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The effect of maleic hydrazide on onion sprouting during and after the storage period
No full textTokom 2018/19. i 2019/20. godine izvedena su ispitivanja uticaja malein hidrazida (MH) i uslova skladištenja na proklijavanje lukovica crnog luka. Ogledi su postavljeni na lokalitetu u Gospođincima. Malein hidrazid je primenjen kao komercijalni preparat Royal MH 30 u količini 12,5 l/ha 21 dan pre vađenja lukovica. Tokom perioda skladištenja svakih mesec dana (I - VIII ocena) je merena masa lukovica i praćen broj isklijalih lukovica, masa i dužina klica, a na kraju ogleda je izračunat gubitak mase lukovica u odnosu na masu u trenutku uskladištenja. Za utvrđivanje proklijavanja lukovica nakon iznošenja iz skladišta 6 nedelja je na svakih 10 dana praćen broj lukovica sa vidljivim klicama. Kod proklijalih lukovica je izmerena dužina klica, dok su lukovice bez vidljivih klica, na kraju ogleda, presečene po dužini na pola kako bi se utvrdio unutrašnji porast klice. Pod uticajem MH, u zavisnosti od godine ispitivanja, masa tretiranih lukovica je bila manja za 9,5-10,6% u odnosu na masu neposredno pre unošenja u skladište. Efikasnost MH u sprečavanju klijanja crnog luka potvrđena je i preko značajno manjeg broja isklijalih lukovica, kao i parametara masa klice i dužina klice. Takođe, nakon iznošenja lukovica iz skladišta (temperatura 18-20 oC) ukupan procenat isklijalih lukovica u kontroli je bio 62-68%, a u tretmanu sa MH 10-16%. Unutrašnji porast klice nije uočen kod 53,3-54,8% tretiranih lukovica, dok je u kontroli odsustvo unutrašnjih klica zabeleženo kod 10,5-18,8% presečenih lukovica.Testing of the effects of maleic hydrazide (MH) and storage conditions on onion sprouting was conducted during the seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The trials were set up in the locality of Gospođinci. Maleic hydrazide was applied 21 days before the harvest using the commercial plant protection product Royal MH 30, in the quantity of 12.5 l -ha . During the storage period onion bulbs weight and number of sprouted bulbs, as well as the weight and length of sprouts per bilb were recorded each month (assessments I-VIII). Also, the loss of onion bulb weight compared to the beginning of the storage period was assessed at the end of the trial period. In order to determine sprouting level of onion bulbs after leaving the storage facility, the number of visibly sprouted onion bulbs was recorded every 10 days for a period of six weeks. Length of the sprout was measured on sprouted onion bulbs, while onion bulbs with no visible sprouts were cut in half at the end of the experiment, in order to determine the sprout growth inside the bulb. Under the MH treatment, depending on the trial year, weight of the treated onion bulbs was lower by 9.5-10.6%, compared to their pre-storage weight. Efficacy of MH in preventing onion sprouting was also confirmed with a significantly lower number of sprouted bulbs, as well the sprout length and weight parameters. Furthermore, after leaving the storage facilities (constant temperature 18-20oC) the total percentage of sprouted bulbs in the control was 62-68%, while in the MH treatment it was 10-16%. No internal sprouts were recorded in 53.3-54.8% of the treated onion bulbs, while in the control group only 10.5-18.8% of cut bulbs did not have internal sprouts
Morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characterization of Neofabraea alba, a postharvest pathogen of apple in Serbia
No full textNeofabraea spp. is one of the major causal agents of the postharvest decay of apple fruit. Bull’s eye rot can cause fruit rot, as well as tree canker. In Serbia, during February and March, 2017 and 2018, 56.3% of collected stored rotten apple fruits were found to be infected with Neofabraea spp. Using polymerase chain reaction, phylogenetic analysis, and morphological characterization, Neofabraea alba was identified as the causal agent of Bull’s eye rot. Twenty-five selected isolates were analyzed by DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer and 16 S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA. The phylogenetic analyses provided information on the distance between Neofabraea spp., while merged phylogenetic tree was required to give insight and clarify the relationships between isolates of Neofabraea alba. N. alba demonstrated pathogenicity on apple fruit as well as on branches, with significantly different aggressiveness among the isolates. Isolates were able to produce larger cankers and acervuli on apple branches with abundant sporulation All identified isolates were separated into two morphotypes and described based on their macromorphological characteristics on culture media. It was noticed that different culture media, pH, and temperature could affect macromorphological characteristics and development. Representative isolates were able to grow at a temperature range of 0 to 25 ◦C, above which only one isolate was able to grow on culture media. All isolates showed growth at a pH range of 2–10, with significant differences detected between isolates at different pH values. The type of cultivation medium significantly affected the size and shape of conidia, while the presence of the microconidia was recorded within isolates. The aim of this study was to identify the causal agents of Bull’s eye rot on stored apples in Serbia in the period 2017–2018 and characterize the obtained isolates based on pathogenic, morphological, physiological, and molecular criteria
Osetljivost dve vrste roda Cuscuta i njihovih domaćina na eterično ulje mirođije Anethum graveolens
No full textCilj ovog rada je bio da se in vitro ispita bioherbicidni uticaj eteričnog ulja mirođije
(Anethum graveolens) na klijanje i rani porast klijanaca dve parazitne cvetnice iz roda Cuscuta
(Cuscuta campestris i C. epithymum), kao i fitotoksični uticaj na klijanje i rani porast klijanaca
semena domaćina (lucerka i crvena detelina).
Etarsko ulje iz suvih listova mirođije dobijeno je hidrodestilacijom u Klevendžer
aparaturi. Identifikacija pojedinačnih komponenti testiranog etarskog ulja je urađena na
gasno-masenom spektrometru (GC/MS, Varian CP-3800/Saturn 2200). Naklijavanje semena
je rađeno u Petri šoljama sa po 25 dezinfikovanih semena u koje se nanosilo po 5 ml rastvora
eteričnog ulja u različitim koncentracijama. Rastvori su pripremani sa 0,5 ml eteričnog ulja i
Tween 20 u odnosu 1:1, rastvorenih u dejonizovanoj destilovanoj vodi da bi se dobio rastvor
od 1%. Ostale koncentarcije (0,01%, 0,1% i 0,5% v v-1) su dobijene razblaživanjem.
Dejonizovana voda sa rastvorom Tween 20 od 1,0% korišćena je kao kontrola. Petri šolje su
potom odložene u uslove mraka u inkubatoru na temperaturu od 28±1°C. Prebrojavanje
proklijalih semena rađeno je svakodnevno u trajanju od 6 dana, dok su poslednjeg dana
ogleda izmerene i dužine klijanaca.
Hemijskom analizom eteričnog ulja izolovanog iz listova mirođije je dobijeno da su
karvon (56,4 %), p-cimen (22,8 %) i -felandren (14 %) dominantne komponente.
Rezultati biotesta sa semenima su pokazali inhibitorni uticaj eteričnog ulja izolovanog
iz listova mirođije pri različitim koncentracijama na klijavost i rani porast klijanca obe vrste
roda Cuscuta. Naime, inhibicija klijanja semena C. campestris se kretala od 67% (rastvor konc.
0,01%) do 93,75% (rastvor konc. 0,5% i 1%), dok je kod semena C. epithymum inhibicija na
dve najviše koncentracije (0,5% i 1%) bila 100%, a na nižim 80%, odnosno 67% (0,1% i
0,01%). Sličan inhibitorni uticaj je zabeležen i za parametar dužina klijanaca. Pored ovoga, u
rezultatima biotesta su zabeleženi značajni fitotoksični efekti eteričnog ulja mirođije na
klijanje semena i rani porasta klijanaca domaćina (lucerka i crvena detelina). Crvena detelina
se pokazala kao osetljivija, jer je i pri najnižoj koncentraciji inhibicija klijanja bila 35%, a pri
višim se kretala od 70% do 100%. Nasuprot ovome inhibicija klijanja semena lucerke pri
nižim koncentracijama (0,1% i 0,01%) je bila 5%, dok je na višim koncentracijama zabeležena
veća inhibicija (36,25% - 100%). Buduća istraživanja moraju obuhvatiti oglede u saksijama,
kao i poljske mikrooglede da bi se utvrdili bioherbicidni, odnosno fitotoksični efekti na
testirane parazitne cvetnice i gajene vrste
Essential oil-based formulations for the control of postharvest brown rot
No full textBrown rot, caused by Monilinia spp., is one of the most important pre- and postharvest diseases of pome and stone fruit worldwide. The disease is controlled by multiple preharvest fungicide applications, since in most European countries including Serbia, postharvest application of fungicides is not allowed. To reduce the amount of synthetic pesticides in the environment and their residues in food products, eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides became an object of many studies. Our previous investigations showed that essential oils exhibit a great potential to be used as crop protectants against many fungal plant pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine whether essential oils could be effectively used against Monilinia laxa, Monilinia fructigena and Monilinia fructicola, the most important pathogens of the genus Monilinia in stone and pome fruit in Serbia. Cultures of M. laxa, M. fructigena and M. fructicola were exposed to a volatile phase of numerous essential oils, including tea tree oil that is already on the market as a biofungicide. The results showed that the volatile phase of a thyme and oregano oils exhibited the highest toxicity. Further experiments in vitro, using slightly modified agar overlay technique, showed that developed formulations (emulsifiable concentrates - EC) significantly inhibited mycelial growth of Monilinia spp. Experiments in vivo, performed on inoculated apple fruits, revealed that formulation process successfully decreased evaporation of the oils from the treated areas and provided significant level of Monilinia spp. suppression, 47-61% compared to the control. To our knowledge, EC formulation of the thyme and oregano essential oils for use against Monilinia spp. has never been developed before. Presented results are initial findings and, therefore, evaluation of the activity of the developed products should be continued under field conditions to determine efficacy and to estimate economic aspects of its use.Innovation and advanced technologies for managing postharvest pathogens - VI International Symposium on Post-harvest Pathology, Limassol, Cypru
Uticaj površinske dezinfekcije plodova breskve na pojavu truleži nakon berbe
No full textBreskva (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) predstavlja značajnu i cenjenu voćarsku vrstu u
Srbiji, kako zbog upotrebe plodova u svežem stanju, tako i za neki vid prerade, a posebno kao
izvozni artkal za Rusku Federaciju i zemlje Evropske unije. Među brojnim faktorima koji utiču
na proizvodnju zdravstveno bezbednog ploda visokog kvaliteta, ističu se prouzrokovači
biljnih bolesti, a posebno fitopatogene gljive. Osim patogena koji prouzrokuju značajne
gubitke tokom perioda vegitacije, mnoge fitopatogene gljive izazivaju ekonomski značajne
gubitke posle berbe, tokom perioda skladištenja, transporta i prodaje. Istraživanja pokazuju
da obolјenja uskladištenog voća predstavlјaju najznačajniji faktor gubitaka u proizvodnji koji
iznose 5 do 25% u razvijenim, odnosno do 50% u zemlјama u razvoju. Cilj ovog istraživanje
bio je da se prouči uticaj površinske dezinfekcije plodova breskve na pojavu truleži nakon
berbe.
Rezultati naših prethodnih istraživanja tokom 2021. godine pokazali su visoku
zastupljenost fitopatogenih gljiva, registrovanih na 44,3 do 70% plodova breskve, kao i veliki
diverzitet patogena na plodovima poreklom iz oba ispitivana zasada iz okoline Smedereva i
Topole. Takođe, kao najdestruktivniji prouzrokovači truleži plodova breskve istakle su se
vrste roda Monilinia. Tokom 2022. godina iz istih zasada prikupljeno je po 150 pojednačenih
plodova (sorte red heven i rojal glori) u fazi tehnološke zrelosti. Deo plodova je po
dopremanju u laboratoriju pojedinačno upakovan, raspoređen u gajbice po slučajnom blok
sistemu i inkubiran na sobnoj temperaturi u periodu od deset dana. Druga polovina plodova je
pre inkubacije površinski dezinfikovana potapanjem plodova u 0,5% rastvor natrijum
hipohlorita tokom 3 min, isprana destilovanom vodom, prosušena i na isti način inkubirana.
Pojava simptoma truleži na plodovima breskve praćena je svakodnevno. Nakon pojave
simptoma, iz plodova je vršena izolacija patogena primenom standardnih fitopatoloških
metoda. Po dobijanju čistih kultura, patogenost izolata proverena je na zrelim plodovima
breskve, a identifikacija patogena izvršena je na osnovu makroskopskih i mikroskopskih
morfoloških karakteristika izolata.
Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su prouzrokovači truleži bili visoko zastupljeni na
plodovima sa lokaliteta u Smederevu, na istom nivou kao i prethodne godine (73,3-77,3%),
dok je prisustvo fitopatogenih gljiva na lokalitetu u Topoli bilo značajno manje (9,3-10%). Na
plodovima sa lokaliteta u Smederevu vrste roda Monilinia bile su dominantni prouzrokovači
truleži (48-68% od ukupnog broja plodova, tj. 65,4-87,9% od plodova sa simptomima truleži),
dok je zastupljenost ovih vrsta na drugom ispitivanom lokalitetu bila značajno manja (4-4,7%
od ukupnog broja plodova, tj. 50-66,7% od plodova sa simptomima truleži). Rezultati su
pokazali da površinska dezinfekcija plodova nakon berbe ne utiče statistički značajno na
pojavu truleži plodova, odnosno da su detektovani patogeni bili prisutni latentno, u
plodovima i da postupak dezinfekcije nije inhibirao razvoj ovih patogena tokom perioda
inkubacije plodova. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na veliki značaj primene adekvatnih mera
suzbijanja ovih patogena na plodovima tokom perioda vegetacije
Sclerotinia minor – novi patogen zelene salate u Srbiji
No full textTokom 2021. i 2022. godine uočeno je propadanje biljaka zelene salate (Lactuca sativa)
u zaštićenom prostoru u tri značajna povrtarska proizvodna regiona na teritoriji Srbijie:
Zlatiborskom, Moravičkom i Topličkom okrugu. Sedam do 10 dana pre berbe, uočene su biljke
sa simptomima u vidu zaostajanja u porastu, hloroze donjih listova, uvenuća i propadanja. Na
obolelim biljkama salate zapažena je i pojava truleži korena i prizemnog dela stabla, praćena
propadanjem celih biljaka i pojavom sklerocija. U zavisnosti od lokaliteta, procenjena šteta
kretala se u rasponu od 10 do 55%.
Cilj ovog rada bila je identifikacija prouzrokovača uočenih promena na zaraženim
biljkama zelene salate. Iz sakupljenih uzoraka urađena je izolacija patogena primenom
standardnih mikoloških metoda. Patogenost 35 dobijenih izolata sa četiri lokaliteta na
teritoriji Potočanja, Trbušana i Blaca proverena je u stakleniku veštačkom inokulacijom
biljaka domaćina. Inokulum, pripremljen gajenjem izolata na sterilisanom zrnu pšenice, dodat
je u saksije sa odgajenim biljkama zelene salate sorte majska kraljica starosti 55 dana, dok je u
saksije sa kontrolnim biljkama dodato sterilisano zrno pšenice. Nakon inokulacije biljke su
zalivane vodom, a promene u vidu zaostajanja u porastu, poleganja, uvenuća i propadanja
biljaka praćene su svakodnevno. Posle sedam do 10 dana, sve biljke inokulisane patogenom
razvile su simptome bolesti, dok su kontrolne biljke ostale bez simptoma.
Dobijeni izolati identifikovani su na osnovu proučenih morfoloških karakteristika, a
identifikacija 14 reprezentativnih predstavnika potvrđena je na osnovu sekvence ITS
genomnog regiona umnoženog korišćenjem prajmera ITS1/ITS4. Svi izolati formirali su dobro
razvijenu belu, brzorastuću miceliju koja je u početku homogena i vazdušna, dok su kasnije
zapažene pamučaste radijalno raspoređene nakupine hifa. Nakon četiri dana od zasejavanja
uočeno je obilno formiranje sklerocija (>180 sklerocija po perti kutiji), prečnika ˂2 mm, crne
boje i nepravilnog oblika. Na osnovu morfoloških karakteristika, izolati su identifikovani kao
Sclerotinia minor. Analiza sekvence ITS regiona pokazala je 100% nukleotidne sličnosti sa
izolatima S. minor deponovanim u GenBank bazi podataka.
S. minor je široko rasprostranjen patogen različitih biljaka domaćina koji se gaje u
mnogim evropskim zemljama. U jugoistočnoj Evropi otkriven je samo u Severnoj Makedoniji
na suncokretu. Prema našim saznanjima, ovo je prvi izveštaj S. minor na zelenoj salati u Srbiji.
Iako je S. sclerotiorum trenutno dominantni patogen salate u zemlji, S. minor ima potencijal da
izazove značajne gubitke prinosa pod povoljnim uslovima. Precizna identifikacija i praćenje
promena kod patogena odgovornih za izazivanje bolesti zelene salate je ključno za kreiranje
efikasnih strategija suzbijanja prouzrokovača bolesti
Response of the mushroom pathogen Cladobotryum mycophilum to prochloraz and metrafenone fungicides and Streptomyces flavovirens actinobacteria
No full textAfter an outbreak of cobweb disease of cultivated button mushroom in Serbia in 2003, the isolated fungal pathogen was initially identified as Cladobotryum dendroides (teleomorph Hypomyces rosellus) based on morpho-physiological traits. Molecular analysis indicated re-classification of two strains (isolated in 2004 and 2007) as Cladobotryum mycophilum (teleomorph Hypomyces odoratus). However, subsequent analysis of further five strains (isolated over the period 2003-2010) within the frames of the present study, also confirmed their identification as the exclusive cobweb causal agent C. mycophilum. After artificial inoculation, the symptoms observed on harvested and growing mushrooms were consistent with the appearance of cobweb disease. Pathogen sensitivity to fungicides was estimated by probit analyses. Fungicide susceptibility tests showed that C. mycophilum strains were highly sensitive both to prochloraz (ED50 lt 0.087 mu g mL(-1)) and the newly introduced metrafenone (ED50 lt 0.15 mu g mL(-1)). Furthermore, the growth of all examined strains of C. mycophilum was significantly inhibited by the indigenous actinobacterial strain Streptomyces flavovirens A06. A dual culture assay showed after 72 h that the percentage of radial growth inhibition of the pathogen ranged from 22.38 to 55.73%. Our findings suggest that the antagonistic S. flavovirens A06 might be a potential candidate for controlling the cobweb disease of cultivated button mushroom
Diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe Species Associated with Postharvest Apple Fruit Decay in Serbia
No full textFamily Botryosphaeriaceae and the genus Diaporthe (family Diaporthaceae) represent diverse groups of plant pathogens, which include causal agents of leaf spot, shoot blight, branch and stem cankers, dieback, and pre- and postharvest apple fruit decay. Apple fruit with symptoms of light to dark brown decay were collected during and after harvest from 2016 to 2018. Thirty selected isolates, on which pathogenicity was confirmed, were identified and characterized based on multilocus phylogeny and morphology. Five species from the family Botryosphaeriaceae and two from the genus Diaporthe (fam. Diaporthaceae) were discovered. The most commonly isolated was Diplodia seriata followed by Botryosphaeria dothidea. In this work, Diaporthe rudis is described as a new postharvest pathogen of apple fruit. Diplodia bulgarica, Diplodia sapinea, Neofusicoccum yunnanense, and Diaporthe eres are initially described as postharvest apple and D. sapinea as postharvest quince and medlar fruit pathogens in Serbia. Because species of the family Botryosphaeriaceae and the genus Diaporthe are known to cause other diseases on their hosts, have an endophytic nature, and have a wide host range, findings from this study imply that they may become a new challenge for successful fruit production
Allelopathic potential of actinobacteria for weed control
No full textU laboratorijskim uslovima ispitivan je uticaj 10 sojeva aktinobakterija na klijanje semena i porast klijanaca kukuruza i divljeg sirka. Primarni inokulumi sojeva aktinobakterija su zasejani na tečnu skrobno-kazeinsku podlogu i stavljeni su na mućkanje na tresilicu 7 dana. U sterilne Petri kutije odbrojano je po 10 semena obe biljne vrste i dodato po 5ml filtrirane suspenzije aktinobakterija koje su odložene u termostat (26°C). Posle 7 dana mereni su dužina korenka i stabaoca, kao i broj isklijalih semena. Suspenzije svih 10 ispitivanih sojeva aktinobakterija imale su uticaja na klijanje semena i porast klijanaca kukuruza i sirka. Soj A18 pokazao se kao najbolji kandidat za dalja ispitivanja jer su utvrđene inhibicije za kukuruz bile manje od 35%, dok su za sirak bile veće od 90%.In laboratory conditions 10 actinobacteria strains were screened for germination and seedling growth of maize and Johnson grass. Primary inoculum of actiobacteria were grown in starch casein broth for 7 days in a shaking incubator. Ten seeds from both species, were placed inside sterile Petri dishes and moinsted with 5ml of the culture filtrate of actinobacteria and incubated at 26°C. After the period of 7 days, the percentage of germination was calculated and coleoptile and radicle length were measured. Suspensions of all 10 actinobacteria strains had an effect on seed germination and early seedling growth of maize and Johnson grass. The A18 strain proved to be the best candidate for further testing because the inhibitions for maize were less than 35% and for Johnson grass they were higher than 90%
Alelopatski efekti aktinobakterija na klijanje semena i rani porast klijanaca Teofrastove lipice (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.)
No full textThis study aimed to examine in vitro allelopathic effects of actinobacterial isolates on seed germination and early seedling growth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Thirty-five actinobacterial isolates were obtained from soil and compost in different phases of composting. Also, an experiment variant involving the herbicide mesotrione was set in the recommended amount of application, as a reference standard. The experimental results indicate statistically significant differences (p lt 0.05) between controls and all treatments with actinobacterial isolates regarding seed germination, and radical and shoot length. The highest inhibition (100%) was observed in seed germination and radical length in treatments with the isolates A10 and NOV2, compared to uninoculated starch casein broth (SCB) as control. Shoot length was shown to be the most sensitive parameter, where 100% inhibition was observed in the following treatments with actinobacteria: A010, A017, NOV2, NOV3, NOV4 and NOV5. Actinobacterial isolates showed a higher inhibitory effect on seed germination than treatment with the reference herbicide mesotrione.Alelopatski efekti aktinobakterija na klijanje semena i rani porast klijanaca Teofrastove lipice (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) REZIME Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispitaju alelopatski efekti aktinobakterijskih izolata u in vitro uslovima na klijavost semena i rani porast klijanaca semena Abutilon theophrasti. Iz zemlje i komposta u različitim fazama kompostiranja dobijeno je 35 izolata aktinobakterija. Takođe, u ogled je uključen i tretman herbicidom (mezotrion) u preporučenoj količini primene, kao referentni standard. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se utvrditi da postoji statistički značajna razlika (p lt 0,05) između kontrole (neinokulisana tečna skrobno-kazeinska podloga) i svih tretmana sa aktinobakterijskim izolatima na klijavost semena, dužinu korenka i stabaoceta. Najveća inhibicija (100%) klijanja semena i dužine korenka zabeležena je u tretmanima sa izolatima A10 i NOV2. Pokazalo se da je dužina stabaoceta osetljiviji parametar, jer je zabeležena inhibicija od 100% u većini tretmana A010, NOV2, NOV3, NOV4 i NOV5. Izolati aktinobakterija su pokazali veći inhibitorni efekat na klijanje semena u odnosu na tretman herbicidom mezotrionom