RIPEST - Repository of the Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection
Not a member yet
1022 research outputs found
Sort by
Direct Electrochemical Degradation of Carbamate Pesticide Methomyl Using IrOx Anode
No full textThe study's primary goal is to determine carbamate pesticide methomyl's kinetic parameters and degradation efficiency from water solution by direct electrochemical oxidation using IrOx anode. Also, define the dependence of the efficiency of methomyl decomposition by direct electrochemical oxidation on the initial concentration of pesticide and electrolyte, applied current, and pH value. The results of methomyl degradation by direct electrochemical oxidation obey the pseudo-first kinetic order. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy followed the methomyl concentration during the study. The degradation products were studied using the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Also, this study determines the energy consumption and optimal initial conditions. The phytotoxicity of pesticide and degradation products was studied using mung beans
Suzbijanje bele leptiraste vaši na paradajzu u zaštićenom prostoru biljnim uljima
No full textBela leptirasta vaš Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) je
polifagna kosmopolitska štetočina povrća i ukrasnih biljaka u zaštićenom prostoru i na
otvorenom polju. Štete na listovima i plodovima prave stadijumi nimfa i imago, isisavanjem
sokova iz floema i lučenjem medne rose, izazivajući različite simptome: hlorozu, zaostajanje u
porastu, oštećenje plodova i smanjenje prinosa, kao i razvoj čađavih plesni. Suzbijanje bele
leptiraste vaši poslednjih godina otežano je zbog smanjenog broja aktivnih supstanci na
tržištu, česte pojave populacija štetočine rezistentnih na insecticide, kao i nedovoljne
zastupljenosti biološke kontrole. Primena formulisanih biljnih ulja mogla bi da bude jedan od
načina za prevazilaženje problema u kontroli T. vaporariorum.
Ogledi ispitivanja biološke efikasnosti suzbijanja bele leptiraste vaši na paradajzu
postavljeni su na dva lokaliteta, Saraorci i Svilajnac, u plastenicima tipa visoki tunel.
Primenjeni su vodeni rastvori dve formulacije prirodnih ulja, suncokretovo i sojino, u
koncentracijama 1% i 2%. Ocenjivani su efekti primenjenih ulja na sve stadijume bele
leptiraste vaši (jaja, nimfe i imaga), sedam i 14 dana nakon tretmana (7 DNT i 14 DNT).
Najveću efikasnost u suzbijanju jaja T. vaporariorum na lokalitetu Saraorci imala je
formulacija suncokretovog ulja, primenjena u koncentraciji 1% (98,5%), 14 DNT, dok je na
lokalitetu Svilajnac sojino ulje, u obe koncentracije 1% i 2% bilo efikasnije od suncokretovog
ulja, 14 DNT. Maksimalnu efikasnost (100%) u suzbijanju nimfi ostvarila su oba ulja u višim
koncentracijama (2%) 7 DNT na lokalitetu Saraorci. Suzbijanje imaga na oba lokaliteta imalo
je efikasnost veću od 90% kod oba ulja u koncentraciji 2% (7 DNT), kao i kod sojinog ulja u
koncentraciji 1%. Najveća efikasnost u suzbijanju imaga (99,4%) postignuta je primenom
suncokretovog ulja u koncentraciji 1% 14 DNT, na lokalitetu Saraorci
Postupak zaštite organskih cerealija od štetnih insekata i glodara u podnom skladištu
No full textBiljne proizvode, kao što su organske cerealije: pšenica (ozima i jara), raž i
kukurz, tokom skladištenja napadaju i oštećuju brojni organizmi: insekti, grinje,
mikroorganizmi, glodari i ptice. Skladišni insekti, u zavisnosti od načina života,
mogu da napadaju i oštećuju cela zrna, ali i zrna oštećena tokom žetve, transporta
ili čuvanja u neadekvatnim skladišnim uslovima, kao i njihove proizvode. Pored
insekata, velike gubitke u skladištu mogu da prozrokuju i glodari, od kojih su
najznačajniji sivi pacov i domaći miš.
Zaštita uskladištenih biljnih proizvoda je, danas, usaglašena sa zahtevima
međunarodnih standarda kvaliteta i kodeksima: dobra poljoprivredna praksa, dobra
proizvođačka praksa, dobra praksa uskladištenja i standard HACCP, i dominantno se
oslanja na primenu preventivnih mera i monitoring štetočina, dok se direktno
suzbijanje korišćenjem hemijskih metoda zaštite preduzima samo kada je to
neizbežno. Takođe, u svetu se posebna pažnja posvećuje kreiranju nehemijskih mera i
postupaka zaštite organskih biljnih proizvoda u skladištu, jer ili nije dozvoljena
primena preparata na bazi sintetisanih hemikalija (hemijskog ili prirodnog
porekla), ili je za primenu dozvoljen vrlo mali broj preparata, različitog načina
delovanja i efektivnosti. Prema propisima u Srbiji tokom skladištenja organskih
biljnih proizvoda nije dozvoljena primena nijednog hemijskog sredstva za njihovu
zaštitu.
Zadatak u okviru realizacije ovog tehničkog rešenja bio je da se izvrši
definisanje postupka zaštite organskih cerealija od skladišnih insekata i glodara
u podnom skladištu, i da se na osnovu razvijenog postupka utvrdi kombinacija mera i
metoda, i odredi program efektivne zaštite uz očuvanje kvaliteta i bezbednosti
organskih cerealija
Primena procesa fotokatalize za razgradnju pesticida u industrijskim otpadnim vodama
No full textZagađenje životne sredine, pre svega površinskih i podzemnih voda, upotrebom pesticida usled privredne delatnosti ljudi predstavlja sve veći problem. Primena sredstava zaštite bilja u koncentracijama koje su veće od dozvoljenih, dovelo je do akumulacije i uvećanja koncentracija ovih zagađujućih materija u vodama. Stoga je potrebno primeniti različite procese za njihovo uklanjanje, među kojima fotokataliza zauzima posebnu pažnju. Fotokataliza pripada grupi naprednih oksidacionih procesa (eng. Advanced oxidation processes – AOPs). Naše istraživanje odnosilo se na mogućnost fotokatalitičke razgradnje fungicida tiofanat-metila upotrebom rutil TiO2 katalizatora pod uticajem UV zračenja. Ispitan je uticaj eksperimentalnih parametara na proces, kao što su masa katalizatora, koncentracija rastvora pesticida kao i rastojanje UV lampe od rastvora, što bi trebalo da pomogne u boljem razumevanju fotokatalize kao procesa u konkretnom sistemu. Utvrđeno je da su optimalni uslovi razgradnje bili pri koncentraciji 5 mg/L pesticida i 0,06 g/L katalizatora, uz konstantu brzine od 0,031 min-1. Stepen uklanjanja pesticida iznosio je 50% nakon 45 min, dok je za potpunu degradaciju bilo potrebno 120 min.. Optimizovani proces degradacije pesticida pokazuje da primenjeni proces ima zadovoljavajuću efikasnost i da može zameniti konvencionalne tehnike tretmana otpadnih voda.31.03. - 01.04.2022, Novi Sa
Osetljivost izolata Neopestalotiopsis clavispora na kaptan i difenokonazol in vitro
No full textU prethodnih deset godina, u Republici Srbiji, došlo je do naglog porasta površina pod
borovnicom, čija se proizvodnja danas odvija na preko 2500 ha. Proizvodnju borovnice
ugrožava veliki broj fitopatogenih gljiva i pseudogljiva, među kojima velike štete mogu naneti
vrste roda Neopestalotiopsis, naročito N. clavispora. Patogen prouzrokuje rak i odumiranje
izdanaka borovnice. U početku simptomi se uočavaju u vidu crvenkastih pega, koje se šire u
sve veće nekrotične lezije, dovodeći do propadanja biljaka. Suzbijanje ovog patogena
uglavnom se svodi na sprovođenje preventivnih mera, koje uključuju odabir zdravog i
sertifikovanog sadnog materijala, održavanje optimalnog fiziološkog stanja biljke i orezivanje
zaraženih biljnih delova. Nedostatak registrovanih fungicida za suzbijanje ovog patogena u
velikoj meri otežava sprovođenje hemijskih mera zaštite borovnice. Upravo iz tog razloga, cilj
ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi osetljivost izolata N. clavispora na kaptan i difenokonazol.
Izolacija patogena obavljena je sa zaraženih izdanaka borovnice tokom 2020. i 2021.
godine, koji su prikupljeni sa različitih lokaliteta u Republici Srbiji. Ukupno je odabrano 29
izolata za sprovođenje testova osetljivosti. Svi izolati, na osnovu morfoloških, patogenih i
molekularnih karakteristika, determinisani su kao vrsta N. clavispora. Ispitivanja osetljivosti u
in vitro uslovima vršena su primenom metode inkorporacije fungicida u hranljivu podlogu.
Komercijalne formulacije kaptana i difenokonazola dispergovane su u sterilnoj destilovanoj
vodi kako bi se pripremile serije razblaženja sledećih koncentracija u hranljivoj podlozi: 25;
50; 75; 100; 250 i 1000 mg a.s./l (za kaptan) i 0,5; 2,5; 10; 50 i 100 mg a.s./l (za
difenokonazol). Homogenizacija prethodno pripremljenih disperzija i KDA podloge vršena je u
odnosu 1:9, nakon čega je podloga razlivana u Petri kutije u koje su prenošeni fragmenti
micelije. Sva ispitivanja su vršena u tri ponavljanja. Izolati su inkubirani 7 dana na 25 °C, a
potom je vršeno očitavanje rezultata. Metoda probit analize korišćena je za izračunavanje EC50
vrednosti (koncentracija fungicida koja inhibira porast za 50% u odnosu na kontrolu).
Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, EC50 vrednosti kretale su se u opsegu od 21,23 do 164,13
mg/l za kaptan i od 0,965 do 6,278 mg/l za difenokonazol. Prosečna EC50 vrednost za 29
izolata u slučaju kaptana iznosila je 80,17±35,87 mg/l, dok je za difenokonazol bila
2,379±1,30 mg/l.
S obzirom na činjenicu da u našoj zemlji nema registrovanih fungicida za suzbijanje N.
clavispora, dobijeni rezultati u ovom istraživanju ukazuju na potencijalne mogućnosti primene
difenokonazola i kaptana u suzbijanju ovog patogena na borovnici
Pathogenic potential of Waitea circinata var. zeae
No full textWaitea circinata Warcup & P.H.B. Talbot (multinuclear Rhizoctonia spp.) is a
widespread, soil-borne plant pathogen causing root rot mainly of
monocotyledonous plants. Among five described varieties, the most common
and widespread is W. circinata var. zeae Toda, Mushika, T. Hayak., Tanaka,
Tani & Hyakum. Besides monocotyledonous hosts, a natural infection of a
limited number of dicotyledonous plants, including soybeans, beans, peas,
sugar beets and carrots were recorded recently. During 2017, cabbage and
oilseed rape plants showing symptoms of root and root neck rot, sampled at the
localities of Futog and Rimski Šančevi (Serbia), were proved to be infected
with W. circinata var. zeae. This was the first record of natural infection of
plants from Brassicaceae family worldwide. Two selected isolates from
cabbage (299-17) and oilseed rape (300-17) formed fast-growing orange
colonies with red sclerotia and multinucleate hyphae with a characteristic
branching pattern. The identification was further confirmed by BLAST
analysis of sequences of ITS rDNA, RPB2, LSU and β-tubulin genomic
regions. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled after inoculation of cabbage and
oilseed rape seedlings, while an experimental host range was determined by
inoculations of 14 different plant species from 8 families. W. circinata var.
zeae caused mild to medium root necrosis on the majority of inoculated
seedlings 7 days post inoculation. Seedlings of sunflower, carrot and tomato
developed severe root necrosis followed by whole-seedling decay. Our results
proved that host range of W. circinata var. zeae could be much wider than so
far known which, coupled with its soil-borne nature, reveals a significant
pathogenic potential of W. circinata var. zeae towards many important crops
The dual nature of Lambertella corni-maris as an apple fruit pathogen and antagonist of Monilinia spp
No full textLambertella corni-maris was isolated fium a dark brown lesion on apple fruit cv. Golden Delicious collected fium an orchard, and from stored apple fruit cv. Idared previously colonized with Monilia polystroma. The contrasting origin of the isolates led us to hypothesize that this fungus behaves differently in various contexts, which triggered the investigation of L. corn-marls as a pathogen and antagonist. Following identification based on cultural and molecular characteristics, isolates of different origin were characterized and their cultural, ecological, pathogenic, and antagonistic features were compared. This study has shown that L. corn-marls, originally isolated as an apple fruit pathogen and one as an antagonist of M. polystroma, have similar features in vitro and in vivo. The isolates vary widely in growth rate, cultural morphology, crystal production, intensity of dark zone and co-antagonism with two Monilinia species but can also function as apple fruit pathogens and inhibit and replace different Monilinia spp. on apple fruit. These findings reinforce their dual nature in different host-pathogen interactions. The data from this study are biologically intriguing and practically relevant, and have translative potential to exploit L. corni-maris as a model system for developing strategies to block brown rot of apple and to pinpoint virulence factors in the fimgus for yellow rot management
Phytotoxicity and allelopathic potential of Juglans regia L. leaf extract
No full textImplementation of plant extracts that are rich in phytochemicals and have the allelopathic potential for weed management could help reduce the use of chemical herbicides. The present study investigated the herbicidal potential of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract (WLE) against two weeds, Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L., by testing in vitro their seed germination and seedling growth, and then evaluated in vivo the oxidative stress of potted plants. The effects of the walnut leaf extract were also tested on maize (Zea mays L.) to eliminate possible negative impacts on a cultivated plant. Total phenolic acids and total flavonoid content in the extract were determined in prior bioassays, followed by separation and analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phytochemical analysis revealed that the obtained extract was notably rich in phenolic compounds, while HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of (+)-catechin, luteolin, myricetin, rutin, (-)-epicatechin, genistin, protocatechuic acid, and caffeic acid as major extract components. The results obtained in bioassays revealed a significant negative impact of the walnut leaf extract on germination and seedling growth of the tested weeds, as well as significant oxidative stress in weeds grown in pots. Although it affected the maize seedling growth in vitro similar to the tested weeds, maize germination was less sensitive to treatment, and the extract did not have a significant negative impact in terms of oxidative stress in maize plants grown in pots. The findings show that walnut leaf extract may have a promising role in replacing chemical herbicides in maize
Utilization of waste glycerol for the production of biocontrol agents nigericin and niphimycin by Streptomyces hygroscopicus: bioprocess development
No full textSearch for more environment-friendly methods for controlling plant diseases that would contribute to the goal of sustainability in agriculture is in focus. In the present study, the potential of Streptomyces hygroscopicus isolated from soil sample in the production of biocontrol agents, nigericin and niphimycin, effective against Alternaria alternata storage apple pathogen was examined. Also, modelling and optimization of medium composition for biocontrol agent biosynthesis was performed. The results showed that the optimum amount of C3H8O3, (NH4)(2)SO4 and K2HPO4 in the medium for Streptomyces hygroscopicus biosynthesis is 20, 0.25 and 1.46 g/L, respectively. Scale-up and validation of the obtained results performed in the 3 L laboratory-scale bioreactor showed that on the optimized medium at an aeration rate of 0.7 vvm and an agitation speed of 200 rpm, produced nigericin and niphimycin, showed high activity. Under the same conditions, cultivation of S. hygroscopicus was performed in a 7 L laboratory bioreactor in a medium with waste glycerol instead of pure glycerol. Results showed that the methanol extract of S. hygroscopicus cultivation liquid, containing nigericin and niphimycin, was high effective against two Alternaria isolates. This was confirmed in vitro by obtaining large inhibition zone diameters on A. alternata KA10 (47 mm) and T1Jg(3) (44.33 mm) isolates. After successful in vitro analysis, in planta testing was performed. It was found that necrosis diameters that were measured on artificially inoculated apple fruits with A. alternata compared to necrosis diameter measured on untreated, control fruits, were 4.47 and 3.56 times smaller
Phytotoxicity of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) to lettuce and tomato
No full textWe studied the main phenolic components of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) aqueous extracts and evaluated their phytotoxicity to germinating seeds and seedling growth of lettuce and tomato. A total of 13 phenolic compounds were identified in aqueous extracts. The highest total phenolic content was found in velvetleaf leaves, followed by common ragweed leaves and common cocklebur stems. Caffeoyl quinic acids were the most abundant phenolics in these three weeds, while common ragweed and velvetleaf leaves were also rich in p-coumaric acid and rutin, respectively. Other phenolic compounds were present in moderate quantities in the stems and leaves of the tested weeds. The weed extracts at 50 % concentration or higher significantly inhibited the seed germination and early seedling growth of lettuce and tomato. The leaf aqueous extracts were more phytotoxic to lettuce and tomato than stem aqueous extracts. The leaf aqueous extract of common ragweed had the strongest inhibitory effects on lettuce, while the leaf aqueous extract of velvetleaf was most inhibitory to tomato. The aqueous extracts of common cocklebur were less inhibitory to lettuce and tomato