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Efekti razvijenih formulacija na bazi etarskih ulja timijana i origana na Monilinia laxa i Monilinia fructicola
No full textEssential oils have been well-known for their antimicrobial properties for a very long time. Some of them have been effectively used in human medicine for decades. Our earlier investigation revealed a great potential of thyme and oregano essential oils as crop protectants against some postharvest fruit pathogens. The effects of formulated thyme and oregano essential oils on Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructicola were studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro antagonistic assays were performed on solidified PDA medium using a slightly modified agar overlay technique, while in vivo experiments were conducted on inoculated apple fruits. In vitro essays showed that the developed formulations (emulsifiable concentrates - EC) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of Monilinia spp. Experiments in vivo, performed on inoculated apple fruits, revealed that the developed formulations provided a significant level of Monilinia spp. suppression. To our knowledge, another EC formulation of oregano essential oil intended for use in Monilinia spp. control has never been developed before. The presented results are initial findings and evaluation of the activity of the developed products should therefore proceed under field conditions to determine their efficacy and activity spectrum, and to estimate economic aspects of their use.Antimikrobna aktivnost etarskih ulja dobro je poznata i opisana u literaturi, kako u humanoj medicini, tako i u poljoprivredi. Naša prethodna istraživanja pokazala su da etarska ulja timijana i origana ispoljavaju veliki potencijal u suzbijanju nekih biljnih patogena koji mogu prouzrokovati gubitke tokom perioda skladištenja. U radu su proučeni efekti razvijenih formulacija na bazi etarskih ulja timijana i origana na Monilinia laxa i Monilinia fructicola. Bioaktivnost razvijene formulacije testirana je u in vitro i in vivo uslovima. Ogledi in vitro izvedeni su po delimično modifi kovanoj metodi testiranja antimikrobne aktivnosti na površini PDA podloge, dok su in vivo eksperimenti realizovani na inokulisanim plodovima jabuke. In vitro testiranja pokazala su da razvijene formulacije (koncentrat za emulziju - EC) značajno inhibiraju porast micelije Monilinia spp. U ogledima in vivo, na inokulisanim plodovima jabuke, pokazano je da testirane formulacije značajno inhibiraju razvoj mrke truleži ploda. Koliko NAM je poznato, u ovom radu prvi put je razvijena EC formulacija etarskog ulja origana za upotrebu u suzbijanju vrsta roda Monilinia spp. Dobijeni rezultati predstavljaju početak istraživanja koje treba dopuniti rezultatima ispitivanja efekata razvijene formulacije u uslovima praktične primene, proučavanja spektra njenog delovanja, kao i ekonomske isplativosti njene primene
Karakterizacija Monilinia spp., patogena koštičavih voćaka u Srbiji na osnovu morfoloških, odgajivačkih i ekoloških karakteristika
No full textDifferent brown rot pathogens cause similar symptoms on fruit, which makes it difficult to differentiate them based only on developed symptoms. Therefore, several methods have been described for accurate identification of Monilinia species. In spite of the fact that those methods can be reliable, there are several limitations for their use, and the aim of this study was to find out if there are any specific characteristics that could be used as additional features for precise identification and in-depth characterization of Monilinia species. The results showed that morphological characteristics on PDA, and mycelium growth rate on PDA medium can be useful characters for differentiation of Monilinia species since M. fructicola was found to grow faster than the other two test species, while M. fructigena grew the slowest. MALT was the optimal medium for M. laxa and M. fructigena isolates, while PDA medium was optimal for M. fructicola. Regarding an extremely acidic medium (pH 2), only M. laxa and M. fructicola isolates were able to grow in it, while M. fructigena isolate was the only that grew in a moderately alkaline medium (pH 9). Also, the results revealed that the optimal temperature for M. fructigena and M. fructicola growth was 23oC, while 28oC was optimal for M. laxa isolate. On the other hand, some differences in the sensitivity of Monilinia isolates were revealed at extreme temperatures: M. fructigena isolate was the most sensitive (grew from 4°C to up to 31°C), while M. fructicola isolate was the most resistant (grew at 2°C and 34°C). The obtained results inferred that there are no specific features that can be used for reliable and precise identification of Monilinia species, but we observed some differences regarding the effects of extreme temperatures and pH values of culture medium on different species. Further research, involving more isolates, is needed for a final conclusion.Simptomi koje prouzrokuju vrste roda Monilinia lako su prepoznatljivi i karakteristični, međutim samo na osnovu simptoma nije moguće razlikovati vrste ovog roda. U literaturi je opisano nekoliko metoda koje omogućavaju preciznu identifi kaciju Monilinia vrsta. Uprkos dostupnim metodama, postoji nekoliko ograničavajućih faktora za njihovu upotrebu, pa je cilj ovog istraživanja bio da se utvrdi da li postoji još neka specifi čana osobina koja može da se koristi za preciznu identifi kaciju, kao i to da se još detaljnije opišu vrste ovog roda. Rezultati su pokazali da morfološke karakteristike na PDA podlozi, kao i brzina porasta micelije mogu biti koristan karakter za razlikovanje vrsta roda Monilinia s obzirom da vrsta M. fructicola raste značajno brže, kao i da vrsta M. fructigena raste najsporije. Optimalna podloga za porast izolata M. laxa i M. fructigena bila je MALT podloga, dok je za porast izolata M. fructicola bila PDA podloga. Na kiselim podlogama (pH 2) porast su ispoljili izolati M. laxa i M. fructicola, dok je na umereno baznoj podlozi (pH 9) porast ispoljio jedino izolat M. fructigena. Takođe, rezultati su pokazali da je optimalna temperatura za porast izolata M. fructigena i M. fructicola bila 23ºC, dok je za porast izolata M. laxa bila 28ºC. Sa druge strane, pri ekstremnim temperaturama vrste roda Monilinia ispoljile su određene razlike u porastu: izolat M. fructigena bio je najosetljiviji (porast je ispoljio pri temperaturama od 4°C i do 31°C), dok je izolat M. fructicola bio najotpornij (porast je ispoljio i pri 2°C, kao i pri 34°C). Rezultati ovih ispitivanja pokazali su da ne postoje specifi čne osobine izolata koje mogu omogućiti preciznu i pouzdanu identifi kaciju vrsta roda Monilinia, ali su primećene određene razlike u porastu pri ekstremnim temperaturama i pri različitim pH vrednostima podloge između različitih vrsta ovog roda. Buduća sveobuhvatnija istraživanja sa većim brojem izolata su neophodna za donošenje daljih zaključaka
Novi i ažurirani podaci o alohtonim vrstama Auchenorrhyncha u Srbiji
No full textDuring a 2019 survey of the Auchenorrhyncha fauna in Serbia, three alien species
were recorded for the first time: a leafhopper species of Asian origin Orientus ishidae
(Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) and two North American species, Acanalonia conica
(Acanaloniidae) and Erasmoneura vulnerata (Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae). Besides
these first findings, the presence of the leafhopper Phlogotettix cyclops (Cicadellidae,
Deltocephalinae) was confirmed in Serbia after its initial record more than a century
ago. Other allochthonous species already known to be present in local entomofauna
were also found: Japananus hyalinus (Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae), Scaphoideus titanus
(Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae), Stictocephala bisonia (Membracidae) and Metcalfa pruinosa
(Flatidae). The newly detected Auchenorrhyncha species in Serbia, O. ishidae, A. conica and
E. vulnerata, as well as Ph. cyclops, are recognized as either tentative or true grapevine pests
in Europe that cause physical damage or induce phytoplasma-borne diseases. Our findings
reveal a potential phytosanitary risk that can emerge in Serbian vineyards in upcoming
years and support refocused research of Auchenorrhyncha diversity in natural habitats,
rather than in agroecosystems and their immediate surroundings.Tokom istraživanja faune Auchenorrhyncha u Srbiji sprovedenog 2019. godine, tri alohtone
vrste su prvi put zabeležene na ovoj teritoriji: azijska vrsta Orientus ishidae (Cicadellidae,
Deltocephalinae) i dve severnoameričke vrste, Acanalonia conica (Acanaloniidae) i
Erasmoneura vulnerata (Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae). Pored navedenih prvih nalaza,
prisustvo vrste Phlogotettix cyclops (Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) u Srbiji je potvrđeno
nakon više od 100 godina starog prvog nalaza. Invazivne vrste cikada prethodno prijavljene
kao prisutne u lokalnoj fauni su takođe detektovane: Japananus hyalinus (Cicadellidae,
Deltocephalinae), Scaphoideus titanus (Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae), Stictocephala
bisonia (Membracidae) i Metcalfa pruinosa (Flatidae). Alohtone vrste Auchenorrhyncha
zabeležene prvi put u Srbiji: O. ishidae, A. conica i E. vulnerata, kao i Ph. cyclops, tretiraju se
kao štetočine ili potencijalne štetočine vinove loze u Evropi, koje nanose fizičku štetu ili
prenose fitoplazmatične bolesti. Prikazani nalazi ukazuju na potencijalni fitosanitarni rizik
u vinogradima Srbije koji se može pojaviti u narednim godinama i podržavaju promenu
pristupa u istraživanjima diverziteta grupe Auchenorrhyncha preusmeravanjem fokusa na
prirodna staništa u odnosu na agroekosisteme i njihovo neposredno okruženje
A comparison of methods for assessment of soil weed seed-bank in the long-term crop rotation
No full textThe aim of the research was to determine which methodological procedure is more
appropriate for assessing how the crop rotation affects the composition and size of
weed seed bank. A long–standing stationary experiment "Plodoredi" at the Institute
of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad was used for the research. According to
the "Square grill" method, the land was sampled with two plots of wheat for 50 years
in a monoculture and 3 year crop rotation (winter wheat-corn-soybean). It was
sampled in autumn 2014, spring and autumn 2015, and two metrological procedures
were used to assess the soil weed seed bank: physical extraction of seed and seedling
emergence method. According to the first method, 500 ml of the soil sample was
washed with a jet of water through a sieve of a different diameter (2 mm, 200 μm,
500 μm and 800 μm), and separate seeds were determined using the determination
keys. The seedling emergence method was carried out under controlled conditions
of greenhouses for a period of 12 weeks, and the number of seedling was monitored.
Method of physical extraction estimated that the number ranged from 53250 seeds
m-2 in autumn 2014 to up to 43725 seeds m-2 after spring sampling. On plots where
the rotation of three crops is applied after all three sampling, the number of weed
seeds in relation to the monoculture (15600/18075/16875 seeds m-2) is estimated to
be three times smaller. This method indicated that in the monocultures total in the
soil was represented 15 weed species, while in the 3–year crop rotation 17.
According to the seedling emergence method and counting the seedling, it was found
that on the monoculture in the following period it is ready to germinate 6 weed
species, or 11 in 3–year crop rotation
Chemical Composition of Ambrosia trifida Essential Oil and Phytotoxic Effect on Other Plants
No full textThis study aimed to identify the main components of an essential oil produced from leaves of Ambrosia trifida and to evaluate its potential allelopathic effect on seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce, watermelon, cucumber and tomato. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized chemically by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with both mass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID). Total 69 compounds were identified, with limonene (20.7 %), bornyl acetate (15.0 %), borneol (14.7 %) and germacrene D (11.6 %) as the major components. The working solutions of the essential oil emulsified with Tween 20 and dissolved in distilled water were prepared at four concentration levels (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 % and 1 %, v/v). The results obtained showed that increase in essential oil concentration leads to decrease in seed germination, as well as shoot and radical length of lettuce, watermelon, cucumber and tomato. The obtained data revealed a highly significant effect (p lt 0.05) between control and 1 % and 0.5 % oil concentrations in all treatments. The essential oil of A. trifida exhibited more powerful phytotoxic effects on lettuce, watermelon and tomato than on cucumber regarding germination and early seedling growth.Peer-reviewed manuscript: [https://ripest.pesting.org.rs/handle/123456789/563
Antifungalno i sinergističko delovanje pet etarskih ulja poreklom iz Srbije na Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeeum Samuels & W. Gams
No full textFive essential oils isolated from plants originating from Serbia and ten combinations of the selected essential oils were assayed to test their inhibitory and fungicidal activity against Trchoderma aggressivum f. europaeum Samuels & W. Gams using two distinctive methods: microdilution and fumigant macrodilution methods. The strongest activity was demonstrated by spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) oils at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 µl ml-1 using microdilution, and 0.16 µl ml-1 of air using fumigant macrodilution method. The antifungal activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) was medium, while the oil extracted from St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) exhibited the lowest activity. None of the selected essential oils exhibited fungicidal effect at minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of over 25 µl ml-1 or 0.32 µl ml-1of air, using microand macrodilution, respectively. When microdilution was used, the strongest antifungal activity was demonstrated by two oil combinations: spearmint-thyme and spearmint-peppermint, having MIC and MFC values of 3.75 µl ml-1. The lowest activity was demonstrated by the basil-St. John's wort essential oil combination, at 30 µl ml-1 MIC, and MFC exceeding 30 µl ml-1. The obtained results indicate possible synergistic effects of essential oils and their components.Primenom mikrodilucione i makrodilucione fumigantne metode ispitana je inhibitorna i fungicidna aktivnost pet etarskih ulja izdvojenih iz biljaka poreklom iz Srbije i njihovih deset kombinacija prema Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum Samuels & W. Gams. Najjače delovanje ispoljila su ulja majčine dušice (Thymus serpyllum L.) i divlje nane (Mentha spicata L.) sa minimalnim inhibitornim koncentracijama (MIK) od 6,25 µl ml-1, primenom mikrodilucione metode, i 0,16 µl ml-1 vazdušne faze, primenom makrodilucione fumigantne metode. Slabije delovanje zabeleženo je kod ulja pitome nane (Mentha piperita L.) i bosiljka (Ocimum basilicum L.), dok je najslabije delovanje ispoljilo ulje kantariona (Hypericum perforatum L.). Testirana ulja nisu pokazala fungicidno delovanje. Minimalne fungicidne koncentracije (MFK) za sva testirana ulja su bile veće od 25 µl ml-1 i 0,32 µl ml-1 vazdušne faze nakon mikroi makrodilucione metode. Primenom mikrodilucione metode utvrđeno je da su kombinacije etraskih ulja divlja nana-majčina dušica i divlja nana-pitoma nana ispoljile najjače delovanje sa vrednostima za MIK i MFK od 3,75 µl ml-1. Najslabije delovanje ispoljila je kombinacija bosiljakkantarion sa MIK od 30 µl ml-1 i MFK većom od 30 µl ml-1. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na moguće postojanje sinergističkog dejstva etarskih ulja i njihovih komponenti
Efficacy assessment of pomegranate peel aqueous extract for brown rot (Monilinia spp.) disease control
No full textBrown rot, caused by both fungal pathogens Monilinia laxa and M. fructigena, is considered as one of major preand postharvest pathogen of tree fruit. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the in vitro and in vivo ability of pomegranate peel aqueous extract (PGE) against both fungal pathogens causing brown rot. Results showed a significant antifungal activity on the in vitro mycelial growth of both fungi with inhibition rates ranging from 76.65 to 90%. In addition, obtained results highlighted a positive correlation between the concentration rates of PGE and the mycelial growth inhibition and the EC50 were 9.93 and 12.84 mg/ml for M. fructigena and M. laxa , respectively. Interestingly, spore germination of both pathogenic fungi was significantly reduced by PGE with EC50 of 7.7 and 8.58 mg/ml for M. fructigena and M. laxa . The germ tube elongation was significantly reduced by PGE. Furthermore, the in vivo trial on apple fruit showed promising results with disease severity of 21.03 and 42% respectively for M. laxa and M. fructigena at 50 mg/ml aqueous extract concentration. This concentration showed also the highest content of total phenolic (2737.44 mg GAE/L) and flavonoid (309 mg QE/L). It was concluded that the aqueous extract of pomegranate peels might be a sustainable alternative control strategy of brown rot. As a result, studies on mechanisms behind its effectiveness and practical use as formulated biofungicide product should be further considered in more details
Investigation of direct electrochemical oxidation of neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam in water
No full textPoslednjih decenija očigledna je sve veća upotreba hemikalija na mnogo načina u savremenom životu. Stoga je mogućnost njegovog unosa u organizme, trovanja ljudi i životinja i oštećenja zdravlja, danas na visokom nivou, posebno kada su u pitanju katastrofe izazvane upotrebom toksičnih hemikalija u terorističkim napadima ili u vojne svrhe. Ako gledamo unapred, rizik od zagađenja vode i tla pesticidima, kao jednima od najvažnijih resursa za preživljavanje, uvek je prisutan. Široki spektri negativnih efekata pesticida na životnu sredinu iniciraju sve veći broj ispitivanja efikasnih metoda uklanjanja pesticida, posebno iz vode. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ispita efikasnost direktne elektrohemijske oksidacije kao metoda za insitu razgradnju pesticida u vodenoj sredini, u zavisnosti od koncentracije pesticida, prisutnih elektrolita, primenjene struje i pH vrednosti medijuma. Kao model molekula korišćen je neonikotinoidni pesticid tiametoksam. Kinetika razgradnje tiametoksama u vodenom rastvoru praćena je UV/Vis spektrometrijom.In recent decades an increase usage of chemicals in many ways of modern life is evident. So, the possibility of its intake into organisms, human and animals poisoning and health damage, is nowadays on a high level, especially when it comes to disaster situations caused by using toxic chemicals in terrorist attacks or for military purposes. If we look ahead, the risk of pesticide contamination of the water and soil, as one of the most important resources for surviving, is always present. The wide spectra of pesticide negative effects on the environment initiate the increasing number of investigations of efficient pesticide removal methods, especially from water. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of direct electrochemical oxidation as a method for in-situ degradation of pesticides in the aquatic environment, depending on the concentration of pesticides, present electrolytes, applied current and the pH value of the medium. As a model molecule, the neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam was used. Kinetics of thiamethoxam degradation in aqueous solution was followed by UV/Vis spectrometry
The effect of glyphosate on anatomical and physiological features of alfalfa infested with field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.)
No full textField dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) is a very harmful parasitic weed species worldwide which infests many crops, including alfalfa as a foremost forage crop. Glyphosate has been an effective herbicide for field dodder control even though side effects occasionally occur in alfalfa plants. To find out and quantify the effects of glyphosate (288 and 360 g a.i. ha(-1)) on field dodder control, alfalfa forage yield, and physiological and anatomical features of alfalfa plants under controlled conditions were aims of the study. Physiologic (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids); and anatomic parameters were measured. Leaf anatomic parameters were thicknesses of upper epidermis, palisade and spongy tissues, mesophyll and underside leaf epidermis, and diameter of bundle sheath cells. Stem anatomic parameters were thicknesses of epidermis and cortex, and diameters of stem and central cylinder (pith). Both rates of glyphosate caused recovery of the harmful effects of field dodder on alfalfa, which shows that glyphosate can control field dodder at early stages of infestation on alfalfa
A study of photocatalytic degradation of methomyl and its commercial product lannate-90
No full textPhotocatalytic degradation of the carbamate insecticide methomyl and its commercial product Lannate-90 in aqueous suspension of TiO2 and ZnO using an Osram ultra-vitalux lamp (315-400 nm) was investigated. The objective of the investigation was to study and compare the rates of photochemical degradation of the pure active compound and its formulated product in order to find out the impact of inert ingredients on degradation processes. The photo-chemical degradation of pure methomyl was found to be slower than the degradation of its commercial product Lannate-90. Photodegradation was investigated by UV-Vis spectrometry and HPLC, while mineralization was monitored using IC and TOC analyses. Light absorption capabilities of catalysts were characterized by ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy method, while the stability of catalysts was studied by infrared analyses. Degradation products of methomyl and its formulated product were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) results and tentative photodegradation pathways were proposed