, while the acute toxicity tests showed that the samples after treatment had lower toxicity
Impact of Field Dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunk.) on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Chlorophyll Content of Alfalfa and Sugar Beet Plants
No full textThe impact that the parasitic plant field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunk.) has on chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content of infested alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was examined under controlled conditions. Several parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence were measured in infested and non-infested alfalfa and sugar beet plants over a period of twenty days, beginning with the day of infestation. Chlorophyll contents (total, relative and ratio of chlorophyll a to b) were determined 1, 7, 14 and 20 days after infestation (DAI). Field dodder was found to affect both the total and relative chlorophyll contents in infested alfalfa and sugar beet, causing significant reduction in chlorophyll content in both host plants. This parasitic plant also affects a number of parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence (F-o, F-v/F-m, phi(PSII), F-v and IF), showing that these parameters may be considered sensitive indicators of the impact that field dodder has on its host plants
Fungicide sensitivity, growth rate, aggressiveness and frost hardiness of Monilinia fructicola and Monilinia laxa isolates
No full textMonilinia fructicola, the most destructive pathogen of the genus Monilinia, has recently been introduced into Serbia and many other European countries. Since then, many studies have been conducted to evaluate the characteristics of Monilinia species that have a role in the establishment and survival of the pathogen in new areas. The present study assessed the capacity of M. fructicola to repress and replace Monilinia laxa in Serbia based on: fungicide sensitivity, growth rate and aggressiveness at different temperatures, as well as frost hardiness of the isolates of both species. The results showed that the isolates of M. fructicola, compared to M. laxa, were significantly less sensitive to the following fungicides: iprodione, tebucanozole, chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, fluopyram, and boscalid. In addition, M. laxa isolates exhibited little variation in sensitivity to all of the tested fungicides, whereas M. fructicola isolates displayed a wide range of sensitivity. The temperature of 5A degrees C favored M. laxa growth and aggressiveness, while at 30A degrees C M. fructicola grew faster and had higher lesion expansion rate. These results support an assumption that M. fructicola will continue to spread in Serbian orchards in coming years, particularly on stone fruits harvested during hot summer weather
Examination of the influence of phenyltrimethylammonium chloride (PTMA) concentration on acetochlor adsorption by modified montmorillonite
No full textThe results presented in this paper show an impact of the concentration of the aromatic organic cation on the adsorption of acetochlor on the surface of the organic-modified montmorillonite. Natural montmorillonite from Bogovina (Boljevac municipality, Serbia) was used for organic modification in this experiment. Cation exchange capacity of this montmorillonite (86mmol 100g(-1) of clay) was determined using the methylene blue method. In pretreatment, montmorillonite was modified with NaCl. For the purpose of organic modification, three different concentrations of phenyltrimethylammonium chloride (PTMA) have been selected, based on calculated CEC value: 43mmol 100g(-1) of clay (0.5 CEC), 86mmol 100g(-1) of clay (1 CEC) and 129mmol 100g(-1) of clay (1.5 CEC). The changes in the properties of the inorganic and organic modified montmorillonite were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and batch equilibrium method. Freundlich coefficients show higher uptake of the herbicide by montmorillonite modified with PTMA, compared to inorganic-modified montmorillonite. The results also indicate the influence of the organic cation concentration on the adsorption of the selected herbicide
Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of weeds on tomato seed germination and seedling growth
No full textThe main objective of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effect of some weeds (Abutilon
theophrasti-ABUTH, Ambrosia artemisiifolia-AMBAR, Datura stramonium-DATST and Xanthium
strumarium-XANST) on seed germination and seedling growth of tomato.
The experiment was set up under controlled conditions. Water extracts were made from fresh plant
material (roots, stems and leaves). Fresh plant samples were cleaned several times by tap water,
roots were chopped into 1 cm long fragments, while stems and leaves were grinded, soaked and
kept in deionized water for 24 h at 4:10 ratio (250 g fresh material in 1000 ml water). The extracts
were filtered, and each initial extract represented 100% concentration and was further diluted to
obtain 75%, 50%, 25% and 10% concentrations. Deionized water was used as the control. Twentyfive
disinfected tomato seeds were placed into each petri dish and 10 ml of aqueous extract was
added to each dish and kept in darkness in an incubator (Binder CE) at 25°C. After the period of 10
days, the percentage of germination was calculated and seedlings length was measured. All trial
variants were performed in four replications and the trial was repeated twice.
The obtained data showed that the major source of allelochemicals is leaf, than stem and root.
The root water extracts of all tested weeds had no inhibitory effect on the seeds germination and
seedlings growth of tomato. The stem stock solution and its two dilutions (50 and 75%) caused the
inhibition of seeds germination (ABUTH: 51-100%; AMBAR: 66-100%; DATST: 16-31%; XANST: 10-
64%) and seedlings length (ABUTH: 78.5-100%; AMBAR: 62.1-100%; DATST: 8.2-69.3%; XANST: 15.7-
69.6%). The strongest inhibitory effect was detected for leaf water extracts (stock and all dilutions)
for all tested weeds. The reduction of seedlings length ranged from 6.5 to 100%, while the inhibition
of seeds germination was 11-100%
Diversity and flight activity of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) as potential vectors of carrot viruses
No full textDiverzitet i let biljnih vasi u usevu mrkve do sada nije istraZivan u Srbiji.
Pracenje leta biljnih vasi potencijalnih vektora virusa u usevu mrkve obavljeno je
na lokalitetu Opovo (Juzni Banat) 2017. godine, kori§¢enjem 12 obojenih lovnih
klopki (3est zelenih i est zutih). Prikupljeno je ukupno 2108 krilatih jedinki biljnih
vasi i determinisana su 43 razli¢ita taksona. Od svih determinisanih taksona, za 12
je poznato da su vektori virusa mrkve. Oko 85% svih prikupljenih jedniki ¢inili su
potencijalni vektori virusa mrkve. Najveca brojnost biljnih vasi, ujedno i najveca
aktivnost potencijalnih vektora, registrovana je sredinom juna. Najbrojnije vrste
u lovnim klopkama bile su: Myzus persicae (54,7% prikupljenih jedinki), Therioaphis
trifolii (12,8%), vrste roda Aphis (10,7%) i Acyrthosiphon pisum (9,3%).
Brojnost biljnih vasi i sastav vrsta u zelenim i Zutim lovnim klopkama se nisu
statisticki znacajno razlikovali, $to je potvrdeno t-testom.Diversity and aphid flight activity in carrot crops have not been investigated
in Serbia, so far. Monitoring of the flight activity of aphids, as potential vectors
of carrot viruses was conducted at the locality of Opovo (South Banat) in 2017,
using 12 color pan traps (6 green and 6 yellow). A total of 2108 individuals of
winged aphids were collected and a total of 43 different aphid taxa were identified,
including 12 species known as being vectors of carrot viruses. About 85% of
collected aphid specimens were potential vectors of carrot viruses. Maximum
population density of winged aphids and the highest flight activity of the potential
vectors were observed in mid-June. The most numerous aphid species in pan traps
were: Myzus persicae (54,7%), Therioaphis trifolii (12,8%), species of the genus
Aphis (10,7%) and Acyrthosiphon pisum (9,3%). The differences in abundance of
aphids and the number of recorded species in green and yellow water traps were
not statistically significant, as confirmed by t-test