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Spider mites and predatory mites (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) on stone fruit trees (Prunus spp.) in Serbia
No full textThe results of a research conducted from 1980 to 2016 of leaf mites of stone fruit trees (Prunus spp.) in Serbia are presented. The species complex of 9 spider mite species and 16 phytoseiid species was recognized on 10 Prunus species. A total of 17 mite species were found on cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) and blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.), 16 species were found on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), and 13 species were found on plum (Prunus domestica L.). The highest coefficient of constancy among the spider mites was found for Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) (27.9%), and among the phytoseiids for Euseius finlandicus (Oudemans) (58.7%). Very significant positive values of the association index were found for the pairs: Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri Scheuten-Bryobia angustisetis Jakobashvili, Neoseiulella aceri (Collyer)-Panonychus ulmi (Koch), N. aceri-Bryobia sp., Phytoseius corniger Wainstein-T.(T.) pyri, N. aceri-P. echinus, P. macropilis -Paraseiulus soleiger (Ribaga). Significant positive values were noted for the the pairs P. corniger-Bryobia sp., P. echinus-Bryobia sp., and K. aberrans-P. echinus. Very significant negative index values were detected for the pairs E. finlandicus-K. aberrans and E. finlandicus-P. macropilis, and a significant negative index of association for the pair A. andersoni-A. viennensis
Phytochemical, Free Radical Scavenging and Antifungal Profile of Cuscuta campestris Yunck. Seeds
No full textThis work was conceptualized with the goal to investigate the phytochemical, free radical scavenging and antifungal profile of Cuscuta campestrisYunck. seeds. Total phenolics, amino acid and carbohydrate contents were evaluated in ethanolic, acetone and chloroform extract. Effective antioxidant activity was evaluated throughout seven antioxidant methods. The antifungal activity was assessed against eight fungal strains and Candida albicans. The results showed total phenol, flavonoid, flavonols and phenolic acids contents in amount of 1.51-6.35mg GAE/mL, 78-425g RU/mL, 1.04-2.98mg QU/g and 12.01-30.58g CAE/mL, respectively. The total amino acids and carbohydrates content ranged from 8.29 to 185.45g Gly/mL and from 0.05 to 0.12g Glu/mL. The ethanolic extract showed the best antioxidant activity in phosphomolybdenum, DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric reducing power and lipid peroxidation assays. The best activity in ferrous ion chelating and H2O2 assays had the acetone extract, whereas the best hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was observed with the chloroform extract. The ethanolic extract at a concentration of 6mg/mL proved to be the most effective antimycotic, since it inhibited the growth of all tested fungi except Penicillium verrucosum. The obtained results indicate that C.campestris seeds could be attributed to a potential source of natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical products.Peer-reviewed manuscript: [https://ripest.pesting.org.rs/handle/123456789/565
Effects of clomazone active substance and its formulated products on aquatic organisms
No full textHerbicidi su najčešće korišćena grupa pesticida, a nakon dospevanja u vodenu sredinu mogu ispoljiti štetno delovanje na neciljne organizme. Na tržištu se nalaze različite formulacije pesticida koje sadrže iste aktivne supstance, pri čemu se postavlja pitanje uticaja oblika formulacije na toksičnost herbicida za neciljne organizme. U okviru ove doktorske disertacije ispitivan je i upoređivan uticaj tehničke supstance i formulisanih preparata klomazona – Rampa® EC i GAT Cenit 36 CS na različite organizme vodene sredine, nakon čega je urađena procena rizika. Delovanje klomazona na primarne producente urađeno je ispitivanjima na dve vrste akvatičnih makrofita – Lemna minor i Myriophyllum aquaticum. Preparat Rampa® EC ispoljio je veću toksičnost za vrstu L. minor, dok je GAT Cenit 36 CS bio toksičniji za M. aquaticum. Ipak, za oba preparata veća inhibicija rasta registrovana je kod ukorenjene vrste M. aquaticum, što potvrđuje uvođenje ove makrofite u procenu rizika od herbicida. Ispitivanja na beskičmenjacima (Daphnia magna), embrionima riba (Danio rerio) i žaba (Xenopus laevis) ukazala su na veću toksičnost preparata Rampa® EC u odnosu na tehničku supstancu i drugi preparat. U studijama sa vrstama D. rerio i X. laevis pored toksičnosti utvrđivan je i teratogeni potencijal tehničke supstance klomazon i oba ispitivana preparata. Ujedno, ovo je prvi rezultat o embriotoksičnosti, kako aktivne supstance, tako i preparata klomazona. Kod izlaganih jedinki registrovani su teratogeni efekti, kao što su: kraniofacijalne i deformacije kičme, pojava edema, smanjen porast (dužina). Kod embriona D. rerio izlagnih tehničkoj supstanci i preparatima registrovan je uticaj na motorne neurone, a kašnjenje u razvoju utvrđeno je kod izlaganja tehničkoj supstanci i preparatu Rampa® EC. Iz odnosa teratogenosti i toksičnosti kod embriona dve vrste utvrđen je indeks teratogenosti (TI) koji je ukazao da tehnička supstanca ima veći teratogeni, a preparat Rampa® EC toksični potencijal...Herbicides are the most widely used group of pesticides, but they are able to cause adverse effects on non-target organisms after reaching water bodies. Different formulations using the same active ingredient are often available, which raises an issue of potential influence of different types of formulations on herbicide toxicity to nontarget organisms. Experiments were conducted as part of this doctoral dissertation to evaluate the toxicity of technical clomazone and its two formulated products: Rampa® EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, to several aquatic organisms, and to assess the risks involved in their use. Clomazone effects on primary producers were assessed by examining two species of aquatic macrophytes – Lemna minor and Myriophyllum aquaticum. The Rampa® EC product demonstrated a higher toxicity to L. minor, while GAT Cenit 36 SC was more toxic to M. aquaticum. However, the rooted species M. aquaticum showed a greater inhibition of growth, considering both products, which supports introduction of this macrophyte in risk assessment protocols for herbicides. Experiments with aquatic invertebrate (Daphnia magna), fish (Danio rerio) and frog (Xenopus laevis) embryos revealed a higher toxicity of Rampa® EC than the technical ingredient and the other product. In experiments with D. rerio and X. laevis, teratogenic potential of the clomazone technical substance and both investigated products was determined in addition to toxicity assessment. The present investigation was also the first report on embryotoxicity caused by both clomazone active substance and its different products. Diverse teratogenic effects, such as craniofacial and spine deformities, edema and growth reduction (length), were found in exposed individuals. A significant effect on motoneurons was noted in D. rerio embryos exposed to the technical substance and both products, while underdevelopment was observed only in embryos exposed to the technical substance and Rampa® EC..
The late blight of potatoes by the pseudofungus Phytophthora infestans (mont.) de Bary: Control options and resistance to fungicides
No full textProtection of potatoes from late blight, Phytophthora infestans, is based on fungicide treatments. The main characteristics of non-systemic fungicides in the groups of dithiocarbamates, pyridines and inorganic copper compounds are presented. Other synthetic substances with fungicidal activity that have appeared on the markets over the second half of the 20th century are also surveyed, including compounds classified as cyanoacetamide-oximes, phosphonates, phenyl amides, carbamates, strobilurins, oxazolidine-diones, imidazolinones and amides of carboxylic acid and benzamide. Resistance of P. infestans to fungicides is discussed in detail, as well as mechanisms leading to resistance, and potential methods of preventing its occurrence so that efficacy and extended periods of usage of fungicides, primarily of those with specific modes of action, can be protected
Alien and invasive aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) found in Serbia
No full textAlien and invasive species impose big costs to economy and damage to environment, especially in the condition of world globalisation and climate changes. Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae) are small insects which can be very easily transferred to new countries and continents. Totally 37 alien and invasive species have been found in Serbia, mainly in last 30 years. The most numerous species are from subfamily Aphidinae (25), then from subfam. Myzocallidinae (7), Lachninae (3) and one species is from subfamilies Chaitophorinae and Pemphiginae each. The origin of most species (17) is North America, 15 species came from Asia, 2 species have tropical origin, one is from Africa and two more species are of unknown geographic origin. Some invasive aphids are very important direct pests on cultivated plants, as Myzus persicae Sulzer, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), Aphis gossypii Glover, A. spiraecola Patch and Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann). In ornamental trees problems are caused by e.g. Aphis spiraephaga Müller, Appendiseta robiniae Gillette, Cinara cedri Mimeur, C. curvipes (Patch), Prociphilus fraxinifolii Riley ex Riley & Monell and Tinocallis takachihoensis Higuchi. On flowers, very often are found: Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette), Rhodobium porosum (Sanderson) and Wahlgreniella nervata (Gillette). Species as Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell) are very important vectors of plant viruses. Alien aphid species recently found and not causing important damages for the moment are: Acyrthosiphon caraganae Cholodkovsky, Macrosiphum albifrons Essig, Chaitophorus populifolli (Essig), Trichosiphonaphis polygonifoliae (Shinji), Myzocallis walshii (Monell ex Riley & Monell), Illinoia liriodendri (Monell) and Takecallis arundicolens (Clarke). Other alien and (or) invasive species found in Serbia are: Aphis forbesi Weed, A. oenotherae Oestlund, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach), Ericaphis scammelli Mason, Myzus ornatus Laing, M. varians Davidson, M. ascalonicus Doncaster, M. cymbalariae Stroyan, Nearctaphis bakeri (Cowen ex Gillette & Baker), Neotoxoptera oliveri (Essig), Panaphis juglandis (Goeze), Pterochloroides persicae (Cholodkovsky), Rhopalosiphum insertum (Walker) and Uroleucon erigeronense (Thomas)
Dvojedarne vrste roda Rhizoctonia - prouzrokovači crne truleži korena jagode u Srbiji
No full textJagoda (Fragaria x ananassa) pripada sitnim vockama, gaji se sirom nase zemlje, a proizvodnja
i zasadene povrsine u stalnom su porastu. Jedan od faktora koji ogranicavaju proizvodnju jagode
Sirom sveta predstavlja crna trulei korena, koju najcesce izazivaju dvojedarne vrste roda Rhizoctonia.
Rod Rhizoctonia obuhvata gljive koje se odrzavaju u zemljistu, mogu biti jednojedarne, dvojedarne
i visejedarne, a na osnovu anastomoznih reakcija svrstane su u nize taksonomske kategorije, anastomozne
grupe (AG). Vrste roda Rhizoctonia pricinjavaju znacajne stete na velikom broju biljaka,
ukljucujuci i jagodu. U Srbiji je poslednjih godina vise puta uocena crna trulez krune i korena jagode
i susenje aka 30% biljaka.
U periodu ad 2013. do 2018. godine sa lokaliteta Subotica, Novi Sad, Beograd i Kru:Sevac, prikupljeni
su uzorci obolelih biljaka jagode sa simptomima crne trulezi korena i korenovog vrata,
pracenim propadanjem krune i ce lih biljaka. lz tkiva sa simptomima dobijeno je vise izolata kultura
vrha hife (hiphal tip) koji su, na osnovu izgleda kolonija na PDA, preliminarno identifikovani kao
Rhizoctonia spp. Po Jedan izolat iz svakog lokaliteta, morfoloski i molekularno je identifikovan. Patogenost
cetiri odabrana izolata proveravana je na dva nacina. u uslovima staklenika, inokulisani
su zivici jagode sorte Senga-Sengana, unosenjem fragmenata ko lonija starih 7 dana u zonu korena.
Nakon 5 nedelja inkubacije uoceni su simptomi u vidu nekroze i promene boje korena. U laboratorijskim
uslovima patogenost je proveravana na povrsinski sterilisanim fragmentima lisnih peteljki
jagode, koji su uspravno postavljani u kolonije stare 7 dana. Nakon inkubacije u t rajanju od 7 dana,
na peteljkama su zapazene nekroticne zone razlicite duzine. Na kontrolnim zivicima i lisnim peteljkama
nije doslo do pojave simptoma. lz zivica i peteljki sa simptomima uspesno je izvrsena reizolacija.
lspitivani izolati ispoljili su uniformne morfoloske osobine i na PDA formirali brzorastuce belicaste
kolonije sa bujnom vazdusnom micelijom. Grananje hifa bilo je karakteristicno, pod pribliino pravim
uglom, sa suzenjem i septom u blizini mesta grananja. Nakon 3 dana uocene su moniliformne cel ije.
Konvencionalnim metodama bojenja jedara potvrdeno je prisustvo dva jedra u celijama mladih hifa
svih izolata. Pripadnost dvojedarnim Rhizoctonia vrstama potvrdena je sekvenciranjem produkta
velicine oko 700 bp gena za ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) rDNA region primenom prajmera ITS1 F/
ITS4. BLAST analiza dobijenih sekvenci (GenBank Accession Nos. MH517393, MHSl 7394, MHSl 7395
i MHS17396) pokazala je 99-100% nukleotidne slicnosti sa velikim brojem izolata Rhizoctonia spp.
AG A poreklom iz razlicitih biljaka domacina i razlicitih delova sveta deponovanih u GenBank bazi
podataka.
U ovom radu je konvencionalnim i molekularnim metodama identifikovana Rhizoctonia spp. AG
A kao najcesCi prouzrokovac crne trulezi korena jagode u Srbiji. Pouzdana i brza identifikacija vrsta
Rhizoctonia do nivoa AG predstavlja prvi, neophodan korak u iznalazenju efikasnijih mera kontrol
Antifungalna aktivnost etarskih ulja cimeta i karanfilića prema patogenima šampinjona - Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull.) W. Gams & Hooz i Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola (Preuss) Hasebrauk
No full textAntifungal activity of two essential oils, cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry), was evaluated against Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull.) W. Gams & Hooz, and Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola (Preuss) Hasebrauk, the causal agents of cobweb and dry bubble disease of cultivated mushroom. Inhibitory and fungicidal activity of the selected essential oils was assayed using three methods: microdilution, macrodilution fumigant and macrodilution contact method. Comparing all three methods, clove essential oil showed stronger activity than cinnamon against both fungi, having minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the lowest concentrations tested (1.56, 0.02 and 0.1 µl ml-1, respectively). However, cinnamon oil was more toxic to L. fungicola var. fungicola then to C. dendroides in all three methods. Both oils exhibited stronger antifungal effects when used in the macrodilution fumigant than in contact method. The results showed that both cinnamon and clove essential oils have the potential for further in vivo experiments against L. fungicola var. fungicola and C. dendroides and indicated a possible use of these oils in integrated disease management in mushrooms.Ispitana je antifungalna aktivnost etarskih ulja cimeta i karanfilića prema Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull.) W. Gams & Hooz, i Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola (Preuss) Hasebrauk, prouzrokovačima paučinaste plesni i suve truleži šampinjona. Antifungalna aktivnost odabranih etarskih ulja testirana je primenom tri različite metode: mikrodilucione, makrodilucione fumigantne i makrodilucione kontaktne metode. Etarsko ulje karanfilića je ispoljilo jači efekat od ulja cimeta na obe gljive primenom sve tri metode, sa minimalnim inhibitornim koncentrecijama pri najnižim testiranim koncentracijama (1,56, 0,02 i 0,1 µl ml-1). Ulje cimeta je pokazalo veću toksičnost prema L. fungicola var. fungicola nego prema C. dendroides. Ispitivana etarska ulja ispoljila su jače antifungalno dejstvo primenjena fumigantno nego kontaktno u makrodilucionoj metodi. Antifungalno delovanje etarskih ulja cimeta i karanfilića in vitro, ukazuje na potencijal za dalja ispitivanja njihove efikasnosti in vivo, kao i mogućnosti uključivanja ovih etarskih ulja u integralnu zaštitu jestivih gljiva od bolesti prouzrokovanih mikopatogenim gljivama L. fungicola var. fungicola i C. dendroides
Molekularna identifikacija i karakterizacija dvojedarnih Rhizoctonia spp. prouzrokovača crne truleži korena jagode u Srbiji
No full textStrawberry production is a popular, fast-growing agricultural business in Serbia. Its cultivar selection has been changing fast, following market demands. One of the limiting factors of strawberry production worldwide is black root rot, primarily caused by binucleate Rhizoctonia. Recently, outbreaks of black root rot of strawberry have occurred in Serbia and the estimated disease incidence was up to 30%. Isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A were recovered from symptomatic strawberry plants, and characterized on the bases of morphological, molecular and pathogenic features. Despite their uniform morphological characteristics, the isolates demonstrated genetic variability within ITS rDNA, grouping into three different phylogenetic sub-clusters which comprise AG-A isolates originating from Italy, Israel, Japan and the USA. The binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A from Serbia exhibited uniform virulence on strawberry after inoculation of daughter plants and detached leaf petioles, as well as on seedlings of bean, carrot and sunflower, while they were non-pathogenic to wheat, maize, tomato, pepper, tobacco, cucumber, lettuce, peas, cabbage, rapeseed and sugar beet.Proizvodnja jagode je popularna grana poljoprivrede u Srbiji koja se brzo razvija. Sastav sorti uključenih u proizvodnju podleže stalnim promenama u skladu sa zahtevima tržišta. Jedan od ograničavajućih faktora u proizvodnji jagode širom sveta je crna trulež korena, bolest koju najčešće izazivaju dvojedarne vrste roda Rhizoctonia. U Srbiji je poslednjih godina nekoliko puta zabeležena pojava crne truleži jagode uz učestalost koja je iznosila do 30%. Iz biljaka jagode sa simptomima izdvojeni su izolati dvojedarne Rhizoctonia AG-A i okarakterisani na osnovu morfološih i molekularnih osobina i patogenosti. Uprkos uniformnim morfološkim osobinama, izolati su ispoljili genetičku varijabilnost na osnovu sekvence ITS rDNK, grupišući se u tri različita filogentska sub-klastera koji su obuhvatali isolate iz Italije, Izraela, Japana i SAD. Izolati dvojedarnih Rhizoctonia AG-A poreklom iz Srbije ispoljili su uniformnu virulentnost na jagodi nakon inokulacija živića i fragmenata lisnih peteljki, kao i na sejancima pasulja, mrkve i suncokreta, dok nisu bili patogeni za pšenicu, kukuruz, paradajz, papriku, duvan, krastavac, salatu, grašak, kupus i šećernu repu
Sublethal effects of NeemAzal- T/S botanical insecticide on Dutch and Serbian populations of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
No full textSublethal effects of an azadirachtin-based botanical insecticide (commercial product NeemAzal-T/S) on behaviour, life history traits and population growth of one commercial (Dutch strain, D) and two Serbian populations (Bujanovac, B; Negotin, N) of Encarsia formosa Gahan were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. In a two-choice test, parasitoids from all tested populations preferred to parasitise the untreated whitefly nymphs over those treated with 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.12mg/l of azadirachtin. All concentrations caused significant deterrent effects after 24h, and the following deterrence indices were calculated: 9.7-60.9% (B), 5.5-57.5% (N) and 12.9-63.5% (D). The longevity of adults exposed for 48h to residues of the botanical insecticide (applied at LC50) was shorter (1.5-1.7 days) than that of control wasps. Both daily and total parasitism were significantly reduced (by 41.7, 48.3 and 60.1% for N, D and B, respectively) compared to control, as well as adult emergence in the F-1 generation. The instantaneous rate of increase (r(i)) of surviving adults was also significantly reduced (by 13.2, 19. 3 and 20.5%, for populations N, B, and D, respectively). Adults from all tested populations, emerged from pupae treated with the botanical insecticide applied at LC50, showed reduced parasitism, adult emergence, and r(i) levels, but the reduction was significant only for adult emergence of B and r(i) of B and N.Juvenile development of the parasitoid in treated pupae was significantly extended, compared to control. The implications of these results on integrated control of the greenhouse whitefly are discussed
Bio-herbicidal effects of five essential oils on seed germination and early seedling growth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.)
No full textThe approach to the agriculture activity in the last years has changed. The great interests in sustainable and organic agriculture have lead research and studies on a different path from the past, more focused on ecology, environment and human health instead than basic production. Objective of this research was the evaluation of the inhibition effect exerted by the essential oils of basil, sage, thyme, lemon balm and goldenrod on seeds germination and early seedling growth (seedling and radical length) of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) weed.
The solutions of the essential oils obtained by hydrodestilation were prepared with 0.5 ml of each essential oil emulsified with Tween 20 in ratio of 1:1 (v v‑1) and dissolved in distilled water to give a stock solution at a concentration of 1%. The other concentrations (0.1% and 0.01% v v‑1) were prepared by dilution.
In a laboratory bioassay, seed germination, seedling and radical length of velvetleaf decreased with increased concentration of essential oils from 0.01 to 1%. The obtained data revealed a highly significant effect (p<0.05) between control and 1% and 0.1% oil concentrations in all treatments for seed germination, seedling and radical length, while between control and 0.01% oil concentration there were no significant differences. The essential oils of basil, thyme and lemon balm exhibited more powerful bio‑herbicidal effect compared to sage and goldenrod essential oils on the germination and early seedling growth of velvetleaf weed.26‑28 September 2018
BUCHAREST, ROMANI