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Aggressiveness of Monilinia spp. towards detached plum fruit
No full textStone fruit species are by far the most important for total fruit production in Serbia, with plum
being the most important. Over the last five years, total annual plum production amounted to
over 500,000 tons, placing Serbia among the three top producers in the world and the first in
Europe. However, plum is severely affected by brown rot disease that occurs every year, resulting
in significant losses. Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena are widely distributed brown rot causal
agents, with first reports of their presence and significance in Serbia originating from the middle of
the 20th century. Monilinia fructicola, the most destructive pathogen of Monilinia spp., has recently
been introduced into Serbia. Its spreading in stone fruit orchards has already been observed. The
aim of this research was to compare aggressiveness of newly introduced M. fructicola with well-established
M. laxa and M. fructigena species towards plum fruit, in order to assess the potential of
M. fructicola to repress and replace the other two species in Serbian plum orchards. Unwounded
and wounded fruits of two plum cultivars at three developmental stages were inoculated with M.
fructicola, M. laxa, and M. fructigena. Seven days after inoculation, the fruits were visually examined
for symptoms of brown rot. A CART model, describing the probability of infection establishment
was constructed. The results showed that wounding of fruits, developmental stage of fruits and
species of the pathogen had significant effects on the incidence of brown rot, while the effect of
cultivar was not significant
Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium graminearum - capacity for mycotoxin production in rotten apple fruits
No full textDue to its possibility for long-term storage, apple is available on markets all the
year round. Storing of apple fruits can result in significant post-harvest losses.
These losses are usually caused by phytopathogenic fungi. Fusarium species
are increasingly found as causal agents of post-harvest apple fruit rot,
particularly in novel storages, such as Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) and Dynamic
controlled atmosphere (DCA) storage types. Among other Fusarium species on
apple fruits, F. avenaceum and F. graminearum are of high importance because
of their domination and capacity for mycotoxin production. In this study, three
isolates of F. avenaceum and one isolate of F. graminearum, originating from
naturally infected apple fruits, were tested for mycotoxin production capacity
(zearalenone and deoxynivalenol) on AA (apple agar) medium after two-week
incubation and on artificially infected fruits, after four-week incubation in wet
chambers at 25°C. Zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) presence in
AA medium, in rotten parts of fruits inoculated with F. avenaceum and F.
graminearum, and in healthy parts of apple fruits inoculated with F. graminearum
were detected using ELISA method.
In AA medium ZEA was detected in all samples (F. avenaceum isolates 5.003,
6.384, 4.897 ppb and F. graminearum >1000 ppb), while DON was detected
only in AA medium inoculated with F. graminearum (36 ppb). In apple fruits, ZEA
and DON were detected in all samples, inoculated with both, F. avenaceum and
F. graminearum. The ZEA values in samples from rotten fruit part inoculated
with F. avenaceum isolates were: 39.612, 54.217 and 69.855 ppb, while in
samples inoculated with F. graminearum the values were as follows: in rotten
fruit parts >1000 ppb, and in healthy fruit parts 39.789 ppb. DON values were
the following: in rotten parts of fruits infected with F. avenaceum isolates - 138,
100 and 188 ppb, in rotten part of fruit inoculated with F. graminearum 114 ppb,
and in healthy part the level of DON was 21 ppb.
According to the results, F. avenaceum and F. graminearum have potential for
the production of ZEA and DON mycotoxins in both, AA medium and apple
fruits. Apple can be consumed fresh, but also it is important raw material for many food products, such as baby porridge, juices, etc. As results suggest,
healthy part of infected fruit is also mycotoxin contaminated. Therefore, in fresh
consumption, removal of rotten part of the fruit and consumtion of a healthy part
is still a risk. Keeping in mind that processing of apple fruits into different
products does not reduce mycotoxin contamination, and that often partially
rotted apple fruits are destined for processing, it can be concluded that apple
products are in risk of contamination with ZEA and DON mycotoxins
Electronic Nose: a First Sensors Array Optimization for Pesticides Detection based on Wilks' Lambda-statistic
No full textThis paper describes an E-Nose aimed to Pesticide Detection which uses an array of different commercial gas sensors. In order to optimize the array reducing the redundancies due to similar sensors answers, Wilks' Lambda-statistic has been used
Delovanje 1-MCP i dinamički kontrolisane atmosfere na trulež jabuke prouzrokovanu gljivom Fusarium avenaceum
No full textFusarium species are increasingly detected as the causal agents of decay of stored apple fruits. Fusarium avenaceum is particularly significant due to its predominant occurrence among Fusarium species in stored apple fruits and its ability to produce mycotoxins. Treatments with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and different storage conditions affect the aggressiveness of F. avenaceum and development of fungal-caused decay in stored apple fruits. In this study, apple fruits (cv. 'Granny Smith') were treated with 1-MCP, and artificially inoculated with F. avenaceum. The isolate used for inoculation, originating from apple fruit, was identified based on morphological characteristics and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a species-specific primer pair (FA-ITSF and FA-ITSR) for F. avenaceum. After inoculation, treated and untreated fruits were stored at room temperature and cold-stored under dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA). Diameters of necrotic lesions were measured after 7, 14 and 21 days of incubation on fruits stored at room temperature, while necrosis diameters on DCA-stored fruits were measured immediately at the end of storage period (143 days), and after 7, 14 and 21 days of additional incubation at room temperature. The results show that treatment with 1-MCP inhibits the development of F. avenaceum on apple fruits during storage under DCA. However, after storage, i.e. during incubation at room temperature, no significant difference between 1-MCP-treated and untreated fruits was observed. On fruits stored at room temperature only, no difference between 1-MCP-treated and untreated fruits was observed. However, 1-MCP-treated fruits stored at room temperature only developed significantly smaller necrosis lesions compared to 1-MCP-treated and DCA stored fruits. It infers that both 1-MCP treatment and DCA storage inhibit fungal decay caused by F. avenaceum on apple fruits. However, the effects do not persist after storage.Vrste roda Fusarium sve češće se javljaju kao prouzrokovači truleži plodova jabuke u skladištima. Vrsta Fusarium avenaceum je od posebnog značaja zbog dominacije u odnosu na ostale Fusarium vrste na uskladištenim plodovima, kao i sposobnosti da proizvodi mikotoksine. Upotreba 1-metilciklopropena (1-MCP) i različiti uslovi skladištenja utiču na agresivnost F. avenaceum i pojavu truleži plodova prouzrokovane gljivama. U ovom radu, plodovi jabuke sorte 'Granny Smith' tretirani su sa 1-MCP i veštački inokulisani izolatom vrste F. avenaceum. Izolat F. avenaceum korišćen za inokulaciju je poreklom iz ploda jabuke i identifikovan je na osnovu morfoloških karakteristika i lančanom reakcijom polimeraze (PCR) upotrebom para prajmera specifičnog za vrstu F. avenaceum (FA-ITSF i FA-ITSR). Nakon inokulacije, tretirani i netretirani plodovi su čuvani na sobnoj temperaturi i u hladnjači sa dinamički kontrolisanom atmosferom (DCA). Ocena razvoja nekroze na plodovima čuvanim na sobnoj temperaturi vršena je nakon 7, 14 i 21 dan inkubacije, a na plodovima čuvanim u DCA hladnjači odmah nakon skladištenja (143 dana), te nakon 7, 14 i 21 dan dodatne inkubacije na sobnoj temperaturi. Ostvareni rezultati pokazuju da tretman sa 1-MCP inhibira razvoj F. avenaceum na plodovima jabuke tokom čuvanja u DCA hladnjači. Međutim, po iznošenju jabuka iz skladišta i inkubaciji na sobnoj temperaturi, efekat 1-MCP prestaje i razlike u razvoju nekroze na tretiranim i netretiranim plodovima nisu značajne. Na plodovima koji su čuvani samo u uslovima sobne temperature nisu registrovane razlike u razvoju nekroze između netretiranih i plodova koji su tretirani sa 1-MCP. Tokom inkubacije na sobnoj temperaturi, na tretiranim plodovima koji su čuvani samo u uslovima sobne temperature, razvoj nekroze je značajno manji u odnosu na tretirane plodove prethodno skladištene u DCA hladnjači. Može se zaključiti da tretiranje sa 1-MCP i DCA uslovi skladištenja inhibiraju pojavu truleži plodova jabuke prouzrokovanu vrstom F. avenaceum tokom skladištenja, ali se efekti ne zadržavaju nakon iskladištenja
Toksičnost metiokarba primenjenog na semenskom kukuruzu za puževe golaće
No full textSuzbijanje puževa golaća je otežano jer je u toku suženje spektra i obima dozvoljene primene
tradicionalnih moluskocida, dok se istovremno nove aktivne supstance sporo razvijaju ili su u primeni
ali sa značajnim ograničenjima. Najefikasniji tradicionalni moluskocid je metiokarb, masovno
primenjivan u Evropi od kraja 1960-ih, ali su moluskocidne pelete metiokarba zbog toksičnog delovanja
na neciljne organizme trajno povučene iz primene u EU septembra 2015. Mamci na bazi
metiokarba su povučeni iz primene i u našoj zemlji, ali smo metiokarb zadržali u prometu bar do
kraja 2019, kao insekticid za tretiranje semena i repelent za ptice.
Metiokarb ima dugu istoriju primene kao repelent i zoocid širokog spektra, pa se koristi u tretmanima
semena, da zaštiti biljke u osetljivim fazama klijanja i nicanja. U deklaracijama preparata
navodi se zaštitno delovanje filma metiokarba na površini semena na razne štetne grupe, uključujući
i puževe, ali nema konkretnih literaturnih podataka. Naše istraživanje je jedno od retkih koje pokušava
da ispita delovanje metiokarba na semenu kukuruza na golaće.
Provera efikasnosti moluskocida obavljena je u vivarijumu Pojoprivrednog fakulteta. Laboratorijske
testove efikasnosti moluskocida obavili smo 03-10.07.2018. godine, na 120 jedinki A. lusitanicus,
poreklom iz rasadnika JKP Zelenilo Beograd, na Bežanijskoj kosi. Težina jedinki bila je u intervalu
3,00-7,99 g; prosečna težina jedinki (±SD) iznosila je 5,00±1,18 g. Golaći su pojedinačno gajeni u
arenama sa perforiranim poklopcem, zapremine 1700 cm3 (d × š × v = 17 cm × 8 cm ×12,5 cm), na
navlaženim papirnim ubrusima od svetlo smeđe reciklirane hartije. Golaći su dve nedelje pre ogleda
naizmenično hranjeni tikvicama, krompirom i kruškama da bi se izbeglo navikavanje na hranu. Hrana
i podloga menjani su dvodnevno, a tri dana pred ogled nisu hranjeni. Zatim im je ponuđeno seme
kukuruza sa moluskocidnom zaštitom u četiri tretmana: A – 10 mg a.s./kg, B – 8 mg a.s./kg, C – 6 mg
a.s./kg, K – kontrola, seme bez zaštite. Efikasnost moluskocida je ocenjivana narednih sedam dana.
Praćeni su tragovi ishrane na osnovu prisustva i boje fecesa, broj moribundnih i uginulih jedinki.
Uticaj metiokarba na preživljavanje ispitivanih jedinki procenjena je analizom Kaplan-Meier-a. Logrank
test je korišćen za upoređivanje razlika između grupa. Podaci su obrađeni softverskim paketom
Statsoft P.4.5.
Izuzimajući jednu jedinku u tretmanu sa najvišom koncentracijom metiokarba, koja je uginula
poslednjeg dana opservacije, ostale jedinke su uginjavale od prvog do trećeg dana od početka
eksperimenta. Najviša smrtnost zabeležena je u tretmanu sa 8 mg a.s./kg, 27/30 jedinki. Smrtnost
jedinki u tretmanima sa 6 mg a.s./kg i 10 mg a.s./kg bila je 15/30, odnosno 13/30 jedinki
Brodifacoum as a first choice rodenticide for controlling bromadiolone-resistant Mus musculus
No full textLaboratory tests were conducted to estimate the efficacy of brodifacoum in controlling bromadiolone-resistant Tyr139Cys and Leu128Ser/Tyr139Cys house mice in no-choice feeding tests with two short exposure times of 24 and 48 h. The mortality of bromadioloneresistant house mice in brodifacoum tests was similar 90 and 100% in the respective 24 and 48 h intervals. There were neither differences in survival rates between the genders nor between the VKOR variants, but consumption was higher in females than in males. Brodifacoum was effective against bromadioloneresistant house mice in the short exposure test, offering a sound practical alternative for rodent control in situations when bromadiolone is no longer a satisfactory solution. Whether a short-term use of brodifacoum after bromadiolone application reduces environmental risks, compared to using brodifacoum only, needs a further confirmation
Uticaj tretmana micelije ('semena') šampinjona (Agaricus bisporus L.) - bakterijom Bacillus subtilis QST713 na prinos i zaštitu od zelene plesni
No full textA biofungicide based on Bacillus subtilis QST713 was tested for impact on yield and efficacy against a Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum T77 strain from Serbia by coating mushroom grain spawn and comparing the results with the chemical fungicide prochloraz manganese in a mushroom growing room. The tested B. subtilis QST713 strain did not inhibit mycelial growth of Agaricus bisporus in plots free of the pathogen, showing an impact on yield of 91.95%, which was not significantly different from an untreated control. As for the efficacy of the fungicides used against T. aggressivum f. europaeum T77, there were no significant differences between a prochloraz manganese casing treatment, and B. subtilis QST713 coating on mushroom grain spawn, as the efficacy was 70.37 and 53.09%, respectively. These results implied that the biofungicide based on B. subtilis could serve as a harmless alternative to synthetic fungicides in mushroom production, especially during serious compost green muold outbreaks caused by T. aggressivum. Furthermore, the biofungicide should be applied alone because an antagonistic reaction was detected between the fungicide prochloraz and B. subtilis QST713.Biofungicid na bazi Bacillus subtilis QST713 je odabran za testiranje uticaja na prinos i efikasnosti u suzbijanju Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum T77 iz Srbije, kada je primenjeno za tretiranje micelije ('semena') šampinjona u poređenju sa fungicidom prohloraz manganom u oglednom gajilištu. Testirani soj B. subtilis QST713 nije inhibirao rast micelije Agaricus bisporus, u tretmanima bez prisustva patogena, sa uticajem na prinos 91.95% i nije se statistički značajno razlikovao od neinokulisane kontrole. U pogledu efikasnosti fungicida u suzbijanju T. aggressivum f. europaeum T77, nije bilo statistički značajne razlike među tretmanima sa fungicidom prohloraz manganom primenjenim na pokrivku i tretmanom B. subtilis QST713 primejenim na miceliju ('seme') šampinjona, sa odgovorajućim vrednostima 70.37 i 53.09%. Ovi rezultati ukazuju da se biofungicid na bazi B. subtilis može primenjivati kao alternativa sintetičkom fungicidu u proizvodnji šampinjona, posebno kod značajne pojave zelene plesni u kompostu za gajenje šampinjona koju izaziva T. aggressivum. Takođe, preporuka je da se biofungicid primenjuje samostalno jer je uočena antagonistička reakcija između prohloraz mangana i B. subtilis QST713
Influence of plant decomposition products of weeds on watermelon seed germination and early growth
No full textThe main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of decomposition products of some
weeds (Abutilon theophrasti - ABUTH, Ambrosia artemisiifolia - AMBAR, Datura stramonium - DATST and
Xanthium strumarium - XANST) on seed germination and early growth of watermelon.
The experiment was set up under controlled conditions. Fresh plant material (leaves, stems, roots)
were cleaned several times by tap water, chopped into 1cm long fragments, and mixed with 1 kg
of soil (40 g of plant material per 1 kg of soil). The prepared substrates were poured into plastic
pots of 14 cm diameter and moistened with 250 ml of water. The substrates were covered with
filter paper to prevent evaporation, and kept so for 20 days. After that period, 10 watermelon seeds
were sawn in each pot. The pots were placed in a climate room under the following conditions:
14h/10h photoperiod, 26/21˚C (day/night) temperature and 300μE/m2 s light intensity. Plants grew
for 28 days, upon which period the following parameters were measured: the number of emerged
seedlings, fresh and dry weight and height of plants and root fresh weight and root length.
The percentage of emerged seedlings ranged from 92.5-100% for ABUTH, DATST and XANST, while
it was lower (65-85%) for AMBAR. The measured root parameters were less sensitive than the fresh
and dry weight or height of plants. Root decomposition products of weeds were found to have
the highest inhibitory effect (ABUTH:16-35%; AMBAR: 3-46%; DATST: 1-54%; XANST: 47-81%) on
measured parameters. Also, stem products caused reduction of plants growth (ABUTH:38-46%;
AMBAR: 10-29%; DATST: 13-30%; XANST: 12-25%), while the decomposition products of the leaves
showed mainly a stimulating effects (ABUTH: 6-56%; AMBAR: 9-46%; DATST: 3-56%; XANST: 11-44%).17-21 June 2018, Ljubljana, Sloveni
Ispitivanje osetljivosti Trichoderma spp., prouzrokovača zelene plesni bukovače, na fungicid prohloraz
No full textBukovača (Pleurotus spp.) je treća najzastupljenija gajena gljiva (bazidiomiceta) koja se gaji u
svetu, nakon šampinjona i šiitake. Bolesti koje izazivaju bakterije, gljive i virusi utiču na smanjenje
prinosa i kvaliteta plodonosnih tela gajene gljive. Najznačajnije štete nanosi zelena plesan koju izazivaju
dve genetski srodne ali fenotipski različite vrste, Trichoderma pleuroticola S.H. Yu & M.S. Park i
Trichoderma pleuroti S.H. Yu & M.S. Park. Ove vrste se razlikuju od onih koje izazivaju bolesti šampinjona
i prvi put su identifikovane pre petnaestak godina u Južnoj Koreji, a ubrzo zatim se pojavile i
detektovane u Italiji, Mađarskoj i Rumuniji. Zaštita bukovače od bolesti u svetu se uglavnom zasniva
na primeni fungicida koji se primenjuju u uzgoju šampinjona a koji često nisu registrovani za ovu
namenu: prohloraz i benzimidazoli: tiabendazol, tiofanat-metil i karbendazim. Malo je objavljenih
podataka o toksičnosti fungicida na mikopatogene gljive, naročito patogene bukovače. Zbog razvoja
rezistentnosti na fungicide i ispoljavanja toksičnosti prema domaćinu koji pripada istom carstvu
gljiva (Fungi) znatno je sužen izbor adekvatnih preparata.
Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ispita osetljivost 12 izolata Trichoderma spp. izolovanih iz zaraženog
supstrata za gajenje bukovače poreklom iz Kavadaraca, FYR Macedonia, 2018. godine, na fungicid
prohloraz koji se najčešće primenjuje u zaštiti gajenih gljiva od bolesti. Osetljivost izolata Trichoderma
spp. na fungicide je određena makrodilucionom metodom. Micelija izolata starosti 4 dana
inokulisana je na krompir-dekstroznu podlogu obogaćenu različitim koncentracijama fungicida.
Nakon preliminarnih ispitivanja (0,01 do 1000 mg L-1) određene su koncentracije fungicida kojima se
postiže inhibicija porasta izolata između 5 i 95% u odnosu na kontrolu (0,0024 do 0,3 mg L-1). Testovi
su izvedeni u tri ponavljanja. Za probit analizu su uzimani rezultati najmanje četiri koncentracije i
preračunati na procenat inhibicije u odnosu na kontrolu. Određene su koncentracije koje inhibiraju
rast micelije 50% (EC50) i nagib regresione linije (b).
Proučavani izolati Trichoderma spp. sa bukovače su ispoljili visoku osetljivost na fungicid prohloraz.
Parametri osetljivosti su bili u opsegu EC50 vrednosti od 0,0034 mg L-1 (b=0,81) do 0,0146 mg
L-1. Prema tome, preparati na bazi prohloraza se mogu preporučiti za primenu u zaštiti bukovače od
zelene plesni.26-30. novembar 2018, Zlatibo
Uticaj toplotnih tretmana na Fusarium spp.-patogene uskladištenih plodova jabuke
No full textKvalitet plodova jabuke tokom procesa skladištenja značajno ugrožavaju fitopatogene gljive, među kojima se u poslednje vreme sve češće navode vrste roda Fusarium. Pored direktnih šteta koje mogu prouzrokovati na plodovima, zbog sposobnosti da proizvode mikotoksine, Fusarium spp. su vrlo značajne I sa aspekta zdravstvene bezbednosti plodova jabuke I proizvoda koji se dobijaju njihovom preradom. U Republici Srbiji sun a uskladištenim plodovima jabuke detektovane dve vrste ovog roda: F. avenaceum I F. graminearum. Sve češći zahtevi potrošača za zdravstveno bezbednom hranom nameću potrebu za pronalaženjem alternativnih načina borbe protiv patogena uskladištenih plodova voća. S obzirom da temperature značajno utiče na razvoj fitopatogenih mikroorganizama, toplotni tretmani mogu biti ekološki prihvatljiva I zdravstveno bezbedna metoda suzbijanja. Međutim, neophodno je precizno definisati uslove pod kojima se izvode toplotni tretmani plodova tako da se postigne željeni efekat, a da se pri tome ne naruši kvalitet ploda.
U ovom istraživanju ispitan je uticaj toplotnih tretmana na F. avenaceum i F. graminearum poreklom iz ploda jeabuke in vitro I in vivo. U in vitro ogledu, suspenzije spora izložene su delovanju sledećih tretmana: 45C u trajanju 1, 5, 10, 15 i 20 min; 50C u trananju 1, 3, 5, 10 i 15 min; 53C u trajanju 1, 3, 5 i 10 min; 57C u trajanju 1, 3 I 5 min; 60C u trajanju: 30 sec. I 1 min, 90Cu trajanju: 30 sec. I 1 min. Po izlaganju, suspenzije su zasejane u kružne otvore na KDA podlozi I praćen je rast micelije. Rezultati su pokazali da se potpuna inhibicija porasta micelije obe Fusarium vrste postiže pri izlaganju temperaturama 53 I 57C u trajanju 3 i 5 min. Izlaganje temperature 60C 30 sec. I 1 min. nije inhibiralo porast micelije vrste F. avenaceum u potpunosti, dok kod vrste F. graminearum nije registrovan porast. Temperatura od 90C potpuno je inhibirala porast obe Fusarium vrste, ali nije ispitana in vivo zbog očekivanog destruktivnog efekta na plodove jabuke. U in vivo ogledu ispitan je uticaj tretmana pri najnižim temperaturama I najkraćem trajanju izlaganja koji su potpuno inhibirali porast micelije in vitro kod obe ispitane vrste (53C i 57C u trajanju 3 min.), na razvoj truleži na veštački inokulisanim plodovima jabuke. Utvrđeno je da se na veštački inokulisanim plodovima jabuke vrstama F. avenaceum I F. graminearum značajno inhibira razvoj truleži u odnosu na netretirane, inokulisane plodove kada se plodovi nakon inokulacije izlože delovanju temperature od 53C u trajanju od 3 min., bez negativnih efekata na plod jabuke. U slučaju tretmana plodova pri temperature 57C u trajanju 3 min. registrovana su oštećenja plodova, kao I izostanak inhibicije razvoja truleži na plodu što je verovatno posledica lošeg fiziološkog stanja ploda usled toplotnog tretmana previsokom temperaturom. Ostvareni rezultati su pokazali da toplotni tretmani pri 53C u trajanju od 3 min. imaju potencijal za kontrolu prouzrokovača truleži plodova jabuke iz roda Fusarium