RIPEST - Repository of the Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection
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Field dodder: Life cycle and interaction with host plants
No full textCuscuta as a generalist type of holoparasitic plant interacts with various host plants in different manners, and all Cuscuta species depend (absolutely) on host plants to complete their life cycle. Field dodder is a parasitic plant that attaches to stems and leaves of broadleaf plants, including weeds, field crops, vegetables, and ornamentals, across most agricultural regions of the world. Most hosts of Cuscuta plants are passive, only a few hosts are known to show clear resistance (e.g., Ipomoea sp.). Unlike other weeds occurring in anthropogenic habitats that have been well-studied in their taxonomic, biological, and ecological aspects, as well as their anatomical and physiological properties to some extent, the parasitic flowering species of the genus Cuscuta have been examined very scarcely despite the great damage that they are able to cause. More extensive research is required in order to develop new means for parasitic weed control. A basic research should identify new targets for control within the life cycle of the parasites and among their metabolic activities
Photolysis of insecticide methomyl in various solvents: An experimental and theoretical study
No full textThis study describes photolysis of 1 x 10(-4) M methomyl solution in deionized water and in eleven organic solvents, both polar and nonpolar: methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, isobutanol, isopentanol, n-hexane, acetonitrile, and dichloromethane. Photolysis of methomyl at 254 nm was performed using Osram mercury lamp (6 x 8 W) by exposing to irradiation for five hours. All photolytic methomyl reactions were studied by UV/Vis spectroscopy within a wavelength range of 190 - 300 nm (Spectrum Mode), and at 233.4 nm (Quantitative Mode), while the rate of photodecomposition of methomyl was measured using UV spectroscopy and HPLC. In order to get better insight in the photolysis of methomyl, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MSn) was used. The rate of methomyl photolysis was solvent-specific and the following reaction rate order was established: deionized water gt tert-butanol gt n-hexane gt sec-butanol gt ethanol gt isopentanol gt isobutanol gt isopropanol gt methanol gt acetonitrile gt dichloromethane gt n-propanol. Both nonspecific and specific solvent-solute interactions contribute mutually to the differences in the obtained quantum yields. Results of quantum chemical calculations, using CBS-QB3 method, provided insights into the solvent effects on both ground and excited state. The LC/MSn analysis showed the formation of several photolytic products
Biocontrol activity and putative mechanism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (SF14 and SP10), Alcaligenes faecalis ACBC1, and Pantoea agglomerans ACBP1 against brown rot disease of fruit
No full textThis study aimed at evaluating the antagonistic activity of 16 bacterial strains for the control of brown rot disease caused by Monilinia fructigena, and M. laxa under in vitro and a semi-commercial large-scale trial. These bacterial antagonists' belonging to the genera Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Brevibacteriwn, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Serratia were previously proven effective for control of fire blight of apple. The in vitro dual culture bioassay showed the highest inhibition rates of mycelial growth ranging from 55 to 95% and from 43 to 94% for M. fructigena and M. laxa, respectively. The in vivo bioassay showed moderate and strong inhibition for M. fructigena and M. laxa, respectively. The inhibition rates were dependent on incubation time as well as pathogen virulence. The free-cell bacterial filtrate revealed substantial mycelial growth inhibition ranging from 66 to 86%. The inhibition of conidial germination was from 32 to 78%, suggesting the involvement of metabolites in their biocontrol activity. The antifungal effect of the volatile compounds (VCOs) was observed for all bacteria with mycelial inhibition varying from 12 to 70%. Overall, their efficacy was substantially affected by the nature of the bacterial strains and the modes of action. Taken together, these results underscore that ACBC1 and SF14 for M. fructigena and SP10 and ACBP1 for M. laxa were the most effective bacterial strains. These strains were confirmed effective in a semi-commercial large-scale trial. Interestingly, their efficacies were found to be comparable to those of both commercial BCAs (B. subtilis Y1336 and P. agglomerans P10c), but slightly lower than thiophanate-methyl fungicide. The ability of most bacterial strains to produce lytic enzymes (Amylase, Protease or Cellulase) and lipopeptides (bacillomycin, fengycin, iturin and surfactin) was demonstrated by biochemical and molecular analyzes. Therefore, our findings suggest that the bacterial antagonists ACBC1, SF14, SP10 and ACBP1, have the potential to prevent brown rot disease.Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.10391
Akutna toksičnost i subletalni efekti pimetrozina na parazitoida bele leptiraste vaši Encarsia formosa Gahan
No full textSublethal effects of a pymetrozine-based product (commercial product Chess 50 WP) on life history traits and population growth of one commercialized strain ("Dutch" strain) and two local populations (Bujanovac and Negotin) of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. All trials were carried out at 27±1°C temperature and under 60±10 % relative humidity and 16/8 h daylight/darkness photoperiod in four replications. Longevity of wasps exposed for 48 h to residues of the pymetrozine insecticide (LC 50 , 280 mg A.I./l) was shorter (by 2.7-3 days) than that of control wasps. Total parasitism of Negotin wasps was significantly reduced (by 8.2 %), as well as total parasitism and adult emergence of the Dutch strain (by 7.3 and 8.2 %, respectively), compared to control wasps. The instantaneous rate of increase (r i) of surviving adult wasps was also significantly reduced (by 6.6, 6.3 and 7.6 % in populations Negotin, Bujanovac and Dutch strain, respectively). Direct treatment of wasps at their pupal stage (LC 50 , 300 mg A.I./l) reduced total parasitism of Negotin wasps (by 8 %), and reduced r i levels, but the reduction was significant only for the Bujanovac (by 6.7 %) and Negotin (by 4.6 %) populations. Juvenile development of the parasitoid in treated pupae was significantly extended (by 0.3-1.1 days), compared to control wasps. The implications of these results on integrated control of the greenhouse whitefly are discussed.U laboratorijskim uslovima, utvrđivani su subletalni efekti preparata na bazi pimetrozina (Chess 50 WP) na parametre životne istorije i populacioni rast preživelih ženki komercijalizovane ("Dutch" rase) i dve lokalne populacije (Bujanovac i Negotin) parazitoida Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Svi ogledi su izvedeni na temperaturi 27±1°C i relativnoj vlažnosti vazduha od 60±10 %, uz fotoperiod 16:8 h, u četiri ponavljanja. U biotestu sa adultima, preparat na bazi pimetrozina, primenjen u srednjim letalnim koncentracijama (280 mg a.s./l) značajno je redukovao dužinu života (za 2,7-3 dana) i preživljavanje ženki iz svih ispitivanih populacija. Rezidualno delovanje pimetrozina smanjilo je ukupni parazitizam osa populacije Negotin i komercijalizovane populacije (za 8,2 i 7,3 %), ukupnu ekloziju adulta komercijalizovane populacije (za 8,2 %), kao i trenutnu stopu rasta sve tri ispitivane populacije (za 6,6, 6,3 i 7,6 %, za Bujanovac, Negotin i "Dutch" populaciju, respektivno). Primenjen direktno na lutke parazitoida (300 mg a.s./l), preparat na bazi pimetrozina je značajno produžio razviće juvenila (za 0,3-1,1 dan) svih ispitivanih populacija, smanjio ukupni parazitizam ženki populacije Negotin (za 8 %) i statistički značajno redukovao trenutnu stopu rasta populacija Bujanovac (6,7 %) i Negotin (4,6 %). Tačna determinacija rizika primene ovog preparata zahteva njegovo dalje testiranje u poljskim uslovima. Razmatrane su mogućnosti praktične primene dobijenih rezultata u okviru integralnog koncepta zaštite biljaka od bele leptiraste vaši
Chemical Composition of Ambrosia trifida Essential Oil and Phytotoxic Effect on Other Plants
No full textThis study aimed to identify the main components of an essential oil produced from leaves of Ambrosia trifida and to evaluate its potential allelopathic effect on seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce, watermelon, cucumber and tomato. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized chemically by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with both mass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID). Total 69 compounds were identified, with limonene (20.7 %), bornyl acetate (15.0 %), borneol (14.7 %) and germacrene D (11.6 %) as the major components. The working solutions of the essential oil emulsified with Tween 20 and dissolved in distilled water were prepared at four concentration levels (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 % and 1 %, v/v). The results obtained showed that increase in essential oil concentration leads to decrease in seed germination, as well as shoot and radical length of lettuce, watermelon, cucumber and tomato. The obtained data revealed a highly significant effect (p lt 0.05) between control and 1 % and 0.5 % oil concentrations in all treatments. The essential oil of A. trifida exhibited more powerful phytotoxic effects on lettuce, watermelon and tomato than on cucumber regarding germination and early seedling growth.This is the peer-reviewed version of the article: Sarić-Krsmanović Marija, Gajić-Umiljendić Jelena, Radivojević Ljiljana, Rajković Miloš, Santrić Ljiljana, Đurović-Pejčev Rada, "Chemical Composition of Ambrosia trifida Essential Oil and Phytotoxic Effect on Other Plants" 17, no. 1 (2020):e1900508,[https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900508]
Comparison of phenylurea pesticides recovery from different soil types
No full textThe subject of this research work is to determine the recoveries of the studied analytes from the
chemical group of phenylurea: isoproturon, diuron and linuron, depending on the physical-
chemical soil properties within the validation of multi-residual method for the determination of
the herbicide residues in soil by (LC-MS/MS) after QuEChERS extraction of spiked soil
samples. The factorial ANOVA did not show any statistical significances regarding the
influence of the paired values of different pesticides and soil types. The same result was
obtained by the one-way ANOVA calculated for different soil types (ps=0.151060 for p˂0.05)
and different pesticides (pp=0.165207 for p˂0.05) regarding the values of average recoveries.
Fishers LSD post hoc test emphasized the homogenity and similarity among average recovery
values in both cases.Szeged, Hungary, November 23-24, 202
The fate and behaviour of pesticides in the environment
No full textModern agricultural production is still unimaginable without the use of pesticides. Besides the
benefits, intensive use of these agrochemicals has some undesired consequences. In considering
these harmful effects, the greatest risk is environmental pollution.
Once a pesticide enters the environment, its fate will depend on many factors, such as the
physicoc.hemical properties of both the pesticide compound and soil, formulation type, geography,
cl1mate, and biological characteristics of the ground. However, considering the manner
and amounts of the pesticide application, it seems that soil contamination is a central point
of this issue.
Reducing soil contamination, i.e., removing pesticides from this medium requires knowledge
of all the processes and factors that influence their behaviour in this complex matrix. Although
the aforementioned processes could be divided into three groups (adsorption - binding to
mineral and/or organic matter from the soil; degradation- chemical, photochemical and microbiological;
and mobility - evaporation, run off, leaching, adoption by plants, i.e., target
organisms), a special emphasis should be placed on the adsorption processes, since they determine
the concentration of free fraction of pesticide molecules, i.e. of pesticide quantity
that may participate in detoxification processes including degradation and mobility.
Con~i~ering .all th: aforementioned, there is evidently a need for continuous monitoring of
pest1c1de res1dues m samples of different origin. Data obtained from systematic environmental
monitoring would not only include the statistics, but also provide a basis for adopting more
stringent legal regulations, which would further reduce unprofessional and unscrupulous uses
of these agrochemicals.Osijek, 7th - 9th September 202
Prepoznavanje i prevencija razvoja rezistentnosti domaćeg miša na antikoagulante
No full textUnrestricted use of anticoagulants has resulted in rodents developing resistance to them. This has caused a series of problems regarding reduction in rodent populations, which has further implicated great economic losses and a serious threat to the health of people and domestic animals. The popular global trend currently is to control rodent populations by applying the least possible amounts of chemicals, which on the other hand implies that several coactive alternative measures need to be applied in an eff ort to reduce rodent numbers to an acceptable economic level. On the other hand, knowledge of the genetic structure of rodent populations has become an important set of information desirable to have before setting off to apply rodenticides in practice, so as to prevent ineffective use of rodenticides and prevent further spreading of resistant rodent populations. The latest trend of using combinations of low-dose anticoagulant baits requires further research as their effects on susceptible populations are known but their impact on resistant animals is still not clear.Prekomerna i nekontrolisana primena antikoagulanata rezultirala je pojavom rezistentnosti glodara. Ovo je dovelo do niza problema u redukciji broja glodara, a što dalje implicira velike ekonomske gubitke i veliku opasnost po zdravlje ljudi i domaćih životinja. Trenutno popularan trend u suzbijanju glodara u svetu je da se brojnost glodara reguliše uz što manju primenu hemijskih mera, što sa druge strane podrazumeva primenu više udruženih alternativnih mera s ciljem da se glodari dovedu na ekonomski prihvatljiv nivo brojnosti. Takođe, poznavanje genetičke strukture populacije glodara postaje jedna od važnih informacija koju je poželjno imati na raspolaganju pre nego što se krene u primenu rodenticida na terenu kako bi se sprečila primena neefikasnih rodenticida i sprečilo dalje širenje rezistentnih populacija glodara. Novi trend primene kombinacije antikoagulanata sa smanjenom dozom zahteva potvrdu kroz buduća istraživanja, s obzirom da je njihov uticaj na osetljive populacije poznat, ali je nejasno kakav uticaj ima na rezistentne jedinke
Adsorption behaviour of clomazone on inorganic and organically modified natural montmorillonite from Bogovina (Serbia)
No full textThe adsorption behaviour of the herbicide clomazone on inorganic and organically modified montmorillonite from the Bogovina deposit in Serbia was investigated. Montmorillonite was modified first with NaCl and then with organic complexes such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA) and phenyltrimethylammonium chloride (PTMA). Changes in the surface properties and morphology of the montmorillonite before and after the modification with various concentrations of organic complexes were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adsorption of clomazone on all examined samples was investigated using the batch adsorption method. Montmorillonite modified with HDTMA-bromide displayed greater uptake of the clomazone compared to the PTMA-montmorillonite, and both organically modified montmorillonites displayed greater uptake of the herbicide compared to the inorganic montmorillonite. Comparing the Freundlich coefficient and maximum adsorbed clomazone quantity values obtained by Langmuir model, the levels of adsorption of clomazone decreased in the following order: HDTMA-montmorillonite with 1.00 cation-exchange capacity (CEC) saturation gt HDTMA-montmorillonite with 0.75 CEC saturation gt PTMA-montmorillonite with 1.00 CEC saturation gt PTMA-montmorillonite with 0.75 CEC saturation gt HDTMA-montmorillonite with 0.50 CEC saturation gt HDTMA-montmorillonite with 0.25 CEC saturation gt PTMA-montmorillonite with 0.50 CEC saturation gt PTMA-montmorillonite with 0.25 CEC saturation gt Na-montmorillonite gt raw sample. The type and content of an organic cation plays an important role in the behaviour of clomazone in a solid/liquid system. It is concluded that organically modified montmorillonite from Bogovina might be used as an effective adsorbent for clomazone
Species diversity, taxonomic and molecular characterization of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Serbia
No full textGrinje paučinari (Acari: Tetranychidae) predstavljaju ekonomski najznačajniju grupu fitofagnih grinja sa preko 1300 opisanih vrsta. U okviru familije Tetranychidae nalazi se više od 100 vrsta koje se mogu smatrati štetočinama, među kojima se izdvaja 10 ekonomski veoma značajnih štetnih vrsta. Tetranihide su dobro proučene u većini zemalja zapadne Evrope dok su podaci o njihovom diverzitetu na Balkanskom poluostrvu veoma oskudni. Identifikacija, odnosno određivanje vrsta i proučavanje diverziteta grinja paučinara korišćenjem tzv. integrativnog pristupa, odnosno kombinovanjem metoda tradicionalne i molekularne taksonomije, iako rutinsko u SAD i većini zemalja zapadne Evrope po prvi put je korišćeno na materijalu sakupljenom u Srbiji. Tokom šest godina istraživanja (2013-2018) sakupljeno je 1119 uzoraka biljnog materijala na više od 800 različitih lokaliteta širom Srbije, pri čemu su na 632 lokaliteta pronađene grinje paučinari iz familije Tetranychidae, uključujući i 296 lokaliteta u 38 zaštićenih prirodnih dobara. U okviru istraživanja diverziteta grinja paučinara u Srbiji identifikovane su 42 vrste ove familije: 12 vrsta iz potfamilije Bryobiinae i 30 vrsta iz potfamilije Tetranychinae. Od ovog broja, prvi put u Srbiji je identifikovano 15 vrsta: tri iz potfamilije Bryobiinae i 12 iz potfamilije Tetranychinae. Grinje paučinari su u Srbiji pronađene u okviru osam osnovnih tipova staništa: kopnena vodena staništa; travna staništa i staništa visokih šaševa; vrištine, žbunasta staništa i tundra; šume, šumska staništa i druge pošumljene površine, unutarkontinentalna staništa sa slabo razvijenom vegetacijom; redovno ili skoro kultivisana agrikulturna, hortikulturna ili domaća staništa; konstrukcije, industrijska i druga veštačka staništa, kao i plantaže žbunova. Tetranihide su u Srbiji identifikovane na 253 biljne vrste iz 61 familije. Predstavnici potfamilije Bryobiinae utvrđeni su na domaćinima iz 41 biljne familije, dok su vrste iz potfamilije Tetranychinae zabeležene na domaćinima iz 54 familije. Među biljkama domaćinima nalazi se osam endemičnih i 12 reliktnih, zatim 58 korovskih i 12 invazivnih biljnih vrsta. U zaštićenim prirodnim područjima Srbije identifikovane su ukupno 34 vrste paučinara, 10 vrsta iz potfamilije Bryobiinae i 24 vrste iz potfamilije Tetranychinae. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na gotovo potpuno poklapanje metoda tradicionalne i molekularne taksonomije u identifikaciji, odnosno određivanju vrsta iz familije Tetranychidae. Rezultati dobijeni integrativnim pristupom ukazuju na brojne prednosti upotrebe molekularnih analiza u svrhu identifikacije određenih vrsta, a posebno u situacijama kada, iz različith razloga, nije moguće doći do precizne i potpune identifikacije isključivom primenom metoda tradicionalne taksonomije