RIPEST - Repository of the Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection
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Mikrobiološka aktivnost u različitim tipovima zemljišta kao reakcija na primenu metribuzina
No full textThe effect of metribuzin on soil microorganisms and their enzymatic activity, as well as the amount of metribuzin residues, greatly depend on the type of soil and its physico-chemical properties. A laboratory experiment was set up to determine the effects of metribuzin on different groups of microorganisms and dehydrogenase activity in loamy and sandy soils. The amounts of metribuzin residues in those soils were also determined. The following concentrations were tested: 12.0, 24.0, 120.0 and 1200.0 mg A.I. kg-1 soil. Samples were collected 3, 7, 14, 30 and 45 days after metribuzin application. Metribuzin acted inhibitively on total bacteria counts in both types of soil: 6.9% in loamy and 7.9% in sandy soils. Actinomycetes counts decreased over the first 14 days after metribuzin treatment by 15.6% in loamy and 8.1% in sandy soil. However, starting with the 30th post-treatment day, their number either increased or remained at the control level. Fungi counts increased by 6.0% seven days after the application of the two highest concentrations. In sandy soil, fungi counts were significantly reduced by 29%. Metribuzin treatment significantly reduced the activity of dehydrogenase enzyme in both types of soil. Only the highest test concentration applied to the sandy soil showed a stimulating effect (33.2 %). Degradation data showed that the measured amounts of metribuzin decreased over time in both types of soil at all four test concentrations. The results showed that the extracted amounts of metribuzin active ingredient at all its test concentrations were greater in the sandy type of soil. Loamy soil was shown to have a better sorption capacity due to its higher contents of organic matter and clay.Uticaj metribuzina na zemljišne mikroorganizme, njihovu enzimatsku aktivnost kao i nivo ostataka ovog herbicida u velikoj meri zavisi od tipa zemljišta i njihovih fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika. Postavljen je laboratorijski ogled da bi se utvrdio uticaj metribuzina na različite grupe mikroorganizama i dehidrogenaznu aktivnost u ilovači i peskuši. Takođe je određen nivo ostatka metribuzina u ovim zemljištima. Ispitivane su sledeće koncentracije. 12,0, 24,0, 120,0 i 1200,0 mg a.s. kg-1 zemljišta. Uzorci su uzeti 3,7, 14,30 i 45 dana nakon primene metribuzina. Uticaj metribuzina na ukupan broj bakterija je bio inibitornog karaktera kod oba tipa zemljišta, i kretao se od 6,9% za ilovaču do 7,9% za peskušu. Aktinomicete su u prvih četrnaest dana nakon primene metribuzina imale smanjenu brojnost za 15,6% u ilovači i 8,1 u peskuši. Međutim, od tridesetog dana broj se povećao ili bio na nivou kontrole. Broj gljiva u ilovači je bio povećan za 6,0% sedam dana nakon primene dve najveće koncentracije. U peskuši je brojnost ove grupe bila značajno smanjena za 29%. Primena metribuzina je značajno smanjila aktivnost enzima dehidrogenaza kod oba zemljišta. Jedino je najveća koncentracija u peskuši ispoljila stimulativan efekat (33,2 %). Rezultati degradacije su pokazali da su izmerene količine metribuzina opale sa vremenom kod oba tipa zemljišta i pri primeni sve četiri koncentracije. Može se zaključiti da je ekstrahovana količina aktivne materije metribuzina za sve primenjene koncentracije veća za zemljište tipa peskuša. Ovo ukazuje da je zbog većeg sadržaj organske mase i gline, zemljište tipa ilovače ispoljilo bolje sorpcione sposobnosti
Suzbijanje prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti paprike i bakteriozne pegavosti paradajza korišćenjem kombinacije baktericida i aktivatora otpornosti
No full textThe efficacy of a formulated product of tea tree oil (TTO) and a standard copper based bactericide in combinations with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) for control of bacterial spot of pepper and bacterial speck of tomato was evaluated under controlled conditions. Treatments with copper hydroxide+ASM at both application rates and TTO+ASM showed the best efficacy in control of bacterial spot disease in pepper plants (with respective efficacy values 83.5%, 83.7 % and 86.9%). Similar efficacy was achieved by treatment with copper hydroxide alone (82.2%). On the other hand, the efficacy of TTO, applied alone, was significantly lower at both rates (63.8% and 71.5%) in bacterial spot control in pepper. The same treatments (copper hydroxide +ASM at both application rates and TTO+ASM) were most efficient in suppressing the causal agent of bacterial speck disease in tomato (87%, 82.3% and 81.6%). The efficacy of treatment with the standard bactericide copper hydroxide, applied alone, was significantly lower compared to its combination with ASM (79.1%). Similarly to the bacterial spot experiment, TTO treatments alone showed lower, although satisfactory efficacy at both application rates (66.1% and 68.9%). The results of this study showed that combination of the bioactive compound - ASM with either the standard copper hydroxide bactericide or TTO significantly improved their efficacy in both bacterial spot and speck disease control, and thus implied that combining different biorational compounds, such as essential oils and bioactive products, with standard copper treatments and their inclusion into integrated management programs are of essential importance for the control of bacterial diseases of pepper and tomato.Ispitivana je efikasnost formulisanog preparata na bazi ulja čajnog drveta (TTO) i standardnog baktericida na bazi bakra u kombinacijama sa acibenzolar-S-metilom (ASM) u suzbijanju prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti paprike i bakteriozne pegavosti paradajza u zaštićenom prostoru. U zaštiti paprike, tretmani na bazi kombinacije bakar hidroksid+ASM u obe količine primene kao i kombinacija TTO+ASM pri višoj količini primene, pokazali su najbolju efikasnost (83,5%, 83,7 % i 86,9%). Sličnu efikasnost pokazao je bakar hidroksid primenjen samostalno (82,2%). S druge strane, efikasnost preparata na bazi ulja čajnog drveta samostalno, bila je značajno niža u obe količine primene (63,8% i 71,5%). Isti tretmani (bakar hidroksid+ASM u obe količine primene kao i kombinacija TTO+ASM pri višoj količini primene) bili su najefikasniji i u suzbijanju prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti paradajza (87%, 82,3% i 81,6%). Efikasnost tretmana standardnim baktericidom, bakar hidroksidom, primenjenim samostalno bila je statistički značajno niža nego u kombinaciji sa ASM (79,1%). Slično prethodnom eksperimentu, preparat na bazi ulja čajnog drveta, samostalno primenjen, ispoljio je nižu, ali zadovoljavajuću efikasnost u obe količine primene (66,1% i 68,9%). Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da kombinacija bioaktivnog jedinjenja - ASM, bilo sa standardnim baktericidom - bakar hidroksidom ili preparatom na bazi ulja čajnog drveta, značajno poboljšava njihovu efikasnost u suzbijanju prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti paprike i paradajza, što ukazuje na to da su kombinovanje bioracionalnih jedinjenja kao što su etarska ulja i bioaktivni produkti sa standardnim bakarnim jedinjenjima i uključivanje u programe integralne zaštite od ključne važnosti u suzbijanju prourokovača bakterioza paprike i paradajza
Conventional and real-time PCR assays for the detection of Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2 causing root rot of sugar beet
No full textSugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) is an important and profitable crop in Europe as well as
in Serbia. However, Rhizoctonia spp. causing root rot of sugar beet are frequently a very important
constraint to the production worldwide. Several multinucleate and binucleate Rhizoctonia are described
to be involved in disease complex on sugar beet in different producing areas and the most
common is R. solani AG-2-2. Since 2000, R. solani AG-2-2 and AG 4-HGII have been reported to be
widely distributed in Serbia, causing a significant yield reduction. Managing Rhizoctonia root and
crown rot of sugar beet is difficult due to the soil-borne nature and wide host range of the pathogen.
In regards to differences in host range and fungicide susceptibility among isolates belonging to
different AGs, reliable fast detection and identification of Rhizoctonia AG is an essential first step to
develop a successful disease management strategy.
During 2015, Rhizoctonia- like isolates (270-15 and 271-15) were obtained from symptomatic
sugar beet plants collected in the localities of Vašica and Adaševci (Srem District, Serbia). The isolates
were identified as R. solani AG-2-2 based on typical morphological features, pairing with known tester
isolates and BLAST analyses of nt sequence of a 700 bp fragment of the ITS region of rDNA. These
isolates were used for the development of conventional and real-time PCR protocols for specific
detection of R. solani AG-2-2 using previously published primers (AG-2-2_F/AG-2-2_R ≈ 150 bp).
The specificity of developed protocols was tested against 10 different anastomosis groups and subgroups
of binucleate (AG-A, AG-G, AG-F and AG-U) as well as multinucleate (AG-2-1, AG-3, AG-4-HGI,
AG-4-2, AG-6 and Waitea) Rhizoctonia isolates. The sensitivity of both conventional and real-time PCR
was compared using 101- to 10-5 dilutions of target DNA.
Both conventional and real-time PCR exhibited high specificity, reacting only with R. solani AG-
2-2, but conventional PCR proved to be at least 100x less sensitive then real-time PCR. The real-time
PCR protocol developed in this study was based on SYBR Green chemistry instead of TaqMan which
significantly reduced the cost of analyses per one sample. This study showed that SYBR Green based
real-time PCR can be successfully used for the fast and specific detection and identification of Rhizoctonia
AG-2-2, and thus represents a good candidate test to be validated for routine detection in plant
and soil samples.VIII КОНГРЕСС ПО ЗАЩИТЕ РАСТЕНИЙ: Интегрированная защита растений для устойчивого растительного
производства и лесного хозяйства - Сборник тезисов
November 25-29, 2019, Zlatibor, Serbia, 25-29 ноября 2019 года, Златибор, Серби
Biološka zaštita šampinjona primenom biofungicida na bazi Bacillus subtilis Č-13 i botaničkog insekticida na bazi azadirahtina
No full textU zaštiti šampinjona od prouzrokovača bolesti OEPPO preporučuje primenu
sintetskih fungicida prohloraza protiv svih prouzrokovača bolesti i od nedavno
metrafenona protiv prouzrokovača suve i paučinaste plesni ali ne i zelene plesni
(Trichoderma spp.). Međutim, u mnogim zemljama zapadne Evrope uočena je smanjena efikasnost
prohloraza usled razvoja rezistentnosti prouzrokovača suve (Lecanicillium fungicola (Preuss)
Hasebrauk) i paučinaste plesni (Cladobotryum spp.). Takođe, utvrđeno je da se ovaj fungicid
brzo mikrobiološki razgrađuje u pokrivci za gajenje šampinjona, te se njegova efikasnost
dodatno smanjuje. U suzbijanju štetnih insekata u EU je zabranjena primena sintetskih
insekticida već se preporučuju insekticidi biljnog porekla piretrini i preparati na bazi
entomopatogenih nematoda. Kod nas ovi bioinsekticidi nisu dostupni, a u svetu je utvrđena
rezistentnost štetnih muva na piretrine i promenljiva efikasnost entomopatogenih
nematoda u njihovom suzbijanju. U Srbiji je protiv šampinjonskih muva registrovan
diflubenzuron, a uzgajivači koriste i druge sintetičke fungicide i insekticide zabranjene
za primenu u EU, što onemogućava izvoz komposta i šampinjona naših proizvođača u
evropske zemlje i šire. Nov tehničko-tehnološki proces biološke zaštite šampinjona
primenom mikrobiološkog fungicida na bazi Bacillus subtilis Č-13 protiv zelene plesni i
botaničkog insekticida azadirahtina protiv šampinjonskih muva sprečava pojavu
prouzrokovača bolesti i štetočina i povećava prinos šampinjona. Upotrebom komposta i
šampinjona bez ostataka sintetskih pesticida doprinosi se očuvanju životne sredine,
neciljnih organizama i zdravlja ljudi. Time se povećava i konkurentnost naših proizvođača
na međunarodnom tržištu
Current role of different plant metabolites in rodent pest management
No full textHuman need to produce and store healthy food is associated with a need to protection it from
various field and commensal rodents. Special attention is necessary for meeting the required standards
set for the production and storage of organic food.
Numerous laboratory and field experiments have so far focused on different plant products
with an ultimate goal of assessing their possible applications for commodity protection from rodent
pests. Research results have shown that their effective impact on rodent feeding manifests either as
repelling or attracting. Both fungicidal and fungistatic properties of specific plant metabolites are
important for improving current rodent pest management programmes.
Our recent research focused on testing the effects of lemon balm, Melissa officinalis, on the
feeding of house mouse, Mus musculus, as well as on the effects of common walnut, Juglans regia, on
brown rat, Rattus norvegicus. The experiments were conducted using the standard EPPO method for
choice feeding trials. Acceptability and palatability of lemon balm essential oil to house mice were
7.02% and 0.079, respectively, while the same parameters of walnut extract for brown rats were
27.28% and 0.40, respectively.VIII КОНГРЕСС ПО ЗАЩИТЕ РАСТЕНИЙ: Интегрированная защита растений для устойчивого растительного
производства и лесного хозяйства - Сборник тезисов
25-29 ноября 2019 года, Златибор, Серби
Primena pesticida u povrtarstvu
No full textTehnologija gajenja povrća se iz godine u godinu una-
pređuje i modifikuje. Adekvatna primena agrotehničkih mera – priprema
zemljišta, odabir kvalitetnog semenskog i sadnog materijala (rasad), opti-
malna gustina useva, ishrana, navodnjavanje, specifične mere nege, i hemij-
skih mera – zaštite od korova, prouzorkovača oboljenja i štetočina pred-
stavljaju osnov ove tehnologije. Primena pesticida hemijskog porekla i dalje
ostaje dominatni vid zaštite povrtarskih useva od štetnih organizama.
Najznačajnije hemijske grupe fungicida koje se najčešće koriste u zaštiti
povrća su triazoli, neorganska jedinjenja bakra, ditiokarbamati, cijanoa-
cetamid-oksimi, fosfonati, karbamati, fenilamidi, inhibitori citohrom
bc1 kompleksa, amidi karboksilne kiseline, benzamidi i dikarboksimidi.
U zaštiti povrća od štetnih insekata i grinja najviše su zastupljene tri
grupe insekticida: organofosfati (dimetoat, hlorpirifos, malation), koji
deluju kao neurotoksini, karbamati (metomil, oksamil) inhibitori acetil-
holin eseteraze (AchE), piretroidi (lambda cihalotrin, tau-fluvalinat,
akrinatrin, alfa-cipermetrin, cipermetrin, deltametrin) modulatori na-
trijumovih kanala.
U poslednje vreme, sve intenzivnije se proučavaju i primenjuju biolo-
ške mere kontrole štetnih organizama.Sa novim saznanjima o tom načinu
zaštite povrtarskih biljaka raste i potreba za novim proizvodima koji bi
bili alternativa, ili dopuna hemijskim merama zaštite
Institut za pesticide i zaštitu životne sredine - (1959-2019)
No full textПРЕДГОВОР
Институт за пестициде и заштиту животне средине у 2019. години обележава значајан
јубилеј – 60 година од оснивања. Током шест деценија постојања и развоја Институт је успео
да превазиђе бројне изазове и постане узорна институција у научноистраживачкој заједни-
ци Србије. Ова годишњица свакако заслужује и анализу учињеног и достигнутог
Response of alfalfa and sugar beet to field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) parasitism: a physiological and anatomical approach
No full textThe physiological and anatomical impact of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) on alfalfa and sugar beet was examined under controlled conditions. The following parameters were checked: physiological content of pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) and mineral nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and percent of organic and mineral nutrients; and anatomical thickness of the epidermis and cortex, diameter of the stem and central cylinder of alfalfa plants, diameter of tracheids and phloem cells, area of xylem and phloem, and hydraulic conductance of petiole bundles in petiole vascular bundles of sugar beet plants. Leaf parameters were also measured on both host plants: thickness of upper and underside leaf epidermis, thickness of palisade, spongy and mesophyll tissue, and diameter of vascular bundle cells. Pigments content and anatomical parameters were measured 7,14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 d after infestation (DAI), while mineral nutrient contents were determined 20 and 40 DAI. Field dodder caused a significant reduction in pigments content in infested alfalfa (15%-68%) and sugar beet plants (1%-54%). The results obtained in this study confirmed that this parasitic flowering plant has a strong effect on most anatomical parameters of the stem and leaf of alfalfa and leaf and petiole of sugar beet. Also, it was revealed that field dodder increased the contents of N, P2O5, K2O, and organic nutrients in infested alfalfa plants, while infested sugar beet plants had higher contents of N and organic nutrients compared with non-infested plants
Photochemical processes for removal of carbamate pesticides from water
No full textU cilju zaštite bilja u svetu je registrovan i u prometu se nalazi veliki broj aktivnih materija pesticida. Većina pesticida, uključujući karbamate je otporna na hemijske i prirodne fotohemijske degradacije i zato je prioritet razvijanje odgovarajućih metoda za prečišćavanje zagađenih voda. Postoje različite metode za odstranjivanje ostataka karbamatnih pesticide iz vode a u ovom radu su razmatrane fotodegradacione metode. Prema literaturnim podacima najkorisniji fotohemijski procesi za uklanjanje pesticide iz vode su dva dobro poznata Viša oksidaciona procesa: heterogena fotokataliza u prisustvu poluprovodnih oksida TiO2 i ZnO, i homogeni foto-Fenton postupak, isto kao i direktna ultraljubičasta fotoliza. Fotohemijska istraživanja doprinose boljem razumevanju ponašanja karbamatnih pesticida u životnoj sredini i puno informacija o vremenu degradacije aktivnih materija, njihovoj aktivnosti i sudbini u životnoj sredini može se dobiti proučavanjem kinetike svake fotohemijske reakcije.A large number of pesticide active ingredients have been registered and marketed for pest control purposes around the world. Most pesticides, including carbamates are resistant to chemical and natural photochemical degradation, so that developing adequate methods for remediation of contaminated waters is a priority. There are different methods for removing carbamate pesticide residues from water, and photodegradation methods are discussed in this study. According to literature data, the most beneficial photochemical processes for removal of pesticides from water are two well-known Advanced Oxidation Processes: heterogeneous photocatalysis with semiconductor oxides TiO2 and ZnO, and homogeneous photo-Fenton treatment, as well as direct UV photolysis. Photochemical investigations may contribute toward our better understanding of carbamate pesticide behavior in the environment, i.e. more information on the degradation time of active ingredients, their activity and environmental fate can be obtained by studying the kinetics of any photochemical reaction
Alder yellows phytoplasmas in Alnus species in Serbia
No full textThe presence of alder yellows and “flavescence dorée” phytoplasmas (16SrV-C) together with their insect vectors have already
been reported in Serbia and the Balkans, as well as have similar phytoplasmas in clematis. The presence of alder yellows
phytoplasmas in Serbia have been confirmed in black alder plants showing symptoms of severe leaf yellowing and multiple
shoot growth from the basal part of the trunk. The results obtained in this work show that all examined Alnus glutinosa trees
in Serbia, not exhibiting symptoms but randomly collected among forest trees during a survey, are infected with the alder yellows
phytoplasma. However, none of the examined Alnus viridis bushes showed to be infected