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Pathogens associated with strawberry crown and root rot
No full textIn a newly established strawberry crop, cv. ‘Roxana’, in the central part of Serbia, a high incidence of stunting, wilting and dieback of plants was observed during April 2018. Typical symptoms included root and crown necrosis, accompanied by plant wilting and chlorosis of leaves. Necrotic lesions in the inner crown tissue were recorded. Eventually, infected plants collapsed or died. In order to identify the disease causal agent(s), crown and roots of individual plants were examined. Roots were washed under running tap water and the crown of each plant was dissected. Fragments of roots and crowns, taken from the border between diseased and healthy tissue were surface sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes and aseptically placed on potato dextrose agar amended with 200 mg/l of streptomycin. The isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics and the sequence of the rDNA ITS region. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation of strawberry-leaf-petiole fragments. The following species were associated with the observed symptoms: Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, Fusarium oxysporum, Ceratobasidium sp., and Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa.Working Group "Integrated Protection of Fruit Crops", Subgroup "Soft Fruits"
Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Integrated Soft Fruit Production at à Riga (Latvia), 5-7 September 201
In vitro efekat etarskih ulja na Neofabraea alba
No full textBull’s eye rot caused by Neofabraea albais one of the most frequent and damaging diseases
occurring in stored pome fruits worldwide. The use of several synthetic fungicides currently
available for the control are limited by emergence of resistant strains, public concern over the health
and lack of continued approval of some effective fungicides. This promoted the search for some
alternative and eco-friendly control tools. In this study, effects of oregano (Origanum vulgare),
thyme (Thymus vulgaris), clove (Eugenia caryphylata) and caraway (Carum carvi) essential oils
applied at different concentrations (0.02; 0.08; 0.16 μl/ml of air) on mycelial growth of Neofabrea
albawere tested.The effect of oils was evaluated on three N. alba isolates (J59/2; J67/1; J73/2)
originating from apple fruits. Isolates were grown on 2 % malt extract agar medium (MEA) at 20
°C for 21 day. Agar plugs were cutfrom each isolate and transferred to 2 % MEA plates. Different
volumes of essential oils were pipetted onto the inner face of the lid of each petri dish, and
immediately sealed with parafilm. The plates were incubated for 21 days at 20 °C. In vitro activity
of oils was determined by comparison to relative mycelial growth in petri dishes without essential
oils. To test whether essential oils had fungistatic or fungicidal effect, agar disks of isolates that
failed to grow were transferred onto new oil-free MEA plates.The results showed that all four tested
essential oils had significant inhibitory effect on N. alba growth. Thyme and oregano oils caused
complete inhibition of mycelial growth of all three isolates at concentration range of 0.02-0.16 ml of air. Clove oil significantly inhibited growth of all tested isolates compared to control,
regardless of concentration applied. However, the lowest applied concentration of clove oil had
significantly weaker inhibitory effect compared to the highest application rate in two isolates (667/1
and J73/1). No difference in inhibition was observed between clove oil concentrations applied to the
isolate J59/2. Caraway oil also significantly reduced growth of N.alba, compared to untreated
control. Only in the case of the lowest applied concentration and the isolate J59/2, the inhibition
was not recorded and mycelial growth rate was at the same level of significance as the untreated
control. In fungicidal/fungistatic activity trial all tested concentrations of oregano oil exhibited
fungicidal activity, while in the case of thyme oil two higher concentrations (0.08 and 0.16 μl/ml of
air) had fungicidal, while concentration of 0.02 μl/ml had fungistatic effect. The results point to
significant activity of essential oils against N. alba which should be further studied as potential
control tools against this pathogenic species.SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SUSTAINABLE POSTHARVEST AND FOOD TECHNOLOGIES INOPTEP 2019,
XXXI NATIONAL CONFERENCE PROCESSING AND ENERGY IN AGRICULTURE PTEP 2019 and EIGTH SEMINAR FOR TECHNOLOGISTS AND MANAGERS OF SILO AND SEED PROCESSING, 7-12 April 2019, Kladovo, Serbi
Allelopathic effect of actinobacterial isolates on seed germination and early seedling growth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.)
No full textVelvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) is invasive weed, often dominant in various crops (corn,
sunflower, sugar beet, soybeans). It is highly competitive for nutrients, light, moisture and it can
significantly influence the reduction of yield. The use of herbicides is a highly effective method in
reducing the population of this weed, but their continuous application results in development of
herbicidal resistance. Therefore, there is a need to develop new weed control techniques that are
based on the application of non-chemical compounds. Allelopathy is one of the biological methods
that can be applied in weed control and represents the activity of various biochemical agents of one
organism on germination, growth and reproduction of another organism. Actinobacteria are microorganisms
with the ability to produce secondary metabolites that may have herbicidal properties.
The aim of this study was to examine the allelopathic potential of actinobacteria isolates in the in
vitro conditions on the germination of velvetleaf seeds as well as on the length of the seedling and
the root.
Isolation of actinobacteria was performed from samples of compost and soil. Primary inoculum
of these isolates was prepared into Erlenmeyer flask containing 25 ml of starch casein broth and
incubated 7 days in orbital shaker incubator at 28oC, at 120 rpm. In the later process, 60 ml broth
were inoculated with 3 ml of primary inoculums and incubated for 7 days in orbital shaker incubator.
Culture filtrates were aseptically obtained by filtration through Whatman No 2 filter paper. Sterilized
filter papers were placed inside Petri dishes and moinsted with 2 ml of the culture filtrate of isolate
actinobacteria. In the control, sterilized distilled water was prepared. Ten seeds from velvetleaf were
placed inside each Petri dish, and incubated at 28oC in darkness for 5 days. Before planting, A. theophrasti
seeds were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and distilled water at 1:1 ratio
for 5 minutes, and then rinsed with distilled water. After the period of 5 days, the percentage of
germination was calculated and early seedling growth (seedling and radical length) were measured.
Also, a variant of experiment with the herbicide metribuzine was set in the recommended amount
of application, as a reference standard.
Based on the results obtained, it can be determined that there is a statistically significant difference
(p>0.05) between control and all treatments with actinobacterial isolates (A09, A10, NOV2).
The inhibition percentage ranged from 51% (A09) to 100% for isolates A10 and NOV2. Actinobacteria
inhibitory values are significantly higher than in the values obtained for the reference herbicide
(50%). The potential of actinobacteria for producing bioherbicidal metabolites has made them a
good candidate of biological weed control.November 25-29, 2019, Zlatibor, Serbia,
VIII КОНГРЕСС ПО ЗАЩИТЕ РАСТЕНИЙ: Интегрированная защита растений для устойчивого растительного
производства и лесного хозяйства - Сборник тезисов
25-29 ноября 2019 года, Златибор, Серби
Pethoxamid effects in non-target aquatic macrophytes
No full textAs primary producers, macrophytes in water bodies represent irreplaceable part ог aquatic
environment. Negative effects of herbicides in non-target macrophytes, as well as their detection
т surface waterbodies has been repeatedly found. One о the most frequently used aquatic macrophytes
for pesticide effects assessment is Lemna sp. Pethoxamid is chloroacetamide herbicide, cell
division inhibitor. It is used as preemergent systemic herbicide for broadleaf and grass weeds control
in maize crops. The aim ог this study was (0 evaluate effects of pethoxamid оп growth parameters
and chlorophyll content in Lemna minor after exposure to series of concentration.
Test was conducted following the Lemna sp. growth inhibition test method (OECD 221, 2006).
Total of 10 visible fronds were exposed to series of concentrations (0.0001 - 100 mg/I, with dillution
factor of 10) of active substance pethoxamid. Treatments were tested in triplicates and controls
(Stainberg medium) in six replicates. Plants were exposed |п semi-static conditions for 7 days, with
test solution renewal after 72 and 120 h. In order to assess growth inhibition following parameters
were measured: total frond number (FN), fresh weight (FW) and total frond area (FA). Measurements
were performed at the beginning and the end о ће experiment, and also оп the medium renewal.
In the end of ће exposure period total chlorophyll (chl а and chl b) content, as additional parameter,
was determined.
Exposure of L. minor to pethoxamid led to significant decrease of population growth. All tested
parameters were good indicators of growth inhibition, but the most sensitive was frond area with
IC,,=0,005 та/. Pethoxamid caused significant (p<0.01) increase 1п chlorophyll content т exposure
to lower concentrations (chl а 0.001-1 mg/l and chl b 0.01-1mg/l) and significant decrease |п treatments
with higher concentrations.
Based оп the results obtained in this study it was concluded that pethoxamid is very toxic for
aquatic macrophytes and сап cause long term negative effects in the environment. Also, contrary
to growth parameters chlorophyll content did not manifest high sensitivity, and therfore can not be
considered as good indicator of pethoxamid negative impact on L. minor
Chamomile floricolous downy mildew caused by Peronospora radii
No full textFloricolous downy mildews (Peronospora, oomycetes) are a small, monophyletic group of mostly inconspicuous plant pathogens that induce symptoms exclusively on flowers. Characterization of this group of pathogens, and information about their biology, is particularly sparse. The recurrent presence of a disease causing flower malformation which, in turn, leads to high production losses of the medicinal herb Matricaria chamomilla in Serbia has enabled continuous experiments focusing on the pathogen and its biology. Peronospora radii was identified as the causal agent of the disease, and morphologically and molecularly characterized. Diseased chamomile flowers showed severe malformations of the disc and ray florets, including phyllody and secondary inflorescence formation, followed by the onset of downy mildew. Phylogeny, based on internal transcribed spacer and cox2, indicates clustering of the Serbian P. radii with other P. radii from chamomile although, in cox2 analyses, they formed a separate subcluster. Evidence pointing to systemic infection was provided through histological and molecular analyses, with related experiments validating the impact of soilborne and blossom infections. This study provides new findings in the biology of P. radii on chamomile, thus enabling the reconstruction of this floricolous Peronospora species' life cycle
Antifungalno delovanje etarskih ulja na Verticillium dahliae Klebahn, prouzrokovača verticilioznog uvenuća paprike
No full textBiofungicides based on plant oils have some advantages compared to chemical fungicides, especially considering their harmful effect on the environment. Twenty-two essential oils from Germany and Albania were assayed for inhibitory and fungicidal activity against Verticillium dahliae Klebahn, the causal agent of Verticillium wilt of pepper, using the macrodilution fumigant method. The concentrations of oils obtained in the vapour phase were: 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 and 0.32 μl ml-1 with determined minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations. The strongest activity was shown by two samples of mint oil (Mentha piperita L.) at 0.02 μl ml-1 of air, both from Germany and Albania, followed by plant essential oils of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labilardie), black pine (Pinus nigra L.) and cade (Juniperus oxycedrus L.), and all of them were lethal to the pathogen. Nine oils: two samples of mint, cade, eucalyptus, black pine, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) inhibited the growth of Verticillium dahliae, while five oils (two samples of mint, eucalyptus, black pine and cade) showed fungicidal effects on the pathogen. These results showed that mint, eucalyptus, black pine and cade essential oils have a potential for further in vivo experiments against Verticillium dahliae.Biofungicidi bazirani na biljnim uljima imaju prednost u odnosu na hemijske fungicide, posebno kada se uzme u obzir njihovo štetno dejstvo na životnu sredinu. Primenom makrodilucione fumigantne metode ispitana je inhibitorna i fungicidna aktivnost 22 etarska ulja iz Nemačke i Albanije na Verticillium dahlia Klebahn, prouzrokovača verticilioznog uvenuća paprike. Efikasnost etarskih ulja testirana je na različitim koncetracijama (0,02; 0,04; 0,08; 0,16 i 0,32 μl ml-1 vazdušne faze) i na osnovu njih su određene minimalne inhibitorne i fungicidne koncetracije. Najjače dejstvo ispoljila su dva uzorka etarskog ulja nane (iz Nemačke i Albanije), oba sa minimalnim inhibitornim i fungicidnim koncetracijama od 0,02 μl ml-1 vazdušne faze, zatim etarska ulja eukaliptusa, crnog bora i crvene kleke. Sva nabrojana ulja bila su letalna za patogenu gljivu. Devet od 22 ispitivana etarska ulja ispoljila su inhibitorni efekat: dva uzorka nane, crvena kleka, eukaliptus, crni bor, lavanda, žalfija i ruzmarin, dok je pet etarskih ulja ispoljilo i fungicidni efekat (dva uzorka nane, eukaliptus, crni bor i crvena kleka). Rezultati ukazuju da su ulja nane, eukaliptusa, crnog bora i crvene kleke pogodna za dalja ispitivanja in vivo testovima protiv prouzrokovača verticilioznog uvenuća paprike (Verticillium dahlia)
Suzbijanje šampinjonske mušice Lycoriella inguena (Dufour) bioinsekticidom na bazi azadirahtina
No full textThe impact of a bioinsecticide based on azadirachtin (Ozoneem trishul 1 %) on the abundance of mushroom flies (Sciaridae: Diptera) was compared to the effect of a commercial formulation of the malathion-based chemical insecticide Etiol tečni. Experiments were conducted in three growing chambers (B6, B7 and B8) of a commercial mushroom farm "Delta Danube" d.o.o., Kovin. Casing treatments were performed in eight replications in a random block design. The azadirachtin-based bioinsecticide was applied in chamber B8 four times (0.5 ml/m2): during casing and later at seven-day intervals. The standard chemical insecticide based on malathion was applied in chambers B6 and B7 twice (2 x 0.3 ml/m2), on the third and sixth day after casing. In all three chambers, the abundance of mushroom flies was monitored by using yellow sticky traps, which were collected weekly and replaced with new ones four times at seven days intervals. The yellow sticky traps were examined in the laboratory under a binocular microscope to determine the presence and density of mushroom flies. Only one species of mushroom fly, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour), was found on the yellow sticky traps throughout the experimental period. The average number of sciarid flies per mushroom block 15 and 22 days after treatment (DAT) was significantly lower in the test chamber B8 than in chambers B7 and B6, while there was no significant difference 30 and 36 DAT, compared to the control chamber B6. The average number of sciarid flies per mushroom row throughout the experiment was significantly lower in the test chamber B8 than in chambers B6 and B7. The results of our study suggest that the azadirachtin-based bioinsecticide can suppress populations of the mushroom fly L. ingenua and may provide a good alternative to conventional chemical insecticide.Ispitivan je uticaj botaničkog bioinsekticida na bazi azadirahtina (Ozoneem trishul 1 %) u regulaciju brojnosti šampinjonskih mušica iz fam. Sciaridae, u odnosu na komercijalnu formulaciju sintetičkog insekticida na bazi malationa (Etiol tečni). Eksperimenti su izvedeni u komercijalnom uzgajalištu šampinjona "Delta Danube" d.o.o., Kovin, u tri odvojene komore za uzgajanje (B6, B7 i B8). Tretmani pokrivke su izvedeni u osam ponavljanja po potpuno slučajnom blok sistemu. Ispitivani bioinsekticid na bazi azadirahtina je primenjen u eksperimentalnoj komori B8, nakon postavljanja pokrivke i u intervalima od po sedam dana, četvorokratno (4 x 0,5 ml/m2). U komorama B6 i B7 su izvedena tretiranja pokrivke standardnim insekticidom na bazi malationa, dvokratno (2 x 0,3 ml/m2), trećeg i šestog dana od postavljanja pokrivke. U sve tri eksperimentalne komore za uzgajanje šampinjona, brojnost šampinjonske mušice je praćena pomoću žutih lepljivih klopki, koje su sakupljane svake nedelje i zamenjivane novim. Nakon toga, pregledane su u laboratoriji, gde je pod binokularom utvrđivano prisustvo i brojnost šampinjonskih mušica. U sve tri posmatrane komore, na žutim lepljivim klopkama zabeležena je samo jedna vrsta šampinjonske mušice, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour)(Diptera: Sciaridae). Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je prosečan broj mušica po briketu šampinjona, 15 i 22 dana nakon tretmana (DNT), bio statistički značajno manji u eksperimentalnoj komori B8, u odnosu na B7 i B6, dok se 30 i 36 DNT nije značajno razlikovao od prosečnog broja šampinjonskih mušica u kontrolnoj komori B6. Prosečan broj mušica po redu šampinjona, tokom čitavog eksperimentalnog perioda, bio je statistički značajno manji u eksperimentalnoj komori B8, u odnosu na kontrolne komore B6 i B7. Rezultati našeg istraživanja su pokazali da bioinsekticid na bazi azadirahtina, Ozoneem trishul 1 %, može smanjiti brojnost šampinjonske mušice L. ingenua, predstavljajući dobru alternativu konvencionalnom insekticidu, na bazi malationa
Mycotoxin contamination of apple fruits infected by Fusarium spp.
No full textPhytopathogenic fungi from the Fusarium genus are an emerging problem for stored apple fruits.
Besides considerable economic losses they can cause, Fusarium species are known as producers of
mycotoxins. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food poses a high risk to human health. F.
avenaceum and F. graminearum are the main causal agents of fusarium apple fruit rot in storages in
Serbia.
In our previous study, high levels of zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were detected in
apple fruits artificially inoculated with F. avenaceum and F. graminearum, after four-week incubation.
In this study, the same isolates were tested for ZEA and DON production capacity on artificially
inoculated apple fruits, but with the shorter incubation period - two-weeks. After the incubation, the
samples were tested for the presence of ZEA and DON in rotten parts of the fruits inoculated with F.
avenaceum and F. graminearum, as well as in healthy parts of the fruits inoculated with F. graminearum,
using ELISA method. The ZEA values in rotten parts inoculated with F. avenaceum were: 172.962,
37.016, 0 ppb, while in fruits inoculated with F. graminearum the values were as follows: in rotten fruit
parts 199.007 ppb, and in healthy parts 65.519 ppb. DON values in rotten parts of fruits inoculated with
F. avenaceum were 0.011, 0, 0; in rotten and healthy parts of fruits inoculated with F. graminearum,
DON was not detected.
We found that significant values of ZEA were detected in apple fruits inoculated with F. avenaceum and
F. graminearum, after two-week incubation period. The detected DON values are negligible in both,
rotten and healthy fruit parts, regardless the isolate. In our previous study, significantly higher values of
ZEA and DON were detected which points that longer incubation period (four weeks) results in higher
mycotoxin contamination. Keeping in mind that partly rotten apple fruits often end up in processed
products, it imposes the necessity to find out effective measures to prevent occurrence of fusarium
apple fruit rot, and, consequently, reduce mycotoxin contamination of apples and apple products
Herbicidi u površinskim vodama - ponašanje, efekti na akvatične organizme i procena rizika
No full textPesticides play a very important role in reducing losses and maintaining quality in crop production. Although positive effects of pesticide use are undeniable, adverse effects are frequent. This has led to a comprehensive reevaluation of the benefits of pesticide use and potential adverse effects on human health and the environment before placing them on the market. The fact that pesticides are designed to be toxic and are deliberately introduced into the environment, makes them a very important and strictly regulated group of pollutants. The most commonly used group of pesticides are herbicides, and their detection in surface water bodies has been repeatedly reported. In spite of being designed to be toxic to target species, adverse effects on other inhabitants of aquatic environments have also been observed. In order to prevent negative environmental effects, the registration process for active substances and plant protection products involves predictive environmental risk assessments (ERA). Reliable assessment of long-term effects on non-target species, natural populations and ecosystems is a priority and ERA process is constantly being improved.Porast broja stanovnika dovodi do konstantne potrebe za povećanjem produktivnosti biljne proizvodnje, a veoma važnu ulogu u postizanju tog cilja imaju pesticidi, hemijska ili biološka sredstva za zaštitu bilja. Pored nesporno pozitivnih mogu imati i neželjene efekte, a ulažu se veliki napori kako bi se, pre stavljanja u promet, izvršila pravilna procena koristi koju nam upotreba pesticida donosi i potencijalnih neželjenih efekata na čoveka i životnu sredinu. Najmanje dve osobine ih odvajaju od drugih supstanci - dizajnirani su da budu toksični i ciljano se unose u životnu sredinu, pa je stoga njihov promet striktno zakonski regulisan. Najčešće korišćena grupa pesticida su herbicidi, a njihova detekcija u površinskim vodama veoma je česta. Iako su dizajnirani da utiču na ometanje razvoja primarnih producenata, neželjena dejstva registrovana su i na drugim konstituentima vodene životne sredine. U cilju sprečavanja negativnih ekoloških efekata, process registracije aktivnih supstanci i sredstava za zaštitu bilje obuhvata preventivnu ekološku procenu (ERA - Environmental risk assessment). Pouzdana procena dugotajnih efekata u životnoj sredini na neciljne vrste organizama, prirodne populacije i ekosisteme je osnovni zadatak ERA-e
A Simple Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Modelling Case Study for an Underwater Glider Control System
No full textthis paper is a section of several preliminary studies versus the realization of Underwater Drones of the University degli Studi "Roma Tre" Science Department: we describe an application of Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic modelling to the longitudinal control for the underwater glider in order to simplify the calculation effort