RIPEST - Repository of the Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection
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Infestation of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) promotes changes in host dry weight and essential oil production in two aromatic plants, peppermint and chamomile
No full textPeppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch.) are aromatic plants with considerable economic value. These plants and their essential oils are used in medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. One of the main limiting factors in peppermint and chamomile commercial cultivation is weed competition since weeds are able to decrease both oil amount and biomass yield. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of parasitism by field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) on peppermint and chamomile dry weight and their essential oil yield and composition. Essential oils from both noninfested and infested peppermint and chamomile plants were obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized chemically by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The amount of dry matter accumulated by peppermint and chamomile plants infested by field dodder was lower (25% and 63%, respectively) compared to noninfested plants. Essential oil yield increased for peppermint (3.87% (v/w) and 3.63% (v/w)), but decreased for chamomile (0.2% (v/w) and 0.5% (v/w)) both from infested and noninfested plants, respectively. The oil composition profile significantly differed in terms of content. In peppermint plants, field dodder infestation increased menthone content by 23%, and decreased the content of both menthol by 11% and pulegone by 67%. Furthermore, delta-cadinene was detected only in oil extracted from infested peppermint plants. Compared to peppermint, chamomile plants were significantly more affected by field dodder in terms of essential oil yield, as well as oil composition and plant dry weight. In chamomile plants, (E)-dendrolasin was detected in the oil of noninfested plants, and 1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-azulen-2-ol was detected only in the oil of infested plants
Comparative analysis of leaf micromorphology and anatomy in cultivated and weedy sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
No full textU literaturi postoje oprečna mišljenja o značaju morfo-anatomskih parametara listova, kao što su broj stoma, prisustvo dlaka, debljina kutikule, debljina lista i sl. za osetljivost biljaka prema folijarnim herbicidima. S obzirom na to da razlike u osetljivosti hibrida/populacija prema herbicidima mogu da budu posledica razlika u površinskim strukturama i anatomskoj građi lista, u ovom radu je detaljno analizirana mikro-morfološka i anatomska građa listova tolerantnih i osetljivih formi suncokreta, kako gajenih hibrida tako i populacija hibridnih formi korovskog suncokreta (HFKS). Interesantno je da između rezistentnih i osetljivih populacija HFKS nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika u broju dlaka i stoma na listovima, ali kod hibridnih genotipova jeste. Naime, na naličju lista broj stoma kod osetljivog hibrida je bio statistički značajno veći nego kod tolerantnih, ali su tolerantni hibridi imali statistički značajno više dlaka na listovima od osetljivog, tako da je moguće da veća maljavost onemogućava dospevanje herbicida do površine epidermisa, što za posledicu ima njihovo manje usvajanje. Takođe je pokazano da se biljke različite osetljivosti prema herbicidima razlikuju i u različitim parametrima anatomske građe (debljina palisadnog i sunđerastog tkiva, debljina mezofila i debljina lista).There are various opinions in the literature on the importance of morpho-anatomical leaf features, such as the number of stomata, the presence of trichomes, cuticle thickness, cell size, leaf thickness, etc. for the susceptibility of plants to foliar herbicides. Knowing that differences in the plant's sensitivity to herbicides may be due to differences in leaf sufrace and inner structure of leaves, a detailed micromorphological and anatomical analysis was performed on the leaves of tolerant and susceptible sunflower forms, both in cultivated hybrids and populations of weedy sunflower. It is interesting that while no significant differences in the number of trichomes and stomata between the resistant and susceptible weedy sunflower populations were observed, in comercial sunflower genotypes these numbers were significantly different. Namely, the number of stomata in the sensitive comercial sunflower hybrid was significantly higher than in the tolerant ones, but the tolerant hybrids had significantly more leaf trichomes than the sensitive one. Consequently, it is possible that the higher density of trichomes makes it impossible for the herbicides to reach the surface of the leaf epidermis, resulting in a reduced uptake. It has also been shown that plants with different levels of herbicide susceptibility also differ in various anatomical parameters
Efekti fungicida i biofungicida na Rhizoctonia solani patogena paprike
No full textIn vitro and in vivo sensitivity of Rhizoctonia solani to several commercial fungicides and biofungicides was studied. An isolate of R. solani, derived from diseased pepper plants originating from a greenhouse in Knjaževac, Serbia, was used. The highest efficacy in R. solani control under greenhouse conditions was achieved by iprodione (95.80%, compared to control), although differences in the effectiveness of iprodione, tea tree oil, azoxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl were not statistically significant. The isolate was sensitive to all tested products in vitro. The obtained EC 50 s were: 0.43 mg/l for iprodione, 1.84 mg/l for thiophanate-methyl, 13.84 mg/l for prochloraz, 430.37 mg/l for fluopyram, 596.60 mg/l for azoxystrobin, and 496.79 mg/l for tea tree oil.U radu je ispitivana in vitro i in vivo osetljivost Rhizoctonia solani na nekoliko komercijalnih fungicida i biofungicida. Izolat R. solani dobijen je iz obolelih biljaka paprike iz plastenika (Knjaževca, Srbija). U uslovima staklenika, najveća efikasnost utvđena je za iprodion (95,80% u poređenju sa biljkama iz kontrole), iako razlika u efikasnosti između tretmana iprodionom, etarskim uljem čajnog drveta, azoksistrobinom i tiofanat-metilom nije bila statistički značajna. Ispitivani izolat ispoljio je osetljivost na sve ispitivane fungicide i biofungicide in vitro. Dobijene su sledeće EC 50 vrednosti: 0,43 mg/l za iprodion, 1,84 mg/l za tiofanat-metil, 13,84 mg/l za prohloraz, 430,37 mg/l za fluopiram, 596,60 mg/l za azoksistrobin i 496,79 mg/l za ulje čajnog drveta
Adsorption-desorption behaviour of clomazone in Regosol and Chernozem agricultural soils
No full textStudies of adsorption and desorption of pesticides by soils are important for understanding and predicting their fate and transmission in the environment. Considering the agricultural and environmental relevance of clomazone, its sorption-desorption behaviour was studied in two widespread Serbian agricultural soil types named Regosol and Chernozem. Both phenomena are well-described by the Freundlich equation, which shows that clomazone is generally sorbed more to organic matter than to the mineral soil fractions. Chernozem, a soil containing more of both organic matter and clay, was found to bind more, and desorb less herbicide, than Regosol. Higher desorption hysteresis obtained for Chernozem could be attributed to its larger number of high-energy sorption sites, compared to Regosol. In both soils, the hysteresis effect increases with the rise of initial clomazone concentration in the soil-water system, while the percentage of desorbed amount during successive desorption cycles decreases. The presented adsorption-desorption study shows that soil composition plays an important role in clomazone behaviour and fate in the environment, and a significantly reduced probability of contamination of both the deeper soil layers and groundwater may be expected when this herbicide is found in humus-rich soils
Otkriće prisustva istočnoazijske cikade Tautoneura polymitusa (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) u Srbiji putem DNK barkodinga
No full textCurrent data on diversity of the subfamily Typhlocybinae of the Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)
in Serbia comes from the comprehensive research of Auchenorrhyncha fauna in the former Yugoslavia
documenting at least 30 typhlocybine genera with more than 100 species (Janković, 1975; Janković, 1978;
Janković & Papović, 1985). A decades-long gap in faunistic research has most likely allowed the unnoticed
intrusion of at least some of the alien Auchenorrhyncha species reported in Europe (D’Urso et al., 2019).Nakon prvih zapažanja jedinki cikada podfamilije Typhlocybinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha:
Cicadellidae), specifične belo-narandžasto-crvene obojenosti u Zrenjaninu i Melencima 2017. i
2018. godine, četiri ženke istog habitusa su sakupljene u avgustu 2019. u Beogradu i Specijalnom
rezervatu prirode Deliblatska peščara. Analize spoljašnje morfologije su ukazale da su
najsličnije istočnoazijskoj invazivnoj vrsti prisutnoj u Evropi, Tautoneura polymitusa Oh & Jung
2016. Usled nedostatka uzorkovanih mužjaka, pouzdana determinacija vrste je zahtevala upotrebu
molekularnih metoda. S obzirom da u bankama gena nisu dostupne nukleotidne sekvence barkoding
regiona COI gena vrste T. polymitusa, genetičkoj identifikaciji su priključeni primerci mužjaka
sakupljeni u Budimpešti na lokalitetu prvog nalaza vrste u Evropi. Nakon uspešnog umnožavanja i
sekvenciranja COI barkoding regiona utvrđeno je 100% genetičko podudaranje sekvenci
analiziranih ženki iz Srbije i mužjaka iz Mađarske. Dobijeni rezltati potvrđuju prisustvo
alohtone cikade T. rolymitusa u Srbiji i ukazuju na značaj barkoding metode koja u kontekstu
istraživanja biodiverziteta uspešno prevazilazi probleme uzorkovanja kao što su mali broj
primeraka ili odsustvo mužjaka
Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) u Srbiji - prisustvo na biljkama infestiranim biljnim vašima i istovremena pojava sa domaćim afidofagnim bubamarama
No full textThe presence of the invasive coccinellid Harmonia axyridis in aphid colonies on plants, as well as its co-occurrence with native coccinellid predators was studied in the period 2011-2020. Also, its occurrence on fruit plants and grapes was monitored at harvest time. Research was conducted on 41 locations in Serbia. The feeding of this invasive species was recorded on a total of 43 aphid taxa of 25 different genera. It was most frequently present on aphid colonies of the genera Aphis, Brachycaudus and Myzus. The presence of H. axyridis in aphid colonies was recorded on 58 cultivated plant species: 10 fruit, 7 field crop, 5 vegetable and 16 ornamental species, as well as 20 non-cultivated plants. Harmonia axyridis feeding was also observed on mature fruit plants of cultivated blueberries, nectarine and grapes in representative production areas in Serbia. Nine native coccinellid species were detected in this study: Adalia bipunctata, Adalia decempunctata, Coccinella septempunctata, Hippodamia sp., Hippodamia apicalis, Hippodamia variegata, Hippodamia tredecimpunctata, Hippodamia undecimnotata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata. Populations of H. axyridis and native coccinellids co-occurred in aphid colonies on many plants, i.e. in 53.45% of all samples. The results inferred that H. axyridis as a predator of numerous aphids on many plants is a useful coccinellid species. However, it may also be considered as a potential pest in fruit and grape production, and a threat to native aphidophagous coccinellids.Prisustvo invazivne višebojne azijske bubamare Harmonia axyridis u kolonijama biljnih vaši na različitim biljkama, kao i istovremena pojava sa domaćim afidofagnim bubamarama istraživana je u periodu od 2011-2020. godine. Takođe, praćeno je potencijalno prisustvo i štetnost ove bubamare na zrelom voću i grožđu. Uzorci su prikupljeni sa 41 lokaliteta na teritoriji Republike Srbije. Ishrana ove invazivne vrste zabeležena je na ukupno 43 taksona biljnih vaši svrstanih u 25 rodova. Najčešće se hranila biljnim vašima iz rodova Aphis, Brachycaudus i Myzus. Registrovana je u kolonijama biljnih vaši na 58 biljnih vrsta od kojih je: 38 gajenih (10 voćarskih, 7 ratarskih, 5 povrstarskih i 16 ukrasnih) i 20 korovskih i ruderalnih biljaka. Ishrana je zabeležena i na zrelim plodovima gajene borovnice i nektarine, kao i na grožđu u glavnim proizvodnim regionima u Srbiji. U istraživanju je registrovano ukupno devet vrsta afidofagnih bubamara: Adalia bipunctata, Adalia decempunctata, Coccinella septempunctata, Hippodamia sp., Hippodamia apicalis, Hippodamia variegata, Hippodamia tredecimpunctata, Hipodamia undecimnotata i Propylea quatuordecimpunctata. Populacije invazivne vrste H. axyridis i domaćih bubamara u kolonijama biljnih vaši utvrđene su u 53,45% od svih prikupljenih uzoraka. Rezultati ovih istraživanja ukazuju da H. axyridis ima potencijal da smanji brojnost biljnih vaši na mnogim biljkama. Međutim, ova vrste može biti štetna u prozvodnji voća i grožđa, ali i pretnja domaćim afidofagnim bubamarama
Effects of mixtures of allelopathic plant water extracts and a herbicide on weed suppression
No full textThe present study investigated integrated effects of two allelopathic plant water extracts (WE) (Ambrosia artemisiifolia[AMBEL] andXanthium strumarium[XANST]) and a herbicide (mesotrione) on morphological (height and fresh weight of plants) and physiological (pigments content) parameters ofAbutilon theophrastiandChenopodium album. Also, the study aimed to identify the main components of AMBEL and XANST WE and to evaluate their potential allelopathic effects. Of the 18 investigated compounds, 13 were detected in both tested WE, andp-coumaric acid was the leading component in AMBEL, while quinic acid was the predominant component of XANST. The WE of both weed species and their mixtures with the herbicide exhibited more powerful allelopathic effects on fresh weight and content of pigments than on the height ofA. theophrastiandC. album. The results showed that all measured parameters of both weeds were inhibited in treatments with mesotrione and its mix with AMBEL and XANST WE. The data revealed a highly significant difference in effects (P lt 0.05) between control weeds and those treated with AMBEL WE and mesotrione, where the inhibition of fresh weight was over 90%, while the inhibition of pigments content exceeded 80%, and plant height was inhibited by over 70%
Effect of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) on the anatomical parameters of alfalfa
No full textUticaj viline kosice na anatomske osobine lucerke ispitivan je u kontrolisanim uslovima. Praćene su sledeće varijante: - nezaražene biljke lucerke - kontrola; zaražene biljke lucerke i zaražene biljke lucerke tretirane propizamidom. Propizamid je primenjen u količinama od 3000 i 4000 g A.I. ha-1. Mereni su sledeći anatomski parametri: 1) list - debljina epidermskih ćelija lica i naličja lista, debljina parenhimskog i sunđerastog tkiva, debljina mezofila i prečnik ćelija omotača provodnih snopića; 2) stablo - debljina epidermisa, debljina primarne kore stabla, prečnik stabla i prečnik centralnog cilindra. Vilina kosica je kod zaraženih i herbicidom netretiranih biljaka lucerke prouzrokovala značajnu redukciju merenih anatomskih parametara stabla (34-51%) i lista (27-51%) u odnosu na nezaražene biljke, dok su u tretmanima sa primenom propizamida na zarazene biljke vrednosti merenih anatomskih parametara stabla i lista bile značajno veće nego kod zaraženih-netretiranih biljaka.The effects of field dodder on the anatomical changes in alfalfa plants were examined under controlled conditions. Experiment included the following variants: non-infested alfalfa plants (control); infested alfalfa plants (untreated) and infested plants treated with propizamyde. Propizamyde application rates were 3000 g A.I. ha-1 and 4000 g A.I. ha-1. The following anatomical parameters were analysed: 1) stem - thickness of epidermis and cortex, diameter of stem and central cylinder; 2) leaf - thickness of adaxial and abaxial epidermis, thickness of parenchyma and spongy tissue, thickness of mesophyll and the diameter of the bundle sheath cells. Plants infested by field dodder had lower values of the majority of anatomical parameters, compared to non-infested plants. Reductions in the last assessment ranged from 34% to 51% for stem and 27% - 51% for leaf. Anatomical parameters of alfalfa stems and leaves had significantly higher values in non-infested plants and infested plants treated with propizamyde
Modified LEACH for necropolis scenario
No full textA modified version of LEACH routing protocol has been implemented and simulated in Castalia simulator to verify if it was good to manage a WSN dedicated for necropolis. Simulation results seem to show the valence of our idea