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Susceptibility of house mouse carriers of Tyr139Cys and Leu128Ser/Tyr139Cys VKOR variants to difenacoum
No full textAfter the vkorc1 gene was first identified, changes occurring in the gene have been considered one of the main reasons of reduced susceptibility of house mice to anticoagulants. A no-choice feeding test was conducted according to standard EPPO (2004) methodology. Animals were fed for 21 days on baits containing difenacoum 0.005%. All animals were bromadiolone-resistant. Seven months earlier, all test animals had survived a 21-day bromadiolone (0.005%) no-choice feeding test, and sequencing of their vkorc1 gene had revealed the presence of Tyr139Cys and Leu1258Ser/Tyr139Cys VKOR variant. There were no survivors in the no-choice difenacoum feeding test. Consumption was not affected by VKOR variant, sex or genotype. A higher lethal dose was confirmed for Leu128Ser/Tyr139Cys than Tyr139Cys carriers, for females than males, and for homozygotes than heterozygotes. Our research showed that difenacoum 0.005% was effective against house mice carrying the Tyr139Cys VKOR variant, whether it occurred independently or in combination with the Leu128Ser variant in the Vkorc1 gene
In Silico Investigation of Selected Pesticides and Their Determination in Agricultural Products Using QuEChERS Methodology and HPLC-DAD
No full textIn this study, we considered some pesticides as active substances within formulations for the protection of plant-based food in the Republic of Serbia in silico, because these pesticides have not often been investigated in this way previously, and in an analytical way, because there are not very many available fast, cheap, and easy methods for their determination in real agricultural samples. Seven pesticides were detected in selected agricultural products (tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, and grapes) using the QuEChERS methodology and HPLC-DAD. Standard curves for the investigated pesticides (chlorantraniliprole, methomyl, metalaxyl, thiacloprid, acetamiprid, emamectin benzoate, and cymoxanil) show good linearity, with R2 values from 0.9785 to 0.9996. The HPLC-DAD method is fast, and these pesticides can be determined in real spiked samples in less than 15 min. We further characterized the pesticides we found in food based on physicochemical properties and molecular descriptors to predict the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) of the compounds. We summarized the data supporting their effects on humans using various computational tools to determine their potential adverse effects. The results of our prediction study show that all of the selected pesticides considered in this study have good oral bioavailability, and those with high toxicity, therefore, could be harmful to human health. Chlorantraniliprole was shown in a molecular docking study as a good starting point for a new Alzheimer’s disease drug candidate
Photocatalytic degradation of a fungicide difenoconazole and residual toxicity of its degradation products
No full textWorldwide consumption of pesticide active ingredients reaches 2. 7 million tons per
year [l]. After being released into the environment significant portion of applied pesticides
ends up in surface water bodies affecting nontarget organisms. Due to high environmental
pollution, improvement in technological practices for water treatment has been a demand,
and advanced oxidation processes stand out as a prominent method. In this study,
photocatalytic degradation of a fungicide difenoconazole was investigated and residual
toxicity was assessed using zebrafish embr y os (Danio rerio ).
Difenoconazole has been subjected to photocatalytic degradation in presence of the
TiO2 Degussa P-25 catalyst and artificial illumination (Osram Ultra Vitalux 300 W).
Influence of different anions ( carbonate, sulphate and nitrate), concentration of pesticide and
mass of catalyst, on degradation process has been assessed. Decrease in absorbance
(Shimadzu 1800 UV spectrophotometer) served as an indicator of the pesticide
concentration in the reaction system. The environmental acceptability of the specified
degradation process was assessed for optimal circumstances of total photodegradation.
Residual toxicity of degradation product was assessed on the basis of toxicity comparison
of initial, partly and completely degraded samples, according to OECD 210 [2].
Embr y otoxicity assays were performed in triplicate and were terminated 120 hours post
fertilization (hpt).
According to the results of assays engaged in assessment of the influence of the ions
on photocatalytic processes, it was found that all ions have comparable catalytic effects on
the kinetics of the difenoconazole degradation process. The presence of sulphates and
carbonates had the greatest catalytic effect, while the nitrate ions showed the lowest catalytic
capacity (Fig. 1) . The most suitable conditions for photodegradation were obtained by using
0.2 g/1 of TiO2 and 5 mg/1 of difenoconazole solution at atmospheric conditions. The
embr y otoxicity assays followed the analytical examination. Comparison of results obtained
in embr y otoxicity assays of the initial solution, partly and completely degraded samples
confirmed suitability of applied degradation method. Significant decrease in toxicity,
compared to the initial solution, was registered in both degraded samples. Based on
cumulative mortality (120 hpt), medium lethal concentration (LCso) of difenoconazole is 1.4
mg/I, while the same parameter could not be determined in partly and completely degraded
samples, due to the lack of mortality (Fig. 2). According to the obtained results it can be concluded that engaged photocatalytic
degradation process is suitable for pesticide contamination water management
Da li je moguće efikasno suzbijanje Sclerotinia sclerotiorum bez narušavanja mikrobiološke ravnoteže u zemljištu?
No full textSclerotinia stem and root rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is considered to be an important soil-borne disease of over 400 plant species, including a wide range of species important for agriculture. In vitro and in vivo sensitivity of S. sclerotiorum to several commercial
fungicides and biofungicides was studied. The highest efficacy was achieved by boscalid (98%)
and fluopyram (80%), and the lowest by a B. subtilis-based product (5%). The isolate was sensitive to all tested products in vitro. Considering the tested synthetic fungicides, fluopyram exhibited the highest toxicity (EC50=0.003 mg/l), while captan exhibited the lowest (EC50=8.94mg/l). Even lower efficacy was achieved by tea tree oil and B. subtilis-based products. The environmental impact of pesticides and biopesticides used for Sclerotinia control was assessed. Modeling of predicted environmental concentrations in soil (PECsoil), coupled with literature toxicity data, served for assessment of pesticides soil risks. A high long-term risk for earthworms was revealed for captan and thiophanate-methyl. Based on both efficacy and risk assessment results, fluopyram was found to have the best properties of all tested conventional pesticides, while tea tree oil exerted better performance than the Bacillus product. Further investigation of combined use of conventional and biopesticides might reveal new perspectives regarding effective Sclerotinia control, while simultaneously reducing negative environmental impact.Sclerotinia sclerotiorum je kosmopolitski, polifagni patogen, koji parazitira preko 400 biljnih vrsta. U radu je ispitana osetljivost izolata S. sclerotiorum na nekoliko komercijalnih fungicida i biofungicida u laboratorijskim i uslovima in vivo. Najviša efikasnost je zabeležena u tretmanu boskalidom (98%) i fluopiramom (80%), a najniža u varijanti sa biološkim preparatom na bazi antagonističke bakterije B. subtilis (5%). U uslovima in vitro, izolat S. sclerotiorum je ispoljio osetljivost na sve testirane fungicide. Fluopiram (EC50=0.003 mg/l) je bio najtoksičniji za odabrani izolat, od svih preparata korišćenih u istraživanju, dok je kaptan (EC50=8.94mg/l)
ispoljio najnižu toksičnost među sintetičkim fungicidima. U tretmanima u kojima su primenjivani
biološki preparati na bazi ulja čajnog drveta i B. subtilis zabeleženo je najslabije dejstvo na
patogena in vitro. Još jedan od aspekata koji je proučavan u radu, bio je uticaj odabranih
fungicida i biofungicida na životnu sredinu. Modelovanje očekivanih koncentracija u zemljištu
(PEC soil), uz literaturne podatke o toksičnosti, korišćeni su u proceni rizika od pesticida za
organizme u zemljištu. Visok dugotrajan rizik za kišne gliste utvrđen je kod izloženosti kaptanu
i tiofanat-metilu. Na osnovu rezultata efikasnosti i procene rizika utvrđeno je da fluopiram ima
najbolja svojstva od svih ispitivanih konvencionalnih pesticida, dok su kod biopesticida na
bazi ulja čajnog drveta utvrđena bolja svojstva u odnosu na preparat koji sadrži sporogenu
bakteriju B. subtilis. Dalja ispitivanja efekata kombinovane primene konvencionalnih preparata
i biopesticida daće smernice za efikasnije suzbijanje S. sclerotiorum, uz smanjenje negativnih
efekata na životnu sredinu i neciljne organizme
Comparative toxicity of spinetoram to the greenhouse whitefly and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa
No full textThe assessment of chemical toxicity towards target and non-target organisms is
required when Integrated Pest Management programs are adopted. Spinetoram, a semi-
synthetic analogue of the microbial-derived bioinsecticide spinosad, is widely used to control
insect pest populations in agricultural crops. However, spinetoram toxicity towards the
greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its
successful biological control agent, the parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae), has been scarcely documented. We assessed the acute toxicity of spinetoram
insecticide (25 % a.i.) to adults and nymphs of the whitefly, as well as to adult and pupal stage
of the parasitoid in laboratory conditions. In all dose-response bioassays a Potter spray tower
was used to apply the insecticide to tobacco leaves settled onto 1 % agar layer in ventilated
Petri dishes. Adults of both pest and parasitoid were exposed for 48 h to dry residues, while
whitefly nymphs and parasitoid pupae were directly sprayed with a series of spinetoram
concentrations, covering a range of 10-90 % mortality. The following median Lethal
Concentrations (LC50s) were estimated: 4.593 and 15.027 mg a.i./l for whitefly adults and
nymphs, respectively, and 0.686 and 1.715 mg a.i./l for parasitoid adults and pupae,
respectively. The calculated selectivity ratio (LC50 parasitoid/ LC50 whitefly) indicated the non-
selective nature of spinetoram towards both tested stages of the parasitoid. However, a more
comprehensive risk-assessment for E. formosa involved in the integrated use of spinetoram
insecticide within whitefly management requires further evaluation of the sublethal effects and
greenhouse trials, aiming to highlight population-level responses.Working Group “Integrated Control of Protected Crops, Temperate and Mediterranean Climate”
Preceedings of the Joint Meeting at Brest (France), 27-31 August, 202
Suppression of Monilinia Brown Rot by Bacillus spp. Strains
No full textBrown rot caused by Monilinia spp. is one of the main causes of pre- and postharvest losses
in stone and pome fruit production. The use of beneficial microorganisms is considered one of the
most promising, safe and effective alternative methods for controlling these pathogens. This study
aimed to investigate the antagonistic potential of 33 Bacillus spp. strains, in order to identify the
best candidate for brown rot biocontrol. Strains identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-241 and
Bacillus subtilis B-313 and B-358 were chosen for further ex situ studies on detached apple fruit. The
efficacy of B-241 (87.1–93.7%) did not differ significantly from a commercially available synthetic
fungicide (p > 0.05). The putative mode of action of B. amyloliquefaciens B-241 against Monilinia species
is competition for nutrients and antibiosis. The ethyl acetate extract of the strain, applied at 5 and
12.5 mg/mL, was bioactive in vitro and ex situ. A HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of surfactin
and bacillomycin D in the extract. However, before developing a shelf-stable product and commercial
production, the spectrum and efficacy on a larger scale of the B-241 strain should be determined, and
its efficacy in combination with commercial biofungicides and fungicides tested in vivo.Supplementary material available at [https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/agronomy13112839/s1
Advanced technology for photocatalytic degradation of thiophanate-methyl: Degradation pathways, DFT calculations and embryotoxic potential
No full textThis study focuses on establishing an efficient two-step technology, which includes: (1) consecutive adsorptiondesorption,
using cellulose-based membranes, bCells, and (2) photocatalytic degradation of the fungicide
thiophanate-methyl (TPM), using synthesized Ag-P25 and Ce-P25 catalysts. The catalysts, obtained by
controlled deposition of Ag2O/Ag and CeO2 onto P25 TiO2 carrier (Degussa), were characterized using ATRFTIR,
XRPD, BET, FESEM, HRTEM, HAADF-EDS and UV–DRS techniques. In order to establish a feasible purification
technology, preconcentration of TPM was performed by adsorption, achieving 75.5 and 92.9 mg/g of
TPM removal using bCell-EpL and bCell–EpL–TA membranes, respectively, followed by efficient desorption (>
95%) that provided acceptable TPM concentration for photodegradation experiments. Under optimal conditions
(0.07 g/L of both catalysts), complete degradation of TPM (5 mg/L) occurred within 2 h, compared to 4 h for the
base TiO2 P25. Measurements of quantum yield and the results of HPLC-MS analysis, alongside DFT calculation,
assisted in understanding the TPM degradation pathways. New degradation products were detected and proposed
from HPLC–MS analysis. Embryotoxic assays, performed on zebrafish (Danio rerio), applied to estimate the
toxicity evolution of time-dependent generated TPM degradation products, showed low embryotoxic potential.
Chemical oxygen demand (26 mg O2/L) confirmed low ecotoxicological pressure of effluent water
Antifungal activity of medicinal and aromatic plant essential oils against Trichoderma species - Edible mushroom pathogens
No full textNa osnovu morfoloških, ekoloških i molekularnih karakteristika ITS i tef-1α regiona, identifikovani su prouzrokovači zelene plesni jestivih gljiva (bukovače i šiitake) u Srbiji i Severnoj Makedoniji: Trichoderma pleuroti, Trichoderma pleuroticola i Trichoderma harzianum kompleks vrsta (THSC). U okviru Trichodema harzianum kompleksa iz gajilišta jestivih gljiva (šampinjona, bukovače i šiitake) u Srbiji, identifikovane su vrste: Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma atrobrunneum, Trichoderma guizhouense, Trichoderma simmonsii i Trichoderma cf. harzianum. U istraživanja su uključeni i izolati vrsta T. pleuroti i T. pleuroticola sa bukovače iz Mađarske i Hrvatske, kao i izolati vrste Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum sa šampinjona iz Srbije.
U cilju pronalaženja efikasnog bioagensa za zaštitu jestivih gljiva od zelene plesni, ispitano je antifungalno delovanje etarskih ulja prema različitim vrstama roda Trichoderma, prouzrokovačima zelene plesni šampinjona, bukovače i šiitake. Ispitan je kvantitativni i kvalitativni sastav i antifungalno delovanje 11 etarskih ulja ekstrahovanih iz lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja poreklom iz Srbije: divlje nane, pitome nane, majčine dušice, bosiljka, jele, bora, tuje, kleke, hajdučke trave, kantariona i mirođije. Antifungalno delovanje određeno je primenom različitih in vitro metoda (kontaktne i fumingantne; mikrodilucione i makrodilucione).
Etarska ulja mirođije i majčine dušice ispoljila su fungicidno delovanje prema svim ispitivanim patogenim vrstama roda Trichoderma primenom kontaktne mikrodilucione metode. Etarska ulja divlje i pitome nane ispoljila su fungicidni efekat samo prema prouzrokovačima zelene plesni bukovače i šiitake. Najbolje inhibitorno kontaktno delovanje prema svim ispitivanim vrstama roda Trichoderma ispoljilo je etarsko ulje mirođije, zatim ulja biljaka iz familije Lamiaceae (majčina dušica, divlja nana, pitoma nana i bosiljak). Dominantne komponente u sastavima etarskih ulja bile su: mirođija – karvon, limonen i α-felandren; majčina dušica – geraniol, karvakrol i timol; pitoma nana – mentol i menton; divlja nana – 1,8-cineol, linalol i mentil acetat i bosiljak – linalol i metil kavikol. Probit analizom utvrđen je visok nivo osetljivosti Trichoderma spp. izolata prema kontaktnom delovanju etarskog ulja mirođije. Delimično inhibitorno delovanje ispoljila su etarska ulja hajdučke trave i četiri zimzelene biljke (jela, kleka, tuja i bor), dok je za etarsko ulje kantariona zabeleženo stimulativnio delovanje na porast patogenih gljiva. Dominantne komponente u sastavima etarskih ulja bile su: tuja – α-pinen i β-3-karen; kleka – α-pinen, mircen i sabinen; jela – p-menta-2,4(8)-dien, triciklen i kamfen; bor – α-pinen i β-pinen; hajdučka trava – β-pinen, 1,8-cineol, β-kariofilen i kamfor i kantarion – β-kariofilen, 2-metil oktan, (E)-β-farnesen i α-pinen.
Primenom makrodilucione fumigantne metode određen je efekat gasovite faze testiranih ulja na klijanje spora i porast micelije testiranih vrsta roda Trichoderma. Najbolje antifungalno delovanje primenom ove metode pokazala su etarska ulja biljaka iz familije Lamiaceae sa potpunom inhibicijom porasta micelije svih patogenih vrsta, kao i etarsko ulje mirođije sa potpunom ili delimičnom inhibicijom porasta micelije patogena.
Primenom Checkerboard metode ispitan je efekat kombinacija tri etarska ulja, a najbolje antifungalno delovanje je pokazala kombinacija mirođija-divlja nana, kod koje je zabeležen sinergistički efekat delovanja pema osam od devet testiranih vrsta roda Trichoderma.
Osetljivost izolata Trichoderma spp. prema fungicidima prohlorazu i metrafenonu ispitana je primenom in vitro makrodilucione metode. Svi testirani izolati Trichoderma spp. pokazali su visoku osetljivost prema oba fungicida. Određena je selektivna toksičnost (indeks selektivnosti) za fungicide prohloraz i metrafenon, kao i etarsko ulje mirođije na osnovu toksičnosti ovih jedinjenja za patogene gljive sa jedne i jestive gljive (domaćine) sa druge strane. Najbolju selektivnu toksičnost za bukovaču i šiitake pokazao je prohloraz, dok je metrafenon bio bolji za šampinjon.
Efikasnost etarskog ulja mirođije, biofungicida na bazi azadiraktina i fungicida prohloraza prema T. aggressivum f. europaeum ocenjena je u oglednom gajilištu šampinjona. Najveća efikasnost postignuta je primenom fungicida prohloraza i biofungicida na bazi azadiraktina u standardnim dozama primene. Etarsko ulje mirođije u dozi primene od 2% ispoljilo je statistički značajno veću efikasnost u poređenju sa etarskim uljem mirođije primenjenim u dozi od 1%. Sva testirana antifungalna jedinjena u oglednom gajilištu su delovala pozitivno na prinos šampinjona. Ispitivanjem prirode međusobnog dejstva ulja mirođije i fungicida prohloraza zabeležen je aditivni efekat kod efikasnosti u suzbijanju patogena i sinergistički u uticaju na prinos.
Na osnovu rezultata dobijenih u in vitro i in vivo ispitivanjima kao i prirode zajedničkog dejstva sa fungicidom, etarsko ulje mirođije se može preporučiti za formulisanje preparata koji bi se koristio kao deo uspešne i ekološki opravdane strategije suzbijanja prouzrokovača zelene plesni jestivih gljiva. Za etarska ulja majčine dušice, pitome nane, divlje nane i bosiljka preporučuju se dalja in vivo proučavanja kako bi se mogla koristiti kao dodaci ili glavne komponente novih formulisanih biopreparata.Based on morphological, ecological and mycological characteristics of ITS and tef-1α regions, the causal agents of green mould disease of edible mushrooms (oyster and shiitake) from farms in Serbia and North Macedonia: Trichoderma pleuroti, Trichoderma pleuroticola and Trichoderma harzianum species complex (THSC), were identified. Within the Trichodema harzianum species complex from farms of edible mushrooms (button mushroom, oyster and shiitake) in Serbia, Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma atrobrunneum, Trichoderma guizhouense, Trichoderma simmonsii and Trichoderma cf. harzianum were identified. The isolates of T. pleuroti and T. pleuroticola species from Hungary and Croatia, as well as isolates of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum from Serbia were included in research.
In order to find an effective biological control agent, antifungal activity of the essential oils to several Trichoderma species, the causal agents of green mould disease of edible mushrooms, were tested. The qualitative and quantitative content and antifungal activity of 11 essential oils extracted from medicinal and aromatic plants from Serbia: spearmint, peppermint, thyme, basil, fir, pine, thuja, juniper, yarrow, St. John's wort and dill, were investigated. Antifungal activity of essential oils was determined using several in vitro methods (contact and fumigant; microdilution and macrodilution).
Using the contact microdilution method, essential oils of dill and thyme exhibited fungicidal activity against all tested Trichoderma species. Essential oils of spearmint and peppermint exibited fungicidal activity only against Trichoderma species isolated form shiitake and oyster mushroom. The dill essential oil has shown the strongest inhibitory activity to all tested pathogenic Trichoderma species, followed by four oils of Lamiaceae plants (thyme, spearmint, peppermint and basil). The contact activity of dill essential oil was confirmed using the macrodilution method, and high sensitivity of Trichoderma spp. isolates was confirmed using regression analysis. The main components in the compositions of essential oils were: dill – carvone, limonene and α-phellandrene; thyme – geraniol, carvacrol and thymol; peppermint – menthol and menthone; spearmint – 1,8-cineole, linalool and menthyl acetate and basil – linalool i methyl chavikol. Essential oils of yarrow and four evergreen plants (fir, juniper, thuja and pine) was shown a partially inhibitory activity, while the St. John’s wort oil was stimulated mycelial growth of all tested Trichoderma species. The main components in the compositions of essential oils were: thuja – α-pinene and β-3-carene; juniper – α-pinene, myrcene and sabinene; fir – p-mentha-2,4(8)-diene, tricyclene and camphene; pine – α-pinene and β-pinene; yarrow – β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, β-caryophyllene and camphor and St. John's wort – β-caryophyllene, 2-methyl octane, (E)-β-farnesene and α-pinene.
The effects of the volatile phase of essential oils on spores and mycelia were studied using macrodilution fumigant method. The strongest activity was demonstrated by essential oils of four plants from Lamiaceae family causing total inhibition of mycelial growth of all tested Trichoderma species, as well as dill essential oil which caused total or partial inhibition of mycelial growth.
Using the Checkerboard method, the synergistic activity of three essential oils combinations were tested, and the dill-spearmint essential oil combination has demonstrated the strongest activity against eight out of nine tested Trichoderma species.
Using the macrodilution method and probit analysis, the sensitivity of Trichoderma spp. isolates to the fungicides metrafenone and prochloraz were determined. All examined isolates were found to be highly sensitive to both fungicides tested. Considering the susceptibility of host fungi to the fungicides and dill essential oil, the selective toxicity was determined. The fungicide prochloraz was shown the best selective toxicity for oyster mushroom and shiitake, while the fungicide metrafenone was better for button mushroom.
The efficacy of dill essential oil, biofungicide based on azadirachtin and fungicide prochloraz was evaluated against T. aggressivum f. europaeum in experimental mushroom growing room. Prochloraz and biofungicide based on azadirachtin showed the highiest efficacy against the pathogen. The dill essential oil applied in a dose of 2% showed statisticaly significant highier efficacy than the dill essential oil applied in a dose of 1%. All tested antifungal compounds applied in experimental mushroom growing room showed positive effect on the button muhroom yield. The combination of prochloraz and dill essential oil showed additive reaction against pathogen, while the combination of prochloraz and dill essential oil showed synergistic reaction in effect on mushroom yield.
The results of in vitro and in vivo tests indicate that dill essential oil can be used as a biopreparation for the ecologicaly suitable control of green mould of edible mushrooms. Additionaly, the results have shown that the essential oils of thyme, peppermint, spearmint and basil have the potential for further in vivo experiments in order to be used as additives or main components of new formulated biopreparations
Rasprostranjenost vrsta roda Monilinia na plodovima trešnje i višnje
No full textTrešnja (Prunus avium L.) i višnja (Prunus cerasus L.) predstavljaju veoma cenjene
voćarske vrste u Srbiji. Plodovi trešnje koji uz jagodu pristižu kao najranije sezonsko voće i
plodovi višnje koji se koriste kao važna sirovina za razne vidove prerade, osim velikog značaja
u ishrani ljudi u našoj zemlji, značajno doprinose ekonomskom razvoju kroz izvoz plodova za
Rusku Federaciju i zemlje Evropske unije. Mrka trulež plodova koju prouzrokuju fitopatogene
gljive iz roda Monilinia ograničavajući su faktor koji utiče na proizvodnju ovih plodova, kako
tokom vegetacije, tako i posle berbe, tokom skladištenja, transporta i prodaje. U godinama sa
izuzetno povoljnim uslovima za razvoj bolesti, kao što je bila velika količina padavina tokom
perioda cvetanja u proleće 2023. godine, poseban je izazov proizvesti zdrave plodove trešnje i
višnje visokog kvaliteta. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi učestalost i diverzitet vrsta roda
Monilinia na plodovima trešnje i višnje u najznačajnijim proizvodnim regionima u Srbiji.
Tokom 2023. godine prikupljeni su plodovi iz 13 zasada trešnje i osam zasada višnje.
Sa svakog lokaliteta je prikupljeno po 150 plodova koji su činili pojedinačni uzorak iz kojeg je
izvršena izolacija patogena primenom standardnih fitopatoloških metoda. Po dobijanju čistih
kultura, identifikacija patogena izvršena je na osnovu proučavanja makroskopskih i
mikroskopskih morfoloških karakteristika izolata, a identifikacija je potvrđena primenom
molekularnih metoda detekcije. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su prouzrokovači mrke truleži visoko zastupljeni
na plodovima trešnje i višnje u Srbiji, kao i da je dominatni prouzrokovač vrsta M. laxa. Vrste
roda Monilina su detektovane u ukupno 10 zasada trešnje i sedam zasada višnje. Procenat
dobijenih izolata identifikovanih kao vrsta M. laxa bio je u rasponu od 53 do 100% iz uzoraka
trešnje i 80 do 100% iz uzoraka višnje. Vrsta M. fructigena detektovana je u malom broju
zasada i procentu – u četiri zasada trešnje (5-25%) i jednom zasadu višnje (10%). Prisustvo
M. fructicola na trešnji detektovano je u tri zasada u okolini Beograda (25-46%) i jednom
zasadu višnje u okolini Zrenanjina (4%). U tri zasada trešnje i jednom zasadu višnje nije
detektovano prisustvo vrsta roda Monilinia.
Dobijeni rezultati nedvosmisleno pokazuju da je vrsta M. laxa najdominantnija vrsta
ovog roda detektovana na trešnji i višnji u Srbiji, ali i da je vrsta M. fructicola prisutna u
zasadima trešnje i višnje u značajnom procentu
Antioxidant system response of Chenopodium murale L. seedlings to phytotoxicity of Sorghum halepense L. rhizome extract
No full textThe use of bioherbicides offers the possibility to suppress harmful weeds by ecologically acceptable
methods and thus increase crop productivity. Progress in understanding the mechanisms
of bioherbicides action and weed defense response mechanisms, could help in defining
novel weed control strategies. This work highlights the bioherbicide potential of rhizomes of Sorghum
halepense L., characterized by a high content of phenolic acids, especially p-hydroxybenzoic
acid (pHB A) and chlorogenic acid (CHL A). Methanol extract of S. halepense rhizome (SHR), and its
major bioactive principles, displayed phytotoxic effects against Chenopodium murale L., which is a
common weed of fields and roadsides. Besides reduction in C. murale seed germination, rhizome
extract of S. halepense applied in the concentrations of O.Q1, 0.1, 1 and 2 mg/ml, induced changes
in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in seedlings. Catalase (CAT) activity was increased, while
peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were generally decreased, with a few
exceptions (increased POX and SOD activities at 0.1 mg/ml at O.Q1 mg/ml SHR, respectively), suggesting
that CAT is the major responsible for the elimination of reactive oxygen species generated
during the exposure of C. murale seedlings to SHR. Application of CHL A induced changes in the
activities of antioxidant enzymes, similar to those observed on SHR treatments. The treatment
with pHB A did not significantly change the activity of POX and SOD, while CAT activity was significantly
increased at all applied concentrations. These data highlight the phytotoxic potential as
a highly efficient strategy of S. halepenseto invade new habitats