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Some new aspects of mode of action of brassinosteroids in plants
No full textBrassinosteroids (BRs) are known to have a crucial role in development of a plants. But, the
main goal of contemporary investigations of action of these phytohormones are concentrated
on mechanisms of their action, particularly with a special emphasis on the study of BRs receptors
and BRs signaling pathways and similar aspects of molecular action of BRs, mainly by methods of
molecular biology. In contrast to the mechanism of action, the mode of actions of certain chemicals
in the plants is defined as the totality of the effects that a chemicals cause the effect on
metabolism, growth and development of plants. In this sense, we studied the effect of some BRs
on diferent plant species in their different developmental stages, both studying the impact of BRs
on energetic changes and the chemical composition of plants, based on our findings in that area
after 2015. In our works, we found a complete parallelism of enthalpy and entropy, as factors that
determine the Gibbs free energy as a measure of the chemical potential of a system, here corn
seedlings treated by different doses of BRs. We also found that BRs affect the content and ratios
of various metabolites and elements in corn seedlings and soybean plants. These findings were
extended by our new investigations of the parallelism of thermodynamic changes during the
germination of corn seeds with possible mechanisms of their growth, and the parallelism of these
processes with the metabolism of various carbohydrates in seeds of two corn hybrids during the
mentioned changes. The last mentioned findings will be discussed in this paper
Uticaj temperature na brojnost Acirthosiphon pisum i Therioaphis trifolii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) u usevima lucerke - studija slučaja na severu Srbije
No full textPopulations of the most abundant alfalfa aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum and Therioaphis trifolii, have periodic fluctuations, and many factors affect their dynamics. In the present study, we examined the impact of daily air temperatures on the abundance of two alfalfa aphids in field conditions. The numbers of these two aphids on alfalfa were documented at two locations in a representative alfalfa growing area in Serbia during a three-year field study. Based on the records of aphid abundance and daily air temperatures during the whole study, it was found that a correlation between the sum of optimal daily air temperatures for aphid development, the sum of maximum daily air temperatures and the number of recorded aphid peaks was significant and can therefore be considered for the detection of suitable temperature conditions to increase aphid abundance. The study shows that the highest correlations were between a high density of A. pisum and the sum of optimal daily air temperatures for its development (Ck=0.569) and between a high density of T. trifolii and the sum of maximum daily air temperatures (Ck=0.595). The length of time required for the growth of populations of the two alfalfa aphids differed: 30 days for A. pisum and 5 days for T. trifolii. The association of temperature data to alfalfa aphid abundance enables a projection of their population behavior in changed future climate conditions. This study suggests increased population sizes of T. trifolii and decreased population sizes of A. pisum on alfalfa under the warmer conditions that are expected to prevail in the future.Na populacionu dinamiku dve najbrojnije vrste biljnih vaši lucerke, Acyrthosiphon pisum i Therioaphis trifolii, utiču brojni faktori. Istraživanje uticaja dnevnih temperatura vazduha na populacionu dinamiku biljnih vaši lucerke sprovedeno je u poljskim uslovima. Brojnost biljnih vaši je praćena tokom tri godine, na dva lokaliteta, u najznačajnijim proizvodnim regionima lucerke u Srbiji. Na osnovu podataka o brojnosti biljnih vaši na lucerki i vrednosti dnevnih temperatura vazduha tokom istraživanja, utvrđena je korelacija između suma optimalnih dnevnih temperatura za razvoj biljnih vaši, suma maksimalnih dnevnih temperatura vazduha i maksimuma brojnosti dve vrste biljnih vaši. Najviše vrednosti koeficijenta korelacije (Ck) bile su između maksimuma brojnosti A. pisum i sume optimalnih dnevnih temperatura za njen razvoj (Ck=0,569), kao i između maksimuma brojnosti T. trifolii i sume maksimalnih dnevnih temperatura vazduha (Ck=0,595). Za porast brojnosti populacije A. pisum neophodno je da odgovarajući temperaturni uslovi budu ispunjeni u trajanju od 30 dana, dok je za porast brojnosti populacije T. trifolii neophodno 5 dana. Nalaženje veze između temperaturnih uslova i brojnosti biljnih vaši lucerke omogućava NAM predviđanje njihovog ponašanja i brojnosti u izmenjenim klimatskim uslovima koji nas očekuju u budućnosti. Ova istraživanja ukazuju da se u budućnosti, usled globalnog zagrevanja, očekuje porast brojnosti T. trifolii i smanjenje brojnosti A. pisum na lucerki
Aspergillus welwitschiae inulinase enzyme cocktails obtained on agro-material inducers for the purpose of fructooligosaccharides production
No full textProduction of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) is a trending topic due to their prebiotic effect becoming increasingly important for the modern human diet. The most suitable process for FOS production is the one using fungal inulinases. Introduction of new fungal inulinase producers and their implementation in production of inulinase enzymes is therefore gaining interest. This study provides a new approach to FOS synthesis by fungal enzyme complex without prior separation of any specific enzyme. Inulinase enzyme complexes could be used for the synthesis of FOS in two possible ways - hydrolysis of inulin (FOSh) and transfructosylation process of sucrose (FOSs), as demonstrated here. Depending on the fungal growth inducing substrate, a variety of inulinase enzyme complexes was obtained - one of which was most successful in production of FOSh and another one of FOSs. Substrates derived from crops: triticale, wheat bran, Jerusalem artichoke and Aspergillus welwitschiae isolate, previously proven as safe for use in food, were utilized for production of inulinase enzyme cocktails. The highest FOSs production was obtained by enzyme complex rich in beta-fructofuranosidase, while the highest FOSh pro-duction was obtained by enzyme complex rich in endoinulinase. Both FOSh and FOSs showed antioxidant po-tential according to ABTS and ORAC, which classifies them as a suitable additive in functional food. Simultaneous zymographic detection of inulinase enzymes, which could contribute to expansion of the knowl-edge on fungal enzymes, was developed and applied here. It demonstrated the presence of different inulinase isoforms depending on fungal growth substrate. These findings, which rely on the innate ability of fungi to co-produce all inulinases from a cocktail, could be useful as a new, easy approach to FOS production by fungal enzymes without their separation and purification, contributing to cheaper and faster production processes
Control of Common Vole (Microtus arvalis) in Alfalfa Crops Using Reduced Content of Anticoagulants
No full textThe common vole, Microtus arvalis, which is prone to cyclic overpopulation, poses a significant threat to sustainable alfalfa production by either chewing shoots periodically or gnawing and damaging roots permanently. In areas with established vole colonies, the density of alfalfa plants was shown to decrease 55.3-63.4%. Simultaneously, the number of alfalfa shoots decreased by 60.9-71.7%. These experiments were conducted in compliance with an EPPO standard method in alfalfa fields at three geographically remote sites. The experiment tested the efficacy of the most widely used acute rodenticide zinc phosphide (2%), and anticoagulants applied at significantly reduced doses of active ingredients, i.e., bromadiolone (25 ppm) and brodifacoum (25 ppm), as well as a combination of these active ingredients at a low concentration (10 + 10 ppm). Three weeks after treatment, zinc phosphide and brodifacoum achieved the highest average efficacy, at 98.5% and 92.05%, respectively, while the average efficacy of the anticoagulant combination and bromadiolone was 87.2% and 75.5%, respectively. The achieved efficacy of baits based on brodifacoum and the combination of brodifacoum and bromadiolone in controlling common voles indicates their possible utilization in the field. Baits with 25 ppm of brodifacoum and the combination of bromadiolone and brodifacoum (10 + 10 ppm) showed satisfactory results and their introduction could significantly improve pest management programs for rodent control. At the same time, the use of anticoagulant rodenticides with reduced contents of active ingredients would significantly reduce their exposure to non-target animals, especially predators and vultures. By further improving the palatability of tested baits for target rodent species, their efficacy and safety of application would be significantly improved
Poboljšanje postupka primene biofugicida na bazi Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 u suzbijanju prouzrokovača zelene plesni tretiranjem pokrivke šampinjona
No full textA previous study had confirmed good selective features of a biofungicide based on Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 regarding green mould disease control and increase in white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production. The recommended application rate of the biofungicide in three split doses (30 + 15 + 15 ml m-2) enhanced mushroom yield by 8.41% and control of green mould disease (Trichoderma aggressivum) by 53.57%. A different application procedure of the biofungicide B. subtilis Ch-13 was then further investigated, involving six split doses (6 × 10 ml m-2) of the same total dose of 60 ml which was previously tested in three split doses. The impact of the biofungicide on fruiting body yield and its effectiveness in disease control were evaluated on white button mushroom artificially infected with Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum in the experimental mushroom growing room (in vivo). No statistically significant differences in disease control efficacy were found between the fungicide prochloraz (71.08%) and the biofungicide applied either in six split doses (63.05%) or three (58.43%). As for the fungicide/biofungicide positive impact on mushroom production, no statistically significant differences were detected among treatments. The B. subtilis Ch-13-based biofungicide may be applied in three split doses, as well as in six split applications, depending on the watering or picking schedule during mushroom cultivation, as both schemes showed satisfactory efficacy in disease control and positive effects on mushroom yield.Prethodna ispitivanja su potvrdila dobre selektivne osobine biofungicida na bazi Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 u suzbijanju prouzrokovača zelene plesni i povećanju prinosa šampinjona (Agaricus bisporus). Preporučena primena biofungicida u tri podeljene doze primene (30 + 15 + 15 ml m-2) povećala je prinos šampinjona 8,41 % i ispoljila efiksanost u suzbijanju Trichoderma aggressivum, prouzrokovača zelene plesni 57%. Biofungicid na bazi B. subtilis Ch-13 je dalje testiran da bi se ispitao drugi način njegove primene, u šest podeljenih doza (6 × 10 ml m-2) u istoj ukupnoj količini od 60 ml kao kod prethodne doze primene u tri tretmana. Uticaj na prinos i efikasnost u suzbijanju prouzrokovača zelene plesni je ispitana veštačkom inokulacijom patogena Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum u oglednom gajilištu šampinjona (in vivo). Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u efikasnosti između fungicida prohloraza (71,08 %), biofungicida primenjenog u šest podeljenih doza (63,05 %) i primenjenog tri puta (58,43 %). U odnosu na uticaj na prinos fungicida i biofungicida, takođe nisu zabeležene statistički značajne razlike u njihovom pozitivnom uticaju. Primena biofungicida na bazi B. subtilis Ch-13 u šest podeljenih doza se može preporučiti jer je ispoljio zadovoljavajući učinak u suzbijanju prouzrokovača zelene plesni i nije pokazao negativan uticaj na prinos šampinjona
Uticaj malein hidrazida na proklijavanje crnog luka tokom i nakon skladištenja
No full textCrni luk (Allium cepa L.) je zeljasta, dvogodišnja, monokotiledona povrtarska biljka koja se gaji u čitavom svetu, a najviše na području Azije. U Republici Srbiji se gaji na oko 20.000 ha, sa prosečnim prinosima od 6-8 t/ha. Visok sadržaj proteina, ugljenih-hidrata, etarskih ulja, vitamina i mineralih materija, čini da crni luk ima visoku hranljivu vrednost i veoma raznovrsnu i učestalu upotrebu u ljudskoj ishrani, kao i u farmaceutskoj i kozmetičkoj industriji. Nakon vađenja, neophodno je da se lukovice dobro uskladište. Svrha skladištenja je produženje perioda čuvanja do plasmana na tržište i smanjenje gubitaka ostvarenih prinosa. Jedan od najvećih problema koji se javlja tokom perioda skladištenja crnog luka, a koji ograničava period čuvanja i smanjuje kvalitet, je proklijavanje, odnosno klijanje lukovica. Za praćenje klijanja crnog luka u skladištima nema zvanične metode, te su ogledi u ovom radu izvedeni prema metodi za sprečavanje klijanja krtola uskladištenog krompira (OEPP/EPPO 1/164 (3)). Cilj rada je bio da se navedena metoda prilagodi ispitivanjima u crnom luku, kao i da se ispita efikasnost malein-hidrazida (MH) u sprečavanju klijanja crnog luka tokom perioda skladištenja.
Ispitivanja uticaja MH i uslova skladištenja na proklijavanje lukovica crnog luka izvedena su tokom 2018/19. i 2019/20. godine. Malein hidrazid je primenjen kao komercijalni preparat Royal MH 30 u količini 12,5 l/ha 21 dan pre vađenja lukovica. Ogledi su postavljeni na lokalitetu u Gospođincima, a nakon vađenja lukovice su prenete u skladište firme Rit Agro d.o.o. u Kukujevcima.Tokom perioda skladištenja svakih mesec dana (I – VIII ocena) je merena masa lukovica i praćen broj isklijalih lukovica, masa i dužina klica, a na kraju ogleda je izračunat gubitak mase lukovica u odnosu na masu u trenutku skladištenja. Za utvrđivanje proklijavanja lukovica nakon iznošenja iz skladišta i izlaganja temperaturi 18-20oC, tokom 6 nedelja je na svakih 10 dana praćen broj ukovica sa vidljivim klicama. Kod proklijalih lukovica je izmerena dužina klica, dok su lukovice bez vidljivih klica, na kraju ogleda, presečene po dužini na pola kako bi se utvrdio unutrašnji porast klice. Rezultati dvogodišnjih ogleda su pokazali da MH značajno smanjuje proklijavanje uskladištenih lukovica. Pod uticajem MH, u zavisnosti od godine ispitivanja, masa tretiranih
lukovica je bila manja za 9,5-10,6% u odnosu na masu neposredno pre unošenja u skladište,
dok je masa netretiranih lukovica bila manja za 24,1-25,3%. Efikasnost MH u sprečavanju
klijanja crnog luka potvrđena je i preko značajno manjeg broja isklijalih lukovica, kao i parametara masa klice i dužina klice. Takođe, nakon iznošenja lukovica iz skladišta ukupan procenat isklijalih lukovica u kontroli je bio 62-68%, a u tretmanu sa MH 10-16%. Unutrašnji porast klice nije uočen kod 53,3-54,8% tretiranih lukovica, dok je u kontroli odsustvo unutrašnjih klica zabeleženo kod 10,5-18,8% presečenih lukovica
Tehnike kratkoročnog laboratorijskog gajenja puževa golaća
No full textTehnike laboratorijskog gajenja puževa golaća veoma variraju, ne toliko u zavisnosti od
vrsta golaća koji se gaje, koliko zbog potreba konkretnog istraživanja ili prakse pojedinih
malakologa. U literaturi ne postoje opšte zadati standardi i protokoli. U ovom radu
komentarišemo naša iskustva i podesne tehnike za gajenje golaća.
Izbor tehnike određen je ciljem i trajanjem gajenja. Ređe se praktikuju dugoročna
gajenja u kompletnom ciklusu, u terarijumima uz imitiranje prirodnih uslova, koje traje
mesecima ili godinama. Za primenjena istraživanja praktikuje se kratkoročno gajenje golaća
sakupljenih u polju, koje traje 1-3 meseca. Pored toga, zavisno od broja jedinki koji se gaji u
areni, razlikuje se grupno i individualno gajenje. Grupnim gajenjem održavaju se laboratorijske populacije samo dok traju ogledi. Time se postižu uštede u prostoru i radu, ali
postoje rizici od antagonizma unutar grupe. U ranim pokušajima grupnog gajenja, gubili smo
5-10% jedinki zbog kanibalizma. Zato je potrebna delimična izolacija jedinki u areni. To se
postiže usklađivanjem veličine arene i broja jedniki (5-10 jedinki slične veličine), izborom
hrane i prostirke. Individualno gajenje isključuje pomenute rizike, jer se jedinke drže u
individualnim arenama tokom ogleda.
Gajenje zahteva kontrolisane uslove sredine. Željene temperature, aeracija i fotoperiod
obezbeđuju se klima uređajima i sijalicama sa tajmerom. Vlažnost se reguliše natapanjem
prostirke i tipom hrane. Za prostirku su pogodni troslojni papirni ubrusi, presavijeni u 3-6
puta, jeftini i laki za postavljanje, jer se menjaju svaka 2-3 dana. Podesne arene za grupno
gajenje su veće plastične frigo kutije sa perforiranim poklopcem, (28 cm × 17,5 cm × 7 cm;
3,430 cm3); za inividulano gajenje podesne su manje kutije perforiranih strana od pet plastike
(11,1 cm × 10,5 cm × 8 cm; 932 cm3).
Golaći se hrane biljkama, gljivama, životinjskom hranom, fecesom, lešinom i
materijama u raspadanju. Izbor moguće hrane je širok, ali nije sva hrana podesna za gajenje.
Za najmlađe jedinke, tek ispiljene i infantile golaća, koristi se prvo lisnata hrana za ribice, pa
se menja svežom biljnom hranom. Juvenili i adulti golaća rado jedu voćne plodove (jabuku,
krupšku, šljivu) koji se brzo kvare, privlače masovno mušice i prljaju arene; pored toga, deo
jedinki ih ignoriše. Iako je štetnost golaća na salati i kupusu notorna pojava, lisnato povrće im
nije univerzalno privlačno. Usitnjena hrana poput prekrupe teža je za primenu, dok naklijala
zrna žita i kukuruza zahtevaju prethodnu pripremu. Najpodesnija je hrana koja se seče u
komade debljine 2-4 cm, gde se golaći rado ubušuju i koriste ih kao zaklon, što poptuno
isključuje kanibalizam. Krtole krompira odgovaraju, ali brzo trule tokom ishrane golaća, što
otežava zamenu hrane i prostirke. Mrkva nije podesna jer odbija deo jedinki. Najbolja je
tikvica, koja se lako seče, sporije kvari, golaći je rado jedu, lako se ubušuju i lako vade prilikom
zamene hrane. Prema našim iskustvima, tikvica je najprivlačnija, najpraktičnija i
najekonomičnija hrana za gajenje juvenilnih i adultnih golaća vrsta Arion lusitanicus, Limacus
flavus, Limax maximus, Tandonia budapestensis i Deroceras spp
Klijanje semena biljke Conium maculatum različite zrelosti
No full textPoznavanje osnovnih karakteristika klijanja semena bitan je element u shvatanju
razvoja i života biljne vrste. Posebno je to važno kada se radi o korovskim biljkama,
čije odlike je neophodno upoznati radi uspešne borbe sa njima. Klijanju semena biljke
Conium maculatum L. nije posvećena posebna pažnja, naročito ne na ovim
prostorima. U našem radu je ispitivano klijanje semena ove biljke različite zrelosti.
Semena su brana na periferiji Zemuna u dva navrata, krajem avgusta i početkom
decembra 2019. godine. Prilikom prvog sakupljanja semena su brana sa biljaka
različite zrelosti, sa potpuno zrelih, suvih biljaka, bez lišća (uzorak 1) i sa još uvek
zelenih biljaka (uzorak 2), dok su u decembru brana preostala semena sa potpuno
suvih biljaka (uzorak 3). Semena su čuvana na sobnoj temperaturi do eksperimenta.
U eksperimentu su po četiri Petri kutije sa po 50 semena na filter papiru u
destilovanoj vodi stavljene na 11 različitih temperatura. Semena su nakon dve nedelje
imbibovanja proklijala na temperaturama od 9°C do 30°C. Dinamika klijanja i ukupno
klijanje (konačan procenat proklijalih semena) se razlikovalo između uzoraka.
Semena uzorka 3 su prva počinjala sa klijanjem (četvrtog dana eksperimenta) i najbrže su dostizala plato klijanja (između šestog i sedmog dana eksperimenta) na
temperaturama od 18°C do 25°C, ali su ujedno imala i najniži procenat konačnog
klijanja, koji je premašio 50% samo na temperaturama od 15°C, 18°C i 22°C.
Nasuprot tome, semena uzorka 1 su klijala između 80% i 90% na temperaturama od
15°C do 25°C. Početno klijanje je kasnilo jedan do dva dana u odnosu na uzorak 3,
dok je do dostizanja platoa klijanja dolazilo i do nekoliko dana kasnije u odnosu na
uzorak 3. Semena uzorka 2 su najkasnije počinjala sa klijanjem i najkasnije su
dostizala plato klijanja, ali su na temperaturama od 15°C do 22°C imala ukupno
klijanje relativno blisko klijanju uzorka 1. Na osnovu rezultata ispitivanja može se reći
da zrelija semena biljke C. maculatum imaju veću brzinu klijanja, kao i veći procenat
ukupnog klijanja, naročito na višim temperaturama (28°C i 30°C)
Inhibitory effects of Brassicaceae cover crop on Ambrosia artemisiifolia germination and early growth
No full textSeveral cover crops (CCs) exert allelopathic effects that suppress weed growth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aqueous extracts containing different concentrations [0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% (w/v)] of Brassicaceae CCs (Sinapis alba, Raphanus sativus, Camellina sativa) and of the CCs Fagopyrum esculentum and Guizotia abyssinica on germination and early growth of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. The allelopathic effects were species and concentration-dependent. C. sativa, for example, caused the greatest potential to inhibit germination, shoot, radicle length and fresh seedling weight, whereas S. alba and R. sativus inhibited germination and early growth of A. artemisiifolia only at concentrations gt = 7.5%. In contrast, no inhibition was observed when aqueous extracts of F. escultneum and G. abyssinica were added at any of tested concentration. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detected 15 phenolic compounds in Brassicaceae CCs with the highest content (mu g/g) of vanillin (48.8), chlorogenic acid (1057), vanilic acid (79), caffeic acid (102.5) and syringic acid (27.3) in C. sativa. Our results suggest that C. sativa is the most allelopathic CCs and that the fruits of C. sativa are the plant organs richest in allelochemicals
Carfentrazone-ethyl- a new desiccant for application in soybean
No full textTokom 2020. i 2021. godine izvedena su ispitivanja efikasnosti karfentrazon-etila u desikaciji soje. Ogledi su postavljeni na lokalitetima Novi Karlovci i Putinci, po slučajnom blok sistemu, u četiri ponavljanja. Karfentrazon-etil je primenjen kao komercijalni preparat Affinity Plus, u količini 1 L ha-1, a kao standardi korišćeni su dikvat i glufosinat-amonijum, takođe, kao komercijalni preparati u preporučenim količina primene. Svi tretmani su primenjeni u fazi prirodnog dozrevanja useva, kada su biljke odbacile oko 30% listova. Ocena efikasnosti urađena je tri i sedam dana posle primene (DPP) preparata, a praćeni su i mereni parametri: boja stabla, boja listova, boja mahuna, masa stabla (g), masa mahune (g). Karfentrazon-etil, kao preparat Affinity Plus u količini 1 L ha-1 dovodi do sušenja stabla, listova i mahuna soje. Pod uticajem karfentrazon-etila, u zavisnosti od godine ispitivanja i lokaliteta, masa stabla je smanjena za 31-55% tri DPP, odnosno 43-56% sedam DPP, dok je masa mahune smanjena za 22-36% tri DPP, odnosno 27-39% sedam DPP. U istim uslovima dikvat i glufosinat-amonijum ostvarili su inhibicije veće za 1-18% u poređenju sa karfentrazon-etilom. Rezultati ovih istraživanja su pokazali da se karfentrazon-etil može koristiti za desikciju soji, ali da proizvođači moraju računati na nižu efikasnost u poređenju sa dikvatom i glufosinat-amonijumom.Efficacy of carfentrazone-ethyl for soybean desiccation was tested during the vegetation seasons of 2020 and 2021. The field trials were set up in Novi Karlovci and Putinci field sites, following a randomized block design, in four replicates. Carfentrazone-ethyl was applied as a commercial product Affinity Plus, in the dose of 1 L ha-1, while diquat and glufosinateammonium were used as standards and commercial products in their recommended application doses. All treatments were conducted in the stage of natural crop ripening, when 30% of the leaves had fallen. Efficacy evaluation was done 3 and 7 days after application (DAA), when the following parameters were observed: stem color, leaf color, pod color, stem mass (g), and pod mass (g). Carfentrazone-ethyl, as Affinity Plus, in quantities of 1 L/ha led to the desiccation of soybean stems, leaves and pods. Carfentrazone-ethyl, depending on the study year and field site, has resulted in a 31-55% stem mass reduction 3 DAA and 43-56% 7 DAA. Pods mass was reduced by 22-36% 3DAA and 27-39% 7DAA. Under the same conditions, diquat and glufosinate-ammonium reduced the observed soybean parameters by 1-18% more, when compared with carfentrazone-ethyl. Therefore, the results of this study show that carfentrazone-ethyl can be used in soybean desiccation, but that soybean producers must be aware of its lower efficacy, when compared with diquat and glufosinate-ammonium