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Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against soilborne pathogens
No full textPotential use of Trichoderma spp. against different soilborne plant pathogens (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum) was investigated in this study. Thirteen Trichoderma spp. isolates were derived from the rhizosphere of different host plants originating from seven localities in Serbia. Based on the results of preliminary tests, us-ing a dual culture confrontation method, four Trichoderma spp. isolates with the best antago-nistic activity were chosen for identification and further investigation. Morphological and physiological characteristics and sequence analysis of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef 1), showed that all antagonistic strains belong to Trichodema harzianum species complex (ThSC). Antagonistic activity of the ThSC strains was quantified in vitro on PDA medium at 24°C, by a double-layer-well method. The highest antagonistic activity was achieved by T1 isolate against P. aphanidermatum and R. solani, where mycelial growth of the pathogens was completely inhibited. None of the ThSC strains was able to inhibit the growth of S. sclerotiorum under presented experimental conditions. To determine the mode of antagonistic activity, tree types of liquid ThSC culture filtrates were used: filtrated through cheese cloth (containing fungal spores), filtrated by syringe filters (spore free) and heated cheese-cloth-filtrate (10 min at 100°C). The research showed that T. harzianum strains exhibited direct my-coparasitism as the mode of antagonistic activity and that produced metabolites didn’t ex-press suppressive effect on pathogenic isolates. Presented study revealed that tested isolates of ThSC, or at least T1 strain, could be effective biocontrol agent(s) against R. solani and P. aphanidermatum.4th International Conference on Plant Biology and 23rd SPPS Meeting, 6-8 October 2022, Belgrad
New insights on Aleurocanthus spiniferus and its natural enemies in Italy
No full textThe Citrus spiny whitefly (CSW), Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintance (Hemiptera Aleyrodidae) was firstly recorded
in Italy in 2008; from 2020, in Sicily high infestations of CSW have been recorded in valuable citrus orchards
in Catania province and in some urban areas of Catania, Syracuse and more recently in Palermo. From
2021, after the inclusion of the species in EPPO A2 quarantine pest list, phytosanitary containment measures
aimed to mitigate its diffusion in urban and citrus areas are in progress in Italy.
From 2021, in order to investigate the presence and activity of CSW natural enemies in Sicilian citrus cultivation
areas, periodic field surveys have been carried out by visual and direct sampling on plant.
In the same period, biology and dynamics of the whitefly have been studied through direct plant sampling
and yellow sticky traps.
During the field surveys in Catania province, the Nearctic bugs Zelus renardii (Kolenati) (Hemiptera Reduviidae)
and Campyloneura virgula (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Hemiptera Miridae), the Neotropical Delphastus catalinae
(Horn), the Oriental Serangium sp., and Nephus sp. (Coleoptera Coccinellidae) ladybirds have been recovered
on citrus infested plants. First data on the whitefly and its natural enemies dynamics are presented; the potential
role of these predators as biocontrol agents of the Citrus spiny whitefly in Italian citrus orchards are
also discussed
Akaricidi u savremenoj fitomedicini
No full textPREDGOVOR
U enciklopedijama, monografijama, preglednim radovima i drugim publikacijama
akaricidi su definisani kao pesticidi namenjeni suzbijanju štetnih grinja. Posle
insekata, grinje (Acari) su druga najbrojnija grupa životinja na Zemlji. To su sitne
životinje (dužina tela većine vrsta ne dostiže ni 1 mm) koje naseljavaju praktično sva
staništa u kojima je moguć život. Posmatrajući živi svet iz svoje antropocentrične perspektive,
čovek je napravio i razliku između štetnih i korisnih vrsta grinja. Štetne su
one grinje koje se hrane ekonomski značajnim biljkama ili krvlju domaćih životinja i
čoveka, dok se u korisne ubrajaju predatori, paraziti i parazitoidi štetnih grinja i drugih
štetnih vrsta, kao i grinje koje razlažu organske materije u zemljištu. Među štetnim
grinjama ima i takvih vrsta koje su stekle status globalno značajnih štetočina.
Od sredine prošlog veka, kada je počela tzv. hemijska era, akaricidi se intenzivno
koriste u fitomedicini, veterini i javnom zdravstvu. Na tržištu su se pojavile
četiri generacije akaricida sa 15 različitih mehanizama delovanja na grinje, od čega
šest tokom poslednje dve decenije. Rezistentnost grinja na akaricide, koja je postala
globalni problem, osnovni je razlog za razvoj jedinjenja novih mehanizama delovanja,
ali i za traženje alternativnih rešenja koja utiču na ulogu akaricida u fitomedicini.
Koliko mi je poznato, nema novijih naučnih monografskih publikacija (na engleskom
ili srpskom jeziku) posvećenih isključivo akaricidima. O svojstvima, efektima, toksikologiji
i/ili primeni akaricida možemo da čitamo samo u pojedinim poglavljima
publikacija o pesticidima i insekticidima. Autori ovih publikacija na različite načine
pristupaju definisanju i opisivanju akaricida, stavljajući naglasak na neke od pomenutih
aspekata.
Predmet ove monografije su akaricidi koji se primenjuju u fitomedicini. U prvom
poglavlju knjige prikazano je mesto grinja u životinjskom svetu i opisan njihov značaj
u antropocentričnom kontekstu. Takođe, definisan je pojam akaricidi i drugi pojmovi
povezani sa njim, opisan je biotest akaricida i izložen koncept toksikokinetičke i toksikodinamičke
interakcije akaricida i grinja. U drugom poglavlju prikazani su istorija
razvoja akaricida i karakteristike savremenih akaricida koji se koriste u fitomedicini.
Novija saznanja iz oblasti toksikokinetike i toksikodinamike akaricida izložena su u
trećem i četvrtom poglavlju. Peto poglavlje bavi se subletalnim efektima akaricida na
ponašanje, osobine životne istorije i populacioni rast grinja. Rezistentnost grinja na
akaricide kao globalni fenomen, faktori i mehanizmi rezistentnosti, kao i mogućnosti upravljanja rezistentnošću razmatraju se u šestom poglavlju. Sedmo i poslednje
poglavlje bavi se pitanjem selektivnosti akaricida i njihovim mestom u okviru integralne
fitomedicine.
Nadam se da će ova monografija biti korisna studentima fitomedicine, naučnicima
i stručnjacima u ovoj oblasti, kao i svima koji se interesuju za akaricide. Zahvalan
sam Društvu za zaštitu bilja Srbije, koje je prihvatilo da bude izdavač monografije,
uredniku izdavačke delatnosti Društva dr Petru Kljajiću, za efikasno rešavanje svih
tehničkih pitanja u vezi sa izdavanjem, kao i recenzentima prof. dr Slavici Vuković,
prof. dr Dragici Brkić i prof. dr Bojanu Stojniću, za kritičko čitanje teksta i korisne
primedbe i predloge
Antifungalno delovanje etarskih ulja divlje i pitome nane na Trichoderma guizhouense Q.R. Li, McKenzie & Yong Wang Bis, prouzrokovača zelene plesni šiitake
No full textŠirom sveta u gajilištima šiitake [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler] velike gubitke nanose
različite bolesti i štetočine, među kojima se kao jedna od najznačajnih izdvaja bolest zelene
plesni, izazvana različitim vrstama gljiva iz roda Trichoderma. Zaštita šiitake se uglavnom
zasniva na primeni fungicida i održavanju striktne higijene u gajilištu. Zbog razvoja
rezistentnosti patogena na fungicide i broja dostupnih preparata svedenih na svega nekoliko,
sve veća pažnja se usmerava ka uvođenju novih bioloških preparata na bazi mikroorganizama
sa antagonističkim dejstvom, ili etarskih ulja lekovitih i aromatičnih biljaka.
Efekat etarskih ulja divlje nane (Mentha spicata L., Lamiaceae) i pitome nane (Mentha
piperita L., Lamiaceae) na Trichoderma guizhouense (T59) Q.R. Li, McKenzie & Yong Wang Bis,
ispitivan je primenom tri različite metode: mikrodilucione i dve makrodilucione fumigantne
metode – sa isečcima i sa sporama (Luković et al., 2018). Određene su minimalne fungicidne
koncentracije (MFK) i minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIK), kao i procenti inhibicije
rasta micelije za oba ulja. Efekat kontaktnog delovanja različitih koncentracija etarskih ulja
(1,56; 3,12; 6,25; 12,5 i 25 μl mL-1) ispitivan je primenom mikrodilucione metode, dok su
efekti gasovite faze različitih koncenetracija etarskih ulja (0,02; 0,04; 0,08; 0,16 i 0,32 μl mL-1
vazdušne faze) na spore i miceliju mikopatogena ispitivani primenom makrodilucine
fumigantne metode.
Oba testirana ulja ispoljila su fungicidni efekat primenom mikrodilucione metode sa
vrednostima MFK od 12,5 μl mL-1, dok su vrednosti MIK iznosile 3,12 μl mL-1. Primenom
fumigantnih metoda zabeležen je samo inhibitorni efekat. MIK etarskog ulja pitome nane
primenom metode sa isečcima je iznosila 0,16 μl mL-1 vazdušne faze, dok je primenom metode
sa sporama iznosila 0,32 μl mL-1 vazdušne faze. Procenti inhibicije primenom metode sa
isečcima kretali su se od 84,69 do 100%, a metode sa sporama od 65,55 do 100%. MIK
etarskog ulja divlje nane primenom metode sa isečcima iznosila je 0,32 μl mL-1 vazdušne
faze, dok primenom metode sa sporama nije uočena inhibicija na testiranim koncentracijama.
Procenti inhibicije primenom metode sa sporama bili su od 72,22 do 100% primenom metode
sa isečcima, i od 57,25 do 93% primenom metode sa sporama. Poređenjem metoda, rezultati
su pokazali da su oba ulja ispoljila neznatno jače delovanje gasovite faze na rast micelije nego
na klijanje spora, kao i da je efekat kontaktnog delovanja oba ulja bio ujednačen i veći od
efekta gasovite faze. Delovanje gasovite faze oba ulja bilo je sasvim zadovoljavajuće sa
inhibicijom rasta micelije preko 50%. Imajući u vidu da su primenom mikrodilucione
(kontaktne) metode određene MFK vrednosti za oba ulja i da je utrošak ulja bio znantno manji
u odnosu na primenu makrodilucione metode, može se zaključiti da je kontaktno delovanje
etarskih ulja bolja varijanta za testiranje. Ulja pitome i divlje nane se mogu preporučiti za
dalja in vivo ispitivanja
Antifungalno delovanje etarskih ulja divlje i pitome nane na Trichoderma pleuroti S.H.Yu & M.S. Park i Trichoderma pleuroticola S.H.Yu & M.S. Park, prouzrokovače zelene plesni bukovače
No full textZahvaljujući izraženom mikoparazitizmu, određene vrste roda Trichoderma su
sposobne da nanesu velike gubitke u gajilištima pečuraka, pri čemu su Trichoderma pleuroti
S.H.Yu & M.S. Park i Trichoderma pleuroticola S.H.Yu & M.S. Park najznačajniji prouzrokovači
zelene plesni bukovače [Pleurotus osteratus (Jacq.) P. Kummer]. Suzbijanje ovih patogena je
otežano, jer još uvek ne postoje efikasne mere i preparati koji bi omogućili uspešnu zaštitu od
prouzrokovača bolesti zelene plesni. Zaštita bukovače se uglavnom zasniva na primeni
preporučenih fungicida i održavanju striktne higijene u gajilištu, ali se poslednjih godina sve
veća pažnja usmerava ka uvođenju novih bioloških preparata na bazi mikroorganizama sa
antagonističkim dejstvom ili etarskih ulja lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja.
Delovanje etarskih ulja divlje nane (Mentha spicata L., Lamiaceae) i pitome nane
(Mentha piperita L., Lamiaceae) na T. pleuroti (KM11) i T. pleuroticola (KM12), ispitivan je
primenom tri različite metode: mikrodilucione i dve makrodilucione fumigantne metode
(Luković et al., 2018). Određene su minimalne fungicidne koncentracije (MFK) i minimalne
inhibitorne koncentracije (MIK), kao i procenti inhibicije rasta micelije za oba ulja. Efekat
kontaktnog delovanja različitih koncentracija etarskih ulja (1,56; 3,12; 6,25; 12,5 i 25 μl mL-1)
ispitivan je primenom mikrodilucione metode, dok su efekti gasovite faze različitih
koncentracija etarskih ulja (0,02; 0,04; 0,08; 0,16 i 0,32 μl mL-1 vazdušne faze) na spore i
miceliju mikopatogena ispitivani primenom makrodilucine fumigantne metode.
Testirana ulja ispoljila su fungicidni efekat na obe vrste primenom mikrodilucione
metode sa vrednostima za MFK od 12,5 μl mL-1, dok su vrednosti za MIK bile od 3,12 do 6,25
μl mL-1 za oba ulja. Primenom fumigantnih metoda nije zabeležen fungicidni efekat. MIK
etarskog ulja pitome nane primenom metode sa isečcima iznosila je 0,16 μl mL-1 vazdušne
faze za oba patogena, dok je primenom metode sa sporama iznosila 0,16 μl mL-1 vazdušne faze
za izolat KM11 i 0,08 μl mL-1 vazdušne faze za izolat KM12. Procenti inhibicije primenom
metode sa isečcima su bili od 51,98 do 100% (KM11) i od 42,45 do 100% (KM12), a
primenom metode sa sporama od 35,31 do 100% (KM11) i od 75,83 do 100% (KM12). MIK
etarskog ulja divlje nane za oba patogena iznosila je 0,16 μl mL-1 vazdušne faze primenom obe
metode. Procenti inhibicije za etarsko ulje divlje nane primenom metode sa isečcima su bili od
58,61 do 100% (KM11) i od 53,11 do 100% (KM12), a primenom metode sa sporama od
55,69 do 100% (KM11) i od 59,19 do 100% (KM12). Delovanje gasovite faze oba ulja na
patogene je bilo ujednačeno i sa visokim procentima inhibicije, dok je primenom kontaktne
metode zabeleženo da je ulje divlje nane značajnije delovalo na T. pleuroticola, a ulje pitome
nane na T. pleuroti. Na osnovu ovih in vitro rezultata, odabrana etarska ulja su pogodna za
dalja in vivo testiranja.Zlatibor, 28. novembar - 1. decembar 2022. godin
The removal of thiophanate-methyl using novely synthesized catalysts CeO2-P25 under simulated sunlight: Structural characterisation and photocatalytic activity
No full textEnvironmental pollution by wastewater
represents one of the greatest challenges nowadays.
The solution for this issue requires implementation
of novel treatment methods. Therefore, enhanced
techniques so-called Advanced oxidation processes
(AOPs) are gaining increasing attention.
Photocatalysis is a process based on the use of
different types of irradiations on a pollutants
adhered on a catalyst, driven by formation of
radicals and oxidative species on the catalyst
surface. Modern agricultural practice relies on use
of different classes of pesticides, and to its, often,
uncontrolled and excessive use. It leads to their
widespread in the environment, with frequent
detection in waterbodies and soil. Thiophanatemethyl
(TPM) is benzimidazole fungicide, used in
control of diverse groups of phytopatogenic fungus
[1].
Specifically efficient and economically viable
catalysts are TiO2-based. Multiphase catalysts
showed better results in the degradation of various
pollutants, so TiO2 P25 (Degussa) was used as a
material that boosts photocatalytic decomposition.
In order to advance and fasten the reaction, the
surface of TiO2 P25 was decorated with cerium (IV)
oxide [2]. Surface and photochemical properties of
newly obtained material are characterised by
HR - TEM, HAADF - STEM; FTIR and UV - DRS
methods.
In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of
thiophanate-methyl (TPM) in the presence of
CeO2 - P25 was investigated. Different
experimental conditions were varied, such as the
concentration of the pesticide solution and the mass
of the catalyst. Monitoring of the pesticide
concentration in the reaction system was based on
the decrease in absorbance using a Shimadzu 1800
UV spectrophotometer.
Results of textural and structural analyses prove
decoration of P25 surface with particles of cerium
(IV) oxide uniformly. Synthesised nanocatalyst
CeO2-P25 has lower band gap energy (2.90 eV) then
P25 (3.30 eV).
The optimal experimental conditions were
obtained using 0.07 g/L of CeO2-P25 and 5 mg/L of
TPM solution. Degradation reaction rate follows
pseudo-first order law. Complete degradation was
performed after 120 min. In experiments with TiO2
P25 catalyst (Degussa) degradation time was 240
min. Hence, it can be concluded that the synthesized
CeO2-P25 catalyst has better performance
The Genome Reduction Excludes the Ribosomal Rescue System in Acholeplasmataceae
No full textThe trans-translation process is a ribosomal rescue system for stalled ribosomes processing truncated mRNA. The genes ssrA and smpB fulfil the key functions in most bacteria, but some species have either lost these genes or the function of the ribosomal rescue system is taken over by other genes. To date, the ribosomal rescue system has not been analysed in detail for the Acholeplasmataceae. This family, in the Mollicutes class, comprises the genus Acholeplasma and the provisional taxon "Candidatus Phytoplasma". Despite their monophyletic origin, the two clades can be separated by traits such as not representing primary pathogens for acholeplasmas versus being phytopathogenic for the majority of phytoplasmas. Both taxa share reduced genomes, but only phytoplasma genomes are characterised by a remarkable level of instability and reduction. Despite the general relevance of the ribosomal rescue system, information is lacking on coding, the genomic context and pseudogenisation of smpB and ssrA and their possible application as a phylogenetic marker. Herein, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the ribosomal rescue system in members of Acholeplasmataceae. The examined Acholeplasmataceae genomes encode a ribosomal rescue system, which depends on tmRNA encoded by ssrA acting in combination with its binding protein SmpB. Conserved gene synteny is evident for smpB, while ssrA shows a less conserved genomic context. Analysis of the tmRNA sequences highlights the variability of proteolysis tag sequences and short conserved sites at the 5 '- and 3 '-ends. Analyses of smpB provided no hints regarding the coding of pseudogenes, but they did suggest its application as a phylogenetic marker of Acholeplasmataceae - in accordance with 16S rDNA topology. Sequence variability of smpB provides sufficient information for species assignment and phylogenetic analysis
Chitosan and other antitranspirants – their influence on aspects of organic and conventional plant production
No full textThe work presents main findings from investigations of our and other different researcher carried out on different cultivars using chitosan, its derivatives, nanoparticles and other antritranspirant compounds (like Di-1-p-menthene). The work demonstrates that this chitosan (and other antitranspirants) is highly effective against the most dangerous diseases and pathogens in different cultures. Also, natural origin of chitosan (and also, other antitranspirants) makes it suitable for use in organic agriculture. Furthermore, it also contributes to improving yield and different plant physiological and growth parameters. Additionally, it induces excellent resistance to some abiotic stresses (drought, salt, and low temperature) and reduces their negative impact on different cultivars
Revision of the 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species description guidelines
No full textThe genus 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' was proposed to accommodate cell wall-less bacteria that are molecularly and biochemically incompletely characterized, and colonize plant phloem and insect vector tissues. This provisional classification is highly relevant due to its application in epidemiological and ecological studies, mainly aimed at keeping the severe phytoplasma plant diseases under control worldwide. Given the increasing discovery of molecular diversity within the genus 'Ca. Phytoplasma'. the proposed guidelines were revised and clarified to accommodate those 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species strains sharing gt 98.65% sequence identity of their full or nearly full 16S rRNA gene sequences, obtained with at least twofold coverage of the sequence, compared with those of the reference strain of such species. Strains sharing lt 98.65% sequence identity with the reference strain but gt 98.65% with other strain(s) within the same 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species should be considered related strains to that 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species. The guidelines herein, keep the original published reference strains. However, to improve 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species assignment, complementary strains are suggested as an alternative to the reference strains. This will be implemented when only a partial 16S rRNA gene and/or a few other genes have been sequenced, or the strain is no longer available for further molecular characterization. Lists of 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species and alternative reference strains described are reported. For new 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species that will be assigned with identity gt = 98.65% of their 16S rRNA gene sequences, a threshold of 95% genome-wide average nucleotide identity is suggested. When the whole genome sequences are unavailable, two among conserved housekeeping genes could be used. There are 49 officially published 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species, including 'Ca. P. cocostanzaniae' and 'Ca. P. palmae' described in this manuscript