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Uticaj nikosulfurona na biološku produkciju hibridne forme korovskog suncokreta (Helianthus annuus)
No full textField experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of nicosulfuron on biological production of weedy sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Plants of this weed species were sown in plots sized 5x4.2 m with inter-row spacing of 24 cm, and 70 cm distance between rows. Plants with two pairs of developed leaves were treated with nicosulfuron using the next rates: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 g a.i. ha-1. Vegetative parameters (plant height, fresh weight and leaf area) were recorded five times during vegetation, including the first measurement just before herbicide application and four measurements at intervals of about two weeks. Head and seed production (number of heads per plant, head weight, head diameter, weight of seeds per head, weight of seeds per plant, number of seeds per plant) were determined after seed maturity. The application of nicosulfuron caused growth reduction of weedy sunflower in comparison with the control. All application rates of this herbicide reduced vegetative (height, fresh weight, leaf area) and some generative (number of heads per plant, weight of seeds per plant, number of seeds per plant) parameters, which decreased with increasing rates of nicosulfuron. Effects on the remaining generative test parameters (head weight, head diameter, weight of seeds per head) were not analogous to the effects on other parameters.Efekat nikosulfurona na biološku produkciju hibridne forme korovskog suncokreta (Helianthus annuus) ispitivan je u poljskim ogledima. Biljke ove korovske vrste su posejane na parcelicama veličine 5x4,2 m, sa rastojanjem biljaka u redu od 24 cm i razmakom između redova od 70 cm. Biljke u fazi dva para razvijenih listova su tretirane nikosulfuronom, koji je primenjen u sledećim količinama: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 i 80 g a.s. ha-1. Vegetativni parametri (visina biljaka, sveža masa i površina listova) su mereni pet puta tokom vegetacije, što uključuje prvo merenje neposredno pre primene herbicida i četiri merenja u intervalima od oko dve nedelje. Produkcija glavica i semena (broj glavica po biljci, masa glavice, prečnik glavice, masa semena po glavici, masa semena po biljci, broj semena po biljci) je određena nakon sazrevanja semena. Primena nikosulfurona je prouzrokovala redukciju rasta hibridne forme korovskog suncokreta u poređenju sa kontrolom. Sve količine ovog herbicida su redukovale vegetativne (visina biljaka, sveža masa i površina listova) i neke generativne (broj glavica po biljci, masa semena po biljci, broj semena po biljci) parametre, koji su se smanjivali sa povećanjem količine nikosulfurona. Efekat na ostale generativne parametre (masa glavice, prečnik glavice, masa semena po glavici) nije bio uporediv sa efektom na ostale parametre
Susceptibility of Brassicogethes aeneus (f.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) populations from Serbia to insecticides
No full textIntensive use of synthetic insecticides, mostly pyrethroids and organophosphates, for control
of pollen beetle, Brassicogethes aeneus (F.), a major pest in winter oilseed rape (OSR), is a priority
concern regarding their increased potential for selection pressure, which leads to increasingly widespread
resistance development. The objective of this study was to determine susceptibility levels of
B. aeneus populations from Serbia to insecticides from different classes (organophosphates, pyrethroids
and oxidiazines).
Using IRAC Susceptibility Test Method No. 027, populations were sampled from fields with winter
OSR crops in: Bačka Topola, Kikinda, Dobanovci and Novi Sad (Rimski šančevi 1 and Rimski šančevi
2). More than 300 specimens per population were collected during April 2019 and, before bioassays
were set up, the imagoes of B. aeneus were stored at 5°C. Only imagoes which had good fitness
were used in the bioassays. Insecticides based on lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin,
chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin and indoxacarb were diluted in water + acetone mixture (5%+95%)
and applied at 25 and 100% of their recommended label doses (RLD). Vials (5.5 cm x 2.5 cm, and 48
cm2 internal surfaces) were used in the lab trials and they were filled with 0.5 mL solution of each
insecticide and then rotated until the deposits dried. Control vials contained only water + acetone
mixture. Ten imagoes were added to each vial. Each test dose and insecticide was represented in
three replicates and the trial was carried out at 22±2°C temperature, 60±5% RH and 16:8 LD photoperiod.
Dead imagoes were counted after 24 h of exposure to each insecticide deposit.
The results show that pollen beetles from all test populations were highly susceptible (caused
100% mortality) to 100% RLD of all insecticides, except Dobanovci and Bačka Topola populations,
which were susceptible to deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, 97% and 93% mortality, respectively.
Also, only chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin and indoxacarb 25% RLD caused 100% mortality of
test populations, and all insecticides except deltamethrin in Rimski šančevi 2 population. The lowest
susceptibility caused by deltamethrin 25% RLD was detected in Bačka Topola and Rimski šančevi 1
beetles, only 40% mortality, then Kikinda beetles, 27% mortality, and beetles from Rimski šančevi 2,
no mortality. Based on IRAC classification, we inferred that all test populations of pollen beetles from
Serbia belong to the second group, i.e. populations susceptible to the test insecticides.VIII КОНГРЕСС ПО ЗАЩИТЕ РАСТЕНИЙ: Интегрированная защита растений для устойчивого растительного производства и лесного хозяйства - Сборник тезисов, 25-29 ноября 2019 года, Златибор, Серби
Allelopathic potential of invasive weed species Ambrosia artemisiifolia l. and Datura stramonium l.
No full textspecies that influence another plant species. In agroecosystems, allelopathy can affect plant reproduction,
species consortia, weed management, the mulching effect on crop and succession and rotation
of cultivated species. In an agricultural context, allelopathic chemicals can be produced by crops, or
by uncultivated plants, many of which are considered weeds. Allelopathic chemicals can be present
in any part of the plant: leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, seeds, rhizomes, pollens or stems. An allelopatic
effect is mainly referred to as a type of negative, but positive interactions have also been reporeted,
depending on the allelochemical considered, the target plant and the concentration tested.
Ambrosia artemisifolia L. and Datura stramonum L. widespread and very important invasive
weeds in many plant crops in Serbia and around the world (especially problematic in corn, sunflower,
soybean, sugar beet, vegetables, etc.). Several bioactive compounds have been identified in A.
artemisiifolia and D. stramonium, including flavonoids and phenolics (benzoic acids, cinnamic acids,
flavonoid aglycones, C- and O-glycosides, coumarins and lignans). In this study we screened the
allelopathic potential of these weeds on tomato.
The experiment was set up under controlled conditions. Fresh plant material (leaves, stems, roots)
were cleaned several times by tap water, chopped into 1cm long fragments, and mixed with 1 kg of soil
(40 g of plant material per 1 kg of soil). The prepared substrates were kept so for 20 days. After the period,
10 tomato seeds were sawn in each pot. The following parameters were checked after 28 days: fresh and
dry weight and height of plants were measured; fresh roots weight and root length were measured.
The experimental data showed that decomposition products obtained from A. artemisiifolia
and D. stramonium had an allelopathic effect on seedling growth of tomato. Leaf decomposition
products of both species showed a stimulating effect (7-41%). Stem products of A. artemisiifolia had
weak stimulatory effects (9-26%), while decomposition products of D. stramonium showed mainly
a inhibitoring effect (12-45%). Root decomposition products of both invasive weed were found to
have the inhibitory effect (2-33%) on almost all parameters measured.November 25-29, 2019, Zlatibor, Serbia,
VIII КОНГРЕСС ПО ЗАЩИТЕ РАСТЕНИЙ: Интегрированная защита растений для устойчивого растительного
производства и лесного хозяйства - Сборник тезисов
25-29 ноября 2019 года, Златибор, Серби
Role of plant-specialized Hyalesthes obsoletus associated with Convolvulus arvensis and Crepis foetida in the transmission of "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'-inflicted bois noir disease of grapevine in Serbia
No full textBois noir (BN), a grapevine yellows disease induced by Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', is spreading and diversifying in several wine-producing regions of Europe, causing increased yield losses and economic concerns. The planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) is a major vector of the pathogen that causes BN disease in grapevine. Recent studies suggest that epidemiology of BN is affected by the interaction of specific host races of H. obsoletus with weedy host plants that serve as reservoirs for the pathogen. Since BN is common in grape-growing regions of Serbia, a survey was conducted during 2015-2016 to evaluate the host-plant association and vector role of H. obsoletus in central and eastern regions. We tested populations of H. obsoletus associated with Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed) a known host for the vector and pathogen and Crepis foetida (stinking hawk's-beard) a newly identified host in southeastern Europe. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of H. obsoletus collected from C. arvensis and C. foetida using the mtDNA COI marker determined that the two populations had a genetic divergence of 1.4%. Transmission trials confirmed the vector role of C. arvensis-associated H. obsoletus and identified C. foetida-associated populations as a new and efficient host-specialized vector of BN. Each of the two host-specialized vector populations transmitted Ca. P. solani' to its original host (C. arvensis or C. foetida) and to grapevine cv. Chardonnay. Multilocus genotyping of the transmitted phytoplasma isolates based on tuf/stamp/vmp1 Ca. P. solani'-specific loci indicated pathogen segregation according to the host-plant association of the vector. All isolates transmitted by C. foetida-associated H. obsoletus were of the STOL genotype (tuf-b/STOL/V2-TA), while the C. arvensis-associated population transmitted several genotypes: tuf-b/Rqg50/V4, tuf-b/Rqg50/V14, tuf-b/Rqg31/V14 and tuf-b/Vv24/V14. This study provides evidence of a new independent BN epidemiological cycle of tuf-b Ca. P. solani' strain in the Balkan region, sourced by C. foetida and transmitted by its associated H. obsoletus population
The response of weedy sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to nicosulfuron: an examination of vegetative parameters and acetolactate synthase activity
No full textGenetic and morphological interpopulation variability of weed species is often responsible for variable responses to herbicides. As weedy sunflower, an invasive form of Helianthus annuus L., possesses high morphological and genetic variability, very different responses of its populations to herbicides can be expected. This species is one of the dominant weed species in row crops, including maize, in many European countries in which nicosulfuron is intensively used for weed control. There are little available data about the response of this sunflower form to nicosulfuron or of the interpopulation variability of its response to other herbicides. The responses of three weedy sunflower populations to nicosulfuron were studied in field dose-response experiments, and acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme activity at different herbicide concentrations was determined in vitro. Interpopulation variability in the response to nicosulfuron was confirmed. Populations WS2 and WS3 were more that 20-fold and 30-fold less susceptible to nicosulfuron, respectively, than population WS1, based on fresh weight, whereas the differences were not so prominent based on other parameters, including plant height, leaf area and ALS activity, and ranged from 2 to 12-fold
Sublethal effects of a Beauveria bassiana-based mycopesticide on Dutch and Serbian populations of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
No full textThe effects of a Beauveria bassiana-based product (trade name Naturalis-L; strain ATCC 74040) on the behaviour, life history traits and population growth of one commercial Dutch strain and two local Serbian populations (Bujanovac and Negotin) of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymen.: Aphelinidae) were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. In a two-choice test, parasitoids from all tested populations preferred to parasitise untreated whitefly nymphs over those treated with 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0625 ml/l of the mycopesticide. The longevity of adults of population Bujanovac exposed for 48 h to residues of the mycoinsecticide applied at the LC50 concentration was 1.4 days shorter than that of control wasps. Total parasitism was significantly reduced (by 17.5, 26.2 and 31.4% for the Negotin, Dutch and Bujanovac populations, respectively) compared to control, as well as adult emergence in the F-1 generation (reductions of 20.3 and 26.7%, for the Dutch and Bujanovac populations, respectively). The instantaneous rate of increase (r(i)) of surviving adults was also significantly reduced by mycopesticide treatment by 6.3, 13.8 and 15.1%, for the Negotin, Bujanovac, and Dutch populations, respectively. Adult parasioids emerged from pupae treated with the LC50 concentration of the mycopesticide showed slower juvenile development, longevity, parasitism, adult emergence, and r(i) values, but the reduction in r(i) was significant only for the Bujanovac and Dutch populations (4.2 and 8.3%, respectively). The implications of these results on integrated control of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hem.: Aleyrodidae) are discussed in terms of adjusting the timing of Naturalis-L applications and parasitoid release
Voltammetric sensor based on Pt nanoparticles suported MWCNT for determination of pesticide clomazone in water samples
No full textNovel electrochemical sensor based on Pt supported multiwalled carbon nanotubes is used for determination of pesticide clomazone in aqueous media via differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV). Since clomazone is stable and readily soluble in water, it is often found in water sources. Hence, its determination in the environment is of utmost importance. Herein, clomazone is determined in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0 in the concentration range of 0.61-20.56 ng cm(-3), with LOQ= 0.61 and LOD= 0.38. These results are in the same range with HPLC/DAD, which is used as comparative method. It is shown that DPSV is a facile and efficient way for determination of clomazone in contrast to precise but field-impractical HPLC. Mechanistic approach in explaining electrode processes is correlated to structural aspects of the synthesized sensor. HRTEM data reveals a uniform distribution of Pt nanoparticles on the MWCNT support as a source of crucial, structural and electronic changes. Furthermore, characterisation of Raman results indicates the existence of structural defects, which is believed to be the leading reason for improvement in sensing response. (C) 2019 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma species against soil-borne pathogens
No full textThe novel technologies in all areas of agriculture have improved agricultural production, but
some modern practices affect the environment. Biopesticides based on microorganisms may represent
a desirable path in crop protection because they do not exibit adverse effect on the environment.
Among various types of species being used as biocontrol agents, Trichoderma is widely
used as biopesticides and biofertilizers in greenhouse and field plant production. Fungi from the
genus Trichoderma are able to express different mechanisms of antagonistic activity and effectively
suppress plant pathogens. They exert biocontrol against phytopathogens either indirectly, by competing
for nutrients and space, modifying the environmental conditions, or promoting plant growth
and plant defensive mechanisms and antibiosis, or directly, by mechanisms such as mycoparasitism.
The aim of this research was to investigate the potential use of the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma
spp. against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum.
Trichoderma spp. isolates were obtained from different host plant with wilt symptoms from
three localities in Serbia. The identification of these isolates was based on the morphological and
physiological characteristics and ITS1/ITS4 sequence analyses. The isolates were identified as:
Trichoderma citrinoviride (isolate T1) and Trichoderma harzianum (T2, T3 and T4). Dual culture test
was used for preliminary screening of Trichoderma isolates antagonistic effect on pathogens in vitro.
All Trichoderma isolates completely overgrew the pathogens R. solani and P. aphanidermatum and
showed high effect against tested plant pathogens. Lower inhibitory effect was registered in dual
cultures with S. sclerotiorum. In addition, the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma strains and their
extracellular metabolites was tested by using double layer method. Tree types of liquid Trichoderma
culture filtration were used for the treatment: 1) filtrated through cheese cloth; 2) filtrated by syringe
filters and 3) suspension heated to high temperature. Assessment of antagonistic activity was
conducted by measuring inhibition zone diameter (mm). The highest activity has been shown with
liquid culture filtrated through cheese cloth against P. aphanidermatum and R. solani, where mycelial
growth of the pathogens was completely inhibited. For S. sclerotiorum this treatment showed the
lowest effect with radius of inhibition zone from 47.6% to 57.6%. The research demonstrated that
Trichoderma strains showed direct mycoparasitism mode of action and that produced metabolites
didn’t express suppressive effect on P. aphanidermatum, R. solani and S. sclerotiorum.
The present study showed that tested isolates of Trichoderma spp. were effective biocontrol
agents against pathogens such as R. solani and P. aphanidermatum, and that they potentially can
be used for their control. The results also showed that S. sclerotiorum is one of the most aggressive
pathogens that remains a big challenge for biological control.VIII КОНГРЕСС ПО ЗАЩИТЕ РАСТЕНИЙ: Интегрированная защита растений для устойчивого растительного
производства и лесного хозяйства, Сборник тезисов
November 25-29, 2019, Zlatibor, Serbia
25-29 ноября 2019 года, Златибор, Серби
Sensitivity of Monilinia laxa, m. fructigena and M. fructicola to fludioxonil in vitro
No full textBrown rot, caused by three species of fungi Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena and M. fructicola, is a
destructive disease and can lead to significant losses in total yield and quality of stone fruit. In general,
disease control is mainly based on the fungicide application. The fungicides involved in the
protection management of these pathogens mostly belong to the following groups: thiophanates
(thiophanate-methyl), SDHI fungicides (boscalid), QoI fungicides (trifloxystrobin and pyraclostrobin),
aniline-pyrimidines (cyprodinil and pyrimethanil), phenylpyrroles (fludioxonil), DMI fungicides
(tebuconazole and fenbuconazole).
Fludioxonil is a fungicide that belongs to a “new generation” of fungicides. In plant protection,
several commercial products of this active compound are often used for the last treatment of different
fruits, because of its short preharvest interval (PHI) and high biological efficacy. The objective
of this study was to determine sensitivity to fludioxonil in M. laxa, M. fructigena and M. fructicola
isolates, collected from different locations in Serbia.
A total of 27 isolates (10 isolates of M. laxa, 8 isolates of M. fructigena and 9 isolates of M. fructicola)
were tested for sensitivity to fludioxonil in vitro. The isolates were obtained from diseased stone
fruit with typical symptoms of brown rot. Sensitivity of isolates was evaluated using mycelial growth
assay technique. Commercial formulation of fludioxonil (Flux, 225 g.a.i./L Galenika-fitofarmacija, Serbia)
was dissolved in distilled water and a series of stock solutions were prepared. The solutions were
incorporated into the autoclaved PDA medium cooled at 55°C and the following final concentrations
0; 0.005; 0.01; 0.05; 0.1 and 0.5 (for M. laxa and M. fructigena) and 0; 0.0005; 0.001, 0.005; 0.01; 0.05
and 0.1 μg a.i. ml-1 (for M. fructicola) of fludioxonil in medium were prepared. Mycelia plugs (10 mm
diameter) were removed from colony margins with cork borer and transferred to fungicide-amended
and unamended (control) medium and incubated at 23°C. Three Petri dishes (90 mm diameter)
were used for each fungicide concentration, and radial mycelial growth was measured after 10 days
of incubation. The mean diameter was used to calculate percent inhibition relative to unamended
(control) PDA. The EC50 values (defined as the fungicide concentration in ppm a.i. at which 50% of
the radial growth was inhibited) were calculated using probit analysis. The isolates of M. laxa tested
in this study showed similar sensitivity to fludioxonil in vitro. The EC50 ranged from 0.02 to 0.1 μg ml-1.
The mean EC50 was 0.051 μg ml-1 with standard deviation (SD) 0.021. The isolates of M. fructigena
exhibited greater sensitivity to fludioxonil in vitro than isolates of M. laxa and EC50 ranged from 0.005
to 0.035 μg ml-1.The mean EC50 was 0.017 μg/ml with standard deviation (SD) 0.01. In this study, the
most sensitive were M. fructicola isolates, where EC50 ranged from 0.002 to 0.011 μg ml-1. The mean
EC50 was 0.005 μg ml-1. The results obtained in this study indicate that the Monilinia species can be
effectively controlled by fungicide fludioxonil.VIII КОНГРЕСС ПО ЗАЩИТЕ РАСТЕНИЙ: Интегрированная защита растений для устойчивого растительного
производства и лесного хозяйства - Сборник тезисов
November 25-29, 2019, Zlatibor, Serbia,
25-29 ноября 2019 года, Златибор, Серби
Competition beetwen alfalfa aphids in host plant selection
No full textThree aphid species: Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Aphis craccivora Koch and Therioaphis trifolii
(Monell) develop in alfalfa fields in Serbia. The most abundant is T. trifolii, followed by A. pisum while
A. craccivora occurs rarely and in small colonies. According to our observations, it is rare to find two
or all three species present at the same time on the same alfalfa plant. A reason for such situation
could be the competition between species as a result of limited food resources provided by a single
plant. The aim of this study was to determine whether these three aphids species, in their host plant
selection, choose or avoid the plants that have already been infested.
Aphids, healthy and infested plants were produced in climatic chambers maintained at temperature
of 23°C and light regime of L16:D8. In order to prevent plant-plant interaction by volatiles during
the pre-experimental period, both healthy (uninfested) and plants infested by A. pisum, A.craccivora
or T. trifolii were produced in separate chambers. When the average number of aphids per infested
plant achieved the value of 100±20, the plants had been used for the experiment. The research was
conducted by two-way olfactometer in laboratory conditions. Response of each aphid species was
tested in combination of healthy and infested plants and infested plants mutually. Eighteen different
treatment arrangements were designed. The position of each aphid individual in the arena was
recorded at three minute intervals over a 30 minute period. In total 20 individuals per species were
tested for each plant combination. Wilcoxon matched pairs tests were used to compare the number
of aphid visits to each olfactometer arm, with the level of statistical significance of p ≤ 0.05.
Whenever it had a choice, A. craccivora selected the healthy plant or the plant infested by its own
species. On the other hand, the two other species did not choose a plant that has been infested by A.
craccivora. Acyrthosiphon pisum didn’t make difference between healthy plants and plants infested
by its own species, healthy plants and plants infested by T. trifolii, as well as among plants infested
by A. pisum and T. trifolii. Therioaphis trifolii was the most sensitive to volatiles of infested plants. In
the case of T. trifolii, significantly higher was the choice of the healthy plant than the choice of plants
infested by the other two species: A. pisum (p = 0.01) and A. craccivora (p=0.0002). Furthermore, T.
trifolii selected the plant infested by its own species in both combinations with plants infested by A.
pisum (p = 0.0009) or with A. craccivora (p = 0.007). Finally, in the combination of plants infested by A.
pisum and A. craccivora, the choice of T. trifolii was in favour of A. pisum (p = 0.008).
Aphis craccivora most commonly occurs on alfalfa as a ruderal weed, and very rarely in alfalfa cultivated
fields. The results of this study demonstrated that A. craccivora is a species that is not affected
by the two other, less competitive species. However, the least selective behavior was observed in A.
pisum that equally prefered healthy plants, as well as those infested by the same species or by T. trifolii.VIII КОНГРЕСС ПО ЗАЩИТЕ РАСТЕНИЙ: Интегрированная защита растений для устойчивого растительного
производства и лесного хозяйства - Сборник тезисов
November 25-29, 2019, Zlatibor, Serbia,
25-29 ноября 2019 года, Златибор, Серби