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Efekat primene metribuzina na proteolitičku aktivnost različitih tipova zemljišta
No full textSudbina herbicida primenjenih u poljoprivrednim ekosistemima regulisana je procesima
transfera i degradacije i njihovom interakcijom sa zemljišnim mikroorganizmima. U tim procesima
fizičko-hemijski sastav, količina i vreme primene herbicida, kao i osobine zemljišta su od primarnog
značaja. Takođe, biogenost zemljišta je značajan pokazatelj promena u mikrobiološkoj i biohemijskoj
aktivnosti zemljišta koje nastaju posle primene herbicida. Imajući to u vidu, za cilj u ovom radu
je postavljeno ispitivanje uticaja metribuzina na proteolitske mikroorganizme i enzim proteaze u
zemljištima koja se značajno razlikuju po svojim karakteristikama.
Ogled je postavljen u laboratorijskim uslovima na zemljištima teksturnih klasa glinovita ilovača
i peskuša. Metribuzin (4-amino-6-terc-butil-3-metiltio-1,2,4-triazin-5-(4H)-on), preparat Sencor-WG,
primenjen je u koncentracijama 12,0; 24,0 i 120,0 mg/kg zemljišta. Koncentracije su izabrane tako da
najniža odgovara količini koja se preporučuje za primenu, druga je duplo veća, a treća deset puta
veća. Uzorci za analizu uzimani su 3, 7, 14, 30 i 45 dana posle primene metribuzina. Broj proteolitskih
mikroorganizama je određen na hranljivom agaru sa želatinom, a aktvnost enzima proteaza praćena
je titrometrijski na želatinoznom supstratu.
U kontrolnim varijantama ogleda može se uočiti uticaj fizičko-hemijskih i strukturnih osobina
zemljišta na brojnost proteolitskih mikroorganizama i aktivnost enzima proteaze. U ilovači je taj broj
iznosio 7,25x104 CFU/g, a aktivnost enzima proteaze bila 25,15 žel.jed./g zemljišta, dok je u preskuši
broj proteolitskih mikroorganizama bio 4,83x104CFU/g, a enzimatska aktivnost je iznosila 17,75 žel.
jed./g zemljišta. U ilovači primena metribuzina nije izazvala značajne promene u brojnosti proteolitičkih
mikroorganizama. Međutim, primena metribuzina je imala inhibitorni efekat na proteolitičke
mikroorganizme u peskuši i izazvala je značajno smanjenje njihove brojnosti četrnaest dana nakon
primene. Tada je zabeležen minimalan broj ovih mikroorganizama od 2,20x104 CFU/g.
Smanjena aktivnost enzima proteaze u ilovači registrovana je sedmog i četrnaestog dana posle
primene najveće koncentracije metribuzina, ali to smanjenje nije bilo statistički značajno. Negativan
efekat metribuzina na proteaznu aktivnost u peskuši je zabeležen trećeg i sedmog dana pri primeni
najveće koncentracije metribuzina. Tada je zabeležena minimalna proteazna aktivnost od 11,25 žel.
jed./g zemljišta, i bila je statistički značajno manja u odnosu na kontrolu.
Rezultati pokazuju da je metribuzin ispoljio jače negativne efekte na ispitivane mikrobiološke
parametre u peskuši, što se može objasniti njenim lošijim karakteristikama u odnosu na ilovaču.26-30. novembar 2018, Zlatibo
Antifungalna aktivnost etarskih ulja anđelike i vilinog sita na Trichoderma harzianum Rifai i Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum Samuels & W. Gams, prouzrokovače zelene plesni šampinjona
No full textZaštita šampinjona (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach) u Srbiji i u svetu se uglavnom zasniva na
primeni fungicida. Preporuku za zvaničnu primenu ima mali broj preparata: prohloraz u zemljama
Evrope i hlorotalonil i tiabendazol u Severnoj Americi. Zbog razvoja rezistentnosti na fungicide i
ispoljavanja toksičnosti prema domaćinu koji pripada istom carstvu gljiva (Fungi) znatno je sužen
izbor adekvatnih preparata, a velika pažnja je posvećena uvođenju alternativnih mera zaštite i fungicida
biološkog porekla. Jedno od alternativnih rešenja u zaštiti može biti primena etarskih ulja.
U mnogim istraživanjima su zabeleženi zadovoljavajući rezultati delovanja etarskih ulja na brojne
patogene organizme i štetočine, što ukazuje na mogućnost uključivanja etarskih ulja u programe
zaštite gajenih kultura i njihove intenzivnije primene u poljoprivredi.
Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi antifungalno dejstvo etarskih ulja anđelike (Angelica archangelica
L., Apiaceae) i vilinog sita (Carlina acaulis L., Asteracae), kao i njihove kombinacije (anđelika+vilino
sito) na patogene gljive Trichoderma harzianum Rifai i Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum Samuels
& W. Gams, prouzrokovače bolesti zelene plesni šampinjona, ekonomski najznačajnije bolesti
šampinjona. Delovanje različitih koncentracija etarskih ulja ispitivano je mikrodilucionom (1,56; 3,12;
6,25; 12,5 i 25 μg mL-1 za pojedinačna ulja i 1,87; 3,75; 7,5; 15 i 30 μg mL-1 za kombinaciju ulja) i makrodilucionom
fumigantnom metodom (0,02; 0,04; 0,08, 0,16 i 0,32 μg mL-1 vazdušne faze) na po tri
izolata T. harzianum (T10, T52 i T54) i T. aggressivum f. europaeum (T77, T78 i T85). Delovanje etarskih
ulja iskazano je određivanjem minimalne fungicidne koncentracije (MFK) i minimalne inhibitorne
koncentracije (MIK).
Primenom mikrodilucione metode najjači inhibitorni efekat ispoljilo je etarsko ulje vilinog sita sa
MIK od 12,5 μg mL-1 kod T54 i T85 izolata, dok je MIK od 25 μg mL-1 za ovo ulje zabeležena kod preostalih
izolata (T10, T52, T77 i T78). Vrednosti za MFK nisu utvrđene pa se smatra da su veće od 25 μg
mL-1 za sve ispitivane izolate. Etarsko ulje anđelike nije ispoljilo ni inhibitorni ni fungicidni efekat. Što
se tiče kombinacije ova dva ulja, izolati T. harzianum su se pokazali osteljivijim i kod njih su zabeležene
MIK od 30 μg mL-1. Fungicidni efekat kombinacije ulja nije zabeležen. Primenom makrodilucione
fumigantne metode najviši procenat inhibicije (70% u proseku) zabeležen je kod kombinacije ulja na najvišoj koncetraciji od 0,32 μg mL-1 vazdušne faze kod svih ispitivanih izolata, dok MIK i MFK
nisu utvrđene. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na bolje kontaktno delovanje testiranih ulja u odnosu na
delovanje gasovitom fazom i mogućnost postojanja sinergističkog dejstva
Wild Mus musculus response on two different essential oils with high repellent potential
No full textSeveral herbal products have already been confirmed to have impact on rodent diet or behaviour. Some of them, rich in terpenes, have shown repellent effects. In that context, we evaluated the repellent activity of fresh and flat baits containing two different concentrations (0.03125% and 0.0625%) of commercial Melaleuca alternifolia and Cymbopogon martinii essential oils (EO) of determined chemical composition (GC-FID and GC/MS) against house mice (Mus musculus). The repellent effects of all tested baits varied depending on mice gender, bait freshness, and content of EO in baits. Baits with the higher concentrations of M. alternifolia and C. martinii EOs had the lowest preference indexes on the 1st day of exposure of both males and females to fresh EO baits [-0.77 and -0.88 (males) and -0.62 and -0.98 (females)], respectively. Baits with the lower content of M. alternifolia EO had an index value of -0.71. Long-term repellent effects can be achieved by using the higher concentration of either of the two tested EOs, while short-term effects can be expected from the lower concentrations. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Uticaj etarskih ulja na ishranu jedinki domaćeg miša: I - cimet i karanfilić ispitivani u skladištima
No full textThe effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomi zeylanicum) and clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oils on the acceptibility of cereal-based baits to house mice in storage facilities was examined. The effects of three concentrations, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 %, were tested for optimization purposes. The experiments were performed in a mill storage, and in another storage for seeds and seedlings. Attractiveness of the examined concentrations of cinnamon and clove essential oils was statistically significant, compared to placebo bait, within seven days of the experiment. On the seventh day, the average consumption of baits containing 0.75 % and 1 % concentrations of cinnamon oil was 46 % in the mill storage, i.e. 35.5 % more than placebo baits were consumed. Fourteen days after the beginning of the experiment, no significant difference was detected in the consumption of baits offered in the mill storage. On the other hand, a significant difference was revealed regarding the consumption of examined baits in the seed and seedling storage. The average consumption of baits containing 0.75 % and 1 % cinnamon oil was 47 % and 51 % higher after 14 days than the consumption of placebo bait. Compared to the other test baits, those containing cinnamon essential oil at 0.75 % and 1 % concentration demonstrated better attractiveness without mutual statistically significant differences.Utvrđivan je uticaj etarskih ulja cimeta (Cinnamomi zeylanicum) i karanfilića (Eugenia caryophyllata) na prihvatljivost mamaka na bazi žita za domaćeg miša u skladišnim uslovima. U ciju optimizacije sadržaja etarskog ulja, ispitivan je efekat tri različite koncentracije, 0.5, 0.75 i 1 %. Eksperimenti su izvedeni u skladišnim objektima mlina i objektima za skladištenje semenskog i sadnog materijala. Atraktantno delovanje ispitivanih koncentracija etarskih ulja cimeta i karanfilića u odnosu na placebo mamac bilo je statistički značajno od početka pa do sedmog dana eksperimenta. Sedmog dana, u objektima mlina, prosečna konzumacija mamaca sa sadržajem etarskog ulja cimeta u koncentracijama od 0.75 % i 1 % bila je do 46 %, odnosno 35.5 % viša u odnosu na placebo mamac. Četrnaestog dana nije zabeležena statistički značajna razlika u konzumaciji ponuđenih mamaca u objektima mlina. U skladišnim objektima semenskog i sadnog materijala, zabeležena je statistički značajna razlika u konzumaciji ispitivanih mamaca. Prosečna konzumacija mamaka sa sadržajem od 0.75 % i 1 % etarskog ulja cimeta, četrnaestog dana od početka eksperimenta bila je za 47 %, odnosno 51 % viša u odnosu na placebo mamac. U odnosu na druge ispitivane mamce, mamci sa sadržajem etarskog ulja cimeta u koncentracijama od 0.75 % i 1 % ispoljili su atraktantnije delovanje u odnosu na druge mamce i međusobno se nisu statistički značajno razlikovali
Brassinosteroid phytochormones as regulators of plant growth and modulators of pesticide and fertilizer activity
No full textNačin delovanja agrohemikalija na biljke podrazumeva ukupan uticaj na metabolizam, rast i razvoj biljaka. U tom smislu u ovom radu je prikazan efekat 24-epibrasinolida (24-EBL), kao klase fitohormona brasinosteroida, na rast i druge fiziološke procese u biljkama kukuruza u različitim dozama i u različitim razvojnim fazama, kako bi se procenio uticaj na razne faktore koji određuju prinos ovog važnog poljoprivrednog useva. Pored toga, dato je nekoliko primera efekata ovih fitohormona na druge useve, voće i povrće, u smislu njihovog uticaja na prinos, kvalitet prinosa i povećanje otpornosti useva na neke vrste stresa. Rezultati su diskutovani u odnosu na druge podatke iz literature.The mode of action of agrochemicals on plants implies the totality of their effect on plant metabolism, growth and development. The effects of different doses of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) as a class of brassinosteroid phytohormones on growth and other physiological processes in maize plants during different development stages are reviewed in order to assess the influence of these agrochemicals on various factors determining the yield of maize as an important agricultural crop. In addition, several examples are given of the effects of these phytohormones on other crops, fruits and vegetables, in terms of their effect on yield, yield quality, and increase in crop resistance to some types of stress. Own results are discussed in the context of other literature data. Abbreviations: 24-EBL: 24-epibrassinolide; BRs: brassinosteroids; PCZ: propiconazole; Chl a: chlorophyl a; RFW (g g-1): relative fresh weight of different organs (R: radicle; P: plumule; RoS: rest of seed); TDW, TFW (g): total dry and fresh weight of plants; V root (ml): root volume; LMR, RMR, SMR (g g-1): relative dry weight of plant parts (leaves, roots, stem); dH (J mol-1 K-1): differential enthalpy of different parts (R: radicle; P: plumule; RoS: rest of seed) of 25 maize seedlings exposed to T(reatments) of different molar concentrations of 24-EBL; ΔG105 (J mol-1 K-1) differential Gibbs free energy of total maize plant and their parts (R: roots; L: leaves; S: stem) assesed at 105 0C; ZP434, ZP704, ZP505: maize hybrids; Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, FRS2, qP, NPQ, RFD730 (all in relative units), ETR (μmol electrons m-2 s-1): different Chl a fluorescence parameters; Pphy, Pi: phosphorus bond to phytic acid and free phosphorus available to many cellular biochemical reactions; GSH: reduced form of gluthathyone; K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn, Si: different chemical elements
Fusarium spp. - prouzrokovači fuzariozne truleži ploda jabuke i mogućnosti suzbijanja
No full textЈабука је веома цењена воћна врста, чији плодови су због могућности дугог чувања доступни на тржишту целе године. Међутим, током складиштења јабуке могући су значајни губици који настају као последица физиолошких и паразитних обољења. Последњих година све чешће се детектују врсте рода Fusarium као проузроковачи трулежи јабуке у складиштима, а у Републици Србији су детектоване врсте Fusarium avenaceum и Fusarium graminearum. Надаље, ови патогени имају способност за продукцију микотоксина, што може довести до контаминације плодова и производа од јабуке микотоксинима.
Циљеви овог рада су били да се утврди присуство и распрострањеност врста Fusarium avenaceum и Fusarium graminearum на ускладиштеним плодовима јабуке у АП Војводини; надаље, да се детектовањем разлика у морфолошким, патогеним, молекуларним, филогенетским и токсиколошким карактеристикама ове две врсте прошири укупно знање о овим врстама, а филогенетском анализом допринесе бољем сагледавању биодиверзитета популације ове две врсте у Републици Србији; да се утврди да ли потенцијал изолата Fusarium spp. за производњу микотоксина представља ризик од контаминације плодова и производа од јабуке. Такође, циљ је био да се дефинишу могућности сузбијања Fusarium врста на плодовима јабуке биолошким и физичким мерама.
Утврђено је да се заступљеност врста рода Fusarium на плодовима јабуке са симтомима трулежи на територији АП Војводине кретала од 17,74%, током 2016. године, преко 7,94% током 2017. године, до 11,21% током 2018. године, при чеми је доминантна врста F. avenaceum. На основу морфолошких карактеристика сакупљени изолати су груписани у четири морфолошке групе. Утврђено је да изолати врсте F. graminearum формирају полни стадијум у лабораторијским условима, док изолати F. avenaceum нису развили полни стадијум. Универзалним прајмерима ITS1/ITS4 и EF1/EF2 секвенце циљних региона се могу успешно амплификовати и користити за филогенетску анализу, док се прајмерима специфичним за врсту F. avenaceum (FA-ITSF/ FA-ITSR) поуздано може детектовати ова врста. Утврђен је капацитет за производњу микотоксина зеараленон и деоксиниваленол ELISA тестом у хранљивој подлози од јабуке и на инокулисаним плодовима јабуке. Анализом генома биоинформатичким алатима утврђен је изузетно велики потенцијал оба испитивана изолата за продукцију различитих секундарних метаболита, укључујући и микотоксине. Утврђено је да су сва испитана етарска уља (Origanum vulgare, Satureja hortensis, Ocimum basilicum и Salvia sclarea), као и хидролат етарског уља Satureja hortensis испољила снажно антифунгално дејство против проузроковача фузариозне трулежи плодова јабуке. Утврђено је снажно инхибиторно дејство биолошких агенаса на развој колоније тестираних изолата у следећим концентрацијама: Bacillus spp. (1,5; 2 и 2,5%) и Streptomyces hygroscopicus (4 и 5%) in vitro, док је у in vivo испитивању виша испитана концентрација (5%) биолошког агенса Bacillus spp. испољила снажно инхибиторно дејство на развој трулежи, а у случају S. hygroscopicus обе концентрације (5 и 100%) су испољиле снажно инхибиторно дејство. Утврђена је снажна инхибиција раста колонија тестираних изолата применом биолошког агенса Bacillus velezensis у in vitro огледу у свим тестираним концентрацијама. У in vivo огледу утврђено је да третмани топлом водом поседују високи потенцијал за сузбијање оба испитивана проузроковача фузариозне трулежи на плодовима јабуке, међутим, неопходна је виша температура и дужи периоди излагања за инхибицију раста врсте F. avenaceum у односу на врсту F. graminearum. Утврђено је да третман са 1-MCP и DCA услови складиштења значајно утичу на развој фузариозне трулежи на плодовима јабуке, међутим, по престанку складиштења, њихов инхибиторни ефекат престаје.Apple is a highly valued fruit, and due to the possibility of long-term storage, apple fruits are available on the market all year round. However, during the storage period, significant losses can occur as a consequence of physiological and parasitic diseases. In recent years, Fusarium species have been increasingly detected as causal agents of apple rot in storages, and in the Republic of Serbia two species Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium graminearum were detected. Furthermore, these pathogens have the ability to produce mycotoxins, which can lead to contamination of apple fruits and products with mycotoxins.
The objectives of this study were to determine the presence and distribution of Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium graminearum on stored apple fruits in AP Vojvodina; furthermore, by detecting differences in morphological, pathogenic, molecular, phylogenetic and toxicological characteristics of these species the objective was to expand the overall knowledge about these species, and phylogenetic analysis to contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity of the population of these two species in the Republic of Serbia; to determine whether the potential of Fusarium spp. for the production of mycotoxins carries a risk of apple fruits and apple products contamination; Also, the goal was to define the possibilities for control of Fusarium apple fruit rot by biological and physical measures.
It was determined that the occurrence of Fusarium species on apple fruits with symptoms of rot on the territory of AP Vojvodina ranged from 17.74% in 2016, 7.94% in 2017, to 11.21% in 2018, ant that the dominant species is F. avenaceum. Based on the morphological characteristics, the isolates were grouped into four morphological groups. Isolates of F. graminearum were found to form sexual stage under laboratory conditions, while isolates of F. avenaceum did not develop sexual stage. With universal primers ITS1/ITS4 and EF1/EF2 sequences of target regions can be successfully amplified and used for phylogenetic analysis, while species-specific primers for F. avenaceum (FA-ITSF/FA-ITSR) can be used for reliable detection of this species. The production of mycotoxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol by ELISA was determined in apple agar medium and in inoculated apple fruits. Genome analysis with bioinformatics tools revealed an extremely high potential of both tested isolates for the production of various secondary metabolites, including mycotoxins. It was determined that all tested essential oils (Origanum vulgare, Satureja hortensis, Ocimum basilicum and Salvia sclarea), as well as the hydrolate of the essential oil of Satureja hortensis expressed a strong antifungal effect against the causal agent of Fusarium apple fruit rot. A strong inhibitory effect of biological agents on the colony development of tested isolates was determined at the following concentrations: Bacillus spp. (1.5; 2 and 2.5%) and Streptomyces hygroscopicus (4 and 5%) in vitro, while the higher tested concentration (5%) of the biological agent Bacillus spp. exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on the rot development, and in the case of S. hygroscopicus both concentrations (5 and 100%) exhibited strong inhibitory effect in vivo. Strong inhibition of colony growth of the tested isolates was determined after application of the biological agent Bacillus velezensis in vitro at all tested concentrations. In vivo experiments showed that hot water treatments have a high potential to control both causal agents of Fusarium apple fruit rot, however, higher temperature and longer exposure periods are required to inhibit the growth of F. avenaceum, compared to F. graminearum. Treatment with 1-MCP, as well as DCA storage conditions were found to significantly affect the rot development, however, upon the termination of the storage period, the inhibitory effect ceases
Phytoplasmas in weeds and wild plants
No full textWeeds and wild plants as hosts of phytoplasmas play an important role in the epidemiology and emergence of phytoplasma diseases of economically important crops. In this chapter phytoplasmas detected in weeds and wild plants, their geographic origins, symptoms, identification, and their role in natural dissemination of phytoplasmas are described
Antagonistic potential of Bacillus spp. isolates against bacterial pathogens of tomato and fungal pathogen of pepper
No full textIspitivan je antagonistički potencijal jedanaest izolata Bacillus spp. protiv dve fitopatogene bakterije i jedne gljive u in vitro uslovima s ciljem identifikacije potencijalnih agensa biološke kontrole u povrtarskim usevima. Izolati Bacillus spp. ispoljili su različit stepen antagonističkog dejstva protiv testiranih patogenih mikroorganizama. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazali su veću osetljivost X. vesicatoria prema sojevima Bacillus spp. u poređenju sa C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Deset sojeva B. subtilis izazvali su inhibiciju porasta X. vesicatoria, dok soj B. pumilus nije uticao na porast ove bakterije. Najveće zone inhibicije protiv X. vesicatoria izazvali su sojevi B-319, B-325 i B-358. Fitopatogenu bakteriju C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis najviše su inhibirala dva soja B. subtilis (B-338 i B-348) sa prosečnim vrednostima zona inhibicije prečnika do 20 mm. Soj B. subtilis B-319 koji se pokazao najboljim u inhibiciji X. vesicatoria, ispoljio je najmanji inhibitorni efekat na C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Najveći procenat inhibicije porasta (PGI) patogene gljive Verticillium sp. (PGI oko 70%), izazvali su sojevi B. subtilis B-310 i B-322. Ostali testirani sojevi B. subtilis imali su vrednosti PGI od 45% do 68%, dok je soj B. pumilus B-335 ispoljio najmanji antagonistički potencijal (PGI=34.43%) prema ovom patogenu. Rezultati ovog istraživanja identifikovali su najmanje jednog pogodnog kandidata za biološku kontrolu, i to soj B. subtilis B-358, koji se pokazao efikasnim in vitro protiv sva tri patogena povrća.In vitro antagonistic potential of eleven isolates of Bacillus spp. against two phytopathogenic bacteria and one fungus was tested in order to identify potential biocontrol agents in vegetable crops. The Bacillus spp. isolates demonstrated different levels of antagonistic effect against the tested pathogenic microorganisms. Data in the study proved Xanthomonas vesicatoria to be more sensitive to Bacillus spp. strains than Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Ten B. subtilis strains induced growth inhibition of X. vesicatoria, while a strain of B. pumilus did not affect the growth of that bacterium. The largest inhibition zones against X. vesicatoria were induced by strains B-319, B-325 and B-358. The pathogenic strain C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was most inhibited by two B. subtilis strains (B-338 and B-348) with mean inhibition zone diameters of up to 20 mm. B. subtilis strain B-319 which was the best in inhibiting X. vesicatoria, showed the lowest inhibitory effect on C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. The largest growth inhibition percentage of Verticillium sp. (PGI approximately 70%) was induced by B. subtilis strains B-310 and B-322. The other B. subtilis strains showed PGI values ranging from 45% to 68%, while B. pumilus strain B-335 had the least antagonistic potential (PGI =34.43%) against the pathogen. This study identified at least one suitable biocontrol candidate, B. subtilis strain B-358, as effective in vitro against all three vegetable pathogens
Spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in protected natural areas of Serbia
No full textDespite economic importance of Tetranychidae, knowledge regarding diversity of spider mites in the Balkan Peninsula and Southeast Europe is incomplete, especially in protected natural areas. This study presents diversity of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) collected over five growing seasons at 296 locations in 38 protected natural areas of Serbia. A total of 31 spider mite species were found, 10 from Bryobiinae and 21 from Tetranychinae. The species Eotetranychus fagi Zacher was recorded as new to Serbia and this record was also the first one for Southeast Europe. Spider mites were found on host plants in five basic types as well as many subtypes of terrestrial habitats, with woodland as the most dominant one. A total of 151 plant species from 44 families were recorded as hosts for spider mites including new world records: 60 new hosts for family Tetranychidae and 41 new hosts for 21 spider mite species. Host plants from Rosaceae family harbored the highest number of spider mite species (16). A considerable number of species was found on host plants from the families Betulaceae (11), Asteraceae (10) and Sapindaceae (10). Two cosmopolitan spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolskii, were clearly distinguished with 67 (7 new) and 43 (13 new) recorded host species, respectively; among newly recorded hosts for Tetranychidae family, these two mite species were found on 27 and 12 hosts, respectively. After the two most common species, the most striking was the presence of Bryobia praetiosa Koch with 24 (4 new) recorded host plants, followed by Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher), Eotetranychus carpini (Oudemans) and Bryobia rubrioculus(Scheuten), with 21 (7 new), 20 (6 new) and 16 (2 new) hosts, respectively. The remaining tetranychids were found on 1-9 host plant species. This study provided the first insight into diversity of tetranychids in Serbian protected areas. Further research in this field should focus on mites from host plants representative of specific areas and habitats, including endangered, endemic and relict species
The effects of nicosulfuron and glyphosate on microbial activity of different soils
No full textThe effects of the nicosulfuron and glyphosate herbicides on microbial activity in two soils with different physical and chemical properties (loam and sand) were investigated. Nicosulfuron was applied at the rates of 0.3, 0.6, 3.0 and 30.0 mg kg(-1) soil and glyphosate at 32.6, 65.2, 326.0 and 3260.0 mg kg(-1) soil in the laboratory. Changes in dehydrogenase and urease activity, as well as in microbial biomass carbon, were examined. Samples for the analysis were collected at 3, 7, 14, 30 and 45 days after herbicide application. The results showed that the effects of nicosulfuron and glyphosate depended on treatment rate, duration of activity, test parameters and soil types. In general, application of the herbicides significantly increased the activity of dehydrogenase and urease. Nicosulfuron had a stimulating activity on microbial biomass carbon in loam, while both herbicides demonstrated negative effects on the parameter in the sandy soil