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Vrste roda Parthenolecanium (Hemiptera: Coccidae) u urbanim sredinama u Srbiji
No full textFour species of soft scales from the genus Parthenolecanium have been registered in
urban areas in Serbia: Parthenolecanium corni, P. fletcheri, P. pomeranicum, and P. rufulum.
They all develop one generation annually and overwinter as second-instar nymphs on host
twigs. P. corni reproduces by gamogenesis, while the other three species reproduce by
parthenogenesis. The species were recorded on the territory of Serbia in 22 locations on
20 host plants, whereby P. corni was identified on 8 new host plants, and P. fletheri on one
new host. The intensity of scale attacks and damage symptoms on the infested plants were
variable. P. corni, P. fletcheri, and P. rufulum formed numerous colonies on some woody and
bushy plants, causing branches of individual plants to dry and decay.U urbanim sredinama u Srbiji registrovane su četiri vrste štitastih vaši iz roda Parthenolecanium,
i to: Parthenolecanium corni, P. fletcheri, P. pomeranicum i P. rufulum. Sve utvrđene vrste razvijaju
jednu generaciju godišnje i prezimljavaju u stadijumu larve drugog stupnja na grančicama
domaćina. P. corni se razmnožava gamogenezom, dok se ostale vrste razmnožavaju
partenogenezom. Utvrđene vrste zabeležene su na području Srbije u 22 lokaliteta na 20
biljaka domaćina, pri čemu je P. corni utvrđena na 8 novih biljaka domaćina, a P. fletheri na
jednom novom domaćinu. Intenzitet napada vaši kao i simptomi oštećenja na infestiranim
biljkama su se razlikovali. Na pojedinim drvenastim i žbunastim biljkama, vrste P. corni, P.
fletcheri i P. rufulum, su obrazovale brojne kolonije prouzrokujući sušenje grana i propadanje
pojedinačnih biljak
Epidemiological role of novel and already known ‘Ca. P. solani’ cixiid vectors in rubbery taproot disease of sugar beet in Serbia
No full textRubbery taproot disease (RTD) of sugar beet was recently associated with the plant pathogenic
bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (CaPsol) and reported throughout the Pannonian
Plain with variations in severity. Tracing CaPsol epidemiological pathways was performed in the
experimental sugar beet field in Rimski Šančevi (Serbia) in 2020–2021, where an RTD outbreak
was recently recorded. A molecular epidemiology approach was applied to the study of three RTD
occurrence scenarios: epidemic, non-epidemic and ‘absence of RTD’. As a result, Hyalesthes obsoletus
ex Convolvulus arvensis was detected as a CaPsol vector to sugar beet, while two other cixiids
were identified for the first time as vectors of the CaPsol-induced plant disease in crops: Reptalus
quinquecostatus and R. cuspidatus. R. quinquecostatus was proposed culpable for the 2020 RTD
epidemic outbreak in Rimski Šančevi when dSTOLg CaPsol strain predominated in the RTD-affected
sugar beet, whereas R. cuspidatus had a negligible role in RTD occurrence and displayed ambiguous
involvement in CaPsol epidemiology on a wider scale. The temporal discrepancy of the offset of CaPsol
dissemination and disease occurrence is the main obstacle in predicting CaPsol-induced diseases.
Predicting disease occurrence and severity can only be achieved by gaining a better understanding of
CaPsol epidemiological pathways and insect vectors involved in disease outbreaks
Diversity of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidomorpha) landing on nectarine trees in the orchards in Serbia
No full textSeveral aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) can cause direct feeding damage to nectarines. Many winged aphid species fly over from other plants, making short feeding trials on nectarine in search of a host plant. Some of them play an important role in the transmission of plant viruses and cause indirect damage to this plant. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity of aphids landing on nectarine trees, with particular reference to the species described in the literature as known vectors of Plum Pox Virus (PPV). The study was conducted in important nectarine growing areas in Serbia, at Topola and Sr. Mitrovica sites, during the three-year study (2020–2022). The sticky shoot method was used to capture winged aphids that landed on the nectarine leaves during the growing season. Every 10–15 days, two shoots on five randomly selected trees were sprayed with glue. The aphids from the shoots were treated with turpentine and soapy water and preserved in 70% ethanol. Aphids were identified morphologically and molecularly through PCR techniques. During the study, 388 aphid specimens were collected (286 in Topola and 102 in Sr. Mitrovica). The highest total number of aphids was caught in 2020 (309). In the two following years, a much lower number of aphids was recorded (18 in 2021 and 61 in 2022). Aphid population dynamics fluctuated greatly during the growing season. Maximum population density of aphids and maximum potential vector activity were detected in May–June at both sites in all three years. The highest density (5.2 specimens per shoot) was detected at the Topola site on 10th May 2020. The collected specimens were classified into 43 different taxa. The most abundant species belong to the genera Aphis, Rhopalosiphum, and Therioaphis. One of the most abundant species at the Topola sites was Viteus vitifoliae (Phylloxeridae). The identification of this species was confirmed by molecular techniques. Several species collected in this study (Aphis craccivora, A. fabae, A. gossypii, A. pomi/spiraecola, Hyalopterus pruni, Macrosiphum rosae, Myzus persicae, Phorodon humuli, Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. padi) are potential vectors of PPV. The proportion of known PPV vectors in the total number of detected aphids on nectarine was 8.03, 33.33 and 20.75% in Topola, and 17.60, 33.33, and 50% in Sr. Mitorvica in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively
Overview of the predatory mite complexes (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Serbia
No full textAn overview of the diversity and structures of phytoseiid complexes in Serbia is presented. In the period 1981-2022, we created a database of 51 species of phytoseiids from 15 genera and 3 subfamilies, collected on 213 plant species from 142 genera and 57 families throughout Serbia. Using the constancy index (C, %) and the Jaccard index, we analyzed data on phytoseiids collected on the plant genera Malus, Prunus, Corylus, Rubus, Juglans, Quercus, and Vitis. The cohabitation analysis showed the presence of single species, two, three or four species in phytoseiid complexes (71.4%, 21.4%, 5.6% and 1.6% of cases, respectively). We analyzed the complementarity of species in coexistence, especially in cases where two species were present. Following the classification of phytoseiids by life strategies, we identified 12 different combinations of pairs, of which the most frequent combinations were: III-b – IV, III-a – IV, III-a – II-b, III-b – III-b and III-a – III-a. In general, the most common phytoseiid species in Serbia are: Euseius finlandicus, a generalist of group IV, Typhlodromus (A.) rhenanus and Amblyseius andersoni, both generalists of group III-b, Kampimodromus aberrans and Neoseiulella tiliarum, both generalists of group III-a. The analysis of the interspecific association of phytoseiids on the selected plant genera revealed highly significant and significant values: a) positive: A. andersoni (III-b) – T. (A.) rhenanus (III-b) – Paraseiulus soleiger (I-c) on Malus spp.; Neoseiulus aceri (III-b) – Phytoseius echinus (III-a), Phytoseius macropilis (III-a) – Paraseiulus soleiger (I-c), Typhlodromus pyri (III-a) – Phytoseius corniger (III-a) on Prunus spp.; E. finlandicus (IV) – N. tiliarum (III-a) on Rubus spp.; and b) negative: E. finlandicus (IV) – K. aberrans (III-a) and E. finlandicus (IV) – P. macropilis (IIIa) on Prunus spp.; E. finlandicus (IV) – Phytoseius malshenkovae (III-a) on Rubus spp.
Prisustvo i genotipizacija stolbur fitoplazme i endosimbionta Wolbachia u populaciji cikade Hyalesthes obsoletus
No full textCikada Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret 1865 (Fulgoromorpha: Hemiptera: Cixiidae) je
primarni vektor fitopatogene bakterije 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (stolbur fitoplazma)
koja izaziva oboljenja brojnih gajenih biljaka u Srbiji i širom Evrope. Populacije H. obsoletus
asocirane sa korovskom vrstom Convolvulus arvensis dovode se u vezu sa nekoliko biljnih
bolesti izazvanih 'Ca. P. solani' infekcijom u Srbiji, kao što su Bois Noir vinove loze, stolbur
krompira i gumoza šećerne repe. Istraživanja mikrobiote H. obsoletus su pokazala prisustvo
nekolicine endosimbionata, među kojima su i Gram-negativne bakterije Wolbachia,
intracelularni paraziti reproduktivnih tkiva Arthropoda. Wolbachia su odgovorne za pojavu
brojnih fenomena reproduktivne manipulacije insektom domaćinom i pokazale su
antipatogeno dejstvo protiv nekolicine virusa i bakterija. Zabeleženi mehanizmi delovanja na
različite patogene uključuju borbu za resurse ili aktivaciju imunog odgovora domaćina, što uz
efekat citoplazmatske inkompatibilnosti (CI) čini Wolbachia kandidatima za biološku kontrolu
bolesti koje prenose insekti vektori.
Cilj prikazanog istraživanja bilo je testiranje prisustva i molekularna karakterizacija
'Ca. P. solani' i Wolbachia u populaciji vektora H. obsoletus sa C. arvensis u Srbiji. Uzorci
odabrane populacije insekta su sakupljeni u julu 2021. godine na lokalitetu Rimski Šančevi u
Novom Sadu. Detekcija fitopatogene bakterije i endosimbionta je urađena primenom PCR
metode i to umnožavanjem stamp gena specifičnog za stolbur fitoplazmu i ftsZ gena u
analizama prisustva Wolbachia. Dobijeni amplikoni su sekvencirani kako bi se utvrdio
genetički diverzitet oba mikroorganizma u populaciji insekta vektora.
Stepen infekcije stolbur fitoplazmom populacije H. obsoletus iznosio je 50%. Deset 'Ca.
P. solani'-inficiranih jedinki, i isto toliko 'Ca. P. solani'-negativnih insekata, uz podjednak udeo
mužjaka i ženki, dalje je analizirano na prisustvo Wolbachia. Kod 18/20 analiziranih uzoraka
je utvrđeno prisustvo Wolbachia. Dva primerka mužjaka su bila negativna od kojih je jedan
'Ca. P. solani'-inficiran, dok drugi nije. Identifikovano je ukupno 4 prethodno poznata stamp
genotipa stolbur fitoplazme (Rqg31, STOL, M5 i Rqg50), dok je u slučaju Wolbachia
detektovan samo jedan ftsZ genotip kod svih uzoraka. Poređenjem sekvence dobijenog
genotipa sa sekvencama dostupnim u NCBI banci gena primenom BLAST algoritma utvrđeno
je da detektovani genotip nije do sada prijavljen. Prisustvo novog genotipa, nazvanog WHo1,
je ujedno i prvi podatak o ftsZ genotipu Wolbachia iz domaćina H. obsoletus.
Korelaciju između prisustva određenih 'Ca. P. solani' i Wolbachia genotipova u
domaćinu H. obsoletus nije bilo moguće utvrditi na analiziranom uzorku, kao ni to da li
detektovani Wolbachia soj ima antipatogeno dejstvo na stolbur fitoplazmu. Sveobuhvatniji
uzorak bi dao uvid u efekat Wolbachia na komponente fitnesa i infektivnost domaćina što bi
doprinelo testiranju strategija primene Wolbachia u biološkoj kontroli vektora ili samih
biljnih patogena
Influence of the solution pH value on the adsorption of carbamate pesticide methomyl onto synthetized Cobalt-Beta Zeolite
No full textEnvironmental pollution is a reality of modern human society, so in many countries
around the world, constant efforts are being made to reduce the negative impact of this
phenomenon on the health and quality of life of the human population, as well as the
environment [1]. It has been proven that exposure of the organism to pesticides and their
decomposition products can have carcinogenic and mutagenic effects, and the toxicity of
pesticides certainly causes cell damage and the creation of metabolites harmful to the
organism [2].
According to the broad spectra of the possibility of environmental and human
contamination by pesticides from water and soil worldwide, extensive research and
development of safe technologies for its effective removal was initiated. Adsorption is one
of the most commonly used and most suitable considered methods as a simple, efficient, and
highly effective method for pesticide removal from aqueous solutions [3]. The application
of modern technologies in the production of materials in the field of water purification has
enabled the development of various modified and functionalized high-capacity adsorbents,
which should be thermostable, highly porous, with a good balance between micropores and
macropores, and with the possibility of multiple applications, minimal environmental impact
and financially viable in terms of exploitation [4]. Zeolites are crystalline
microporousalumosilicate minerals that are framework silicates built by SiO4 and AlO4
tetrahedrons. Beta zeolite can be defined as a zeolite with high silicon content and a threedimensional
structure built by perpendicular 12-ring channel systems characteristic of the
three polymorphs [5]. Modifying zeolite structure is essential to improve the characteristics
of zeolite in some industrial processes. Modification of zeolite by metal is possible using
isomorphic substitution and metal impregnation [6]. In this study, the influence of solution
pH value on methomyl adsorption onto Co-Beta zeolite synthetized by the wet ion-exchange
method and sintered at 500 0C was investigate.
The carbamate pesticide methomyl was obtained from DuPont (USA). The zeolite
material used for modification was H-Beta zeolite (CP811E-150, Si/Al=68) purchased from
Zeolyst International (USA). CoCl2 × 6 H2O and HCl were obtained by Centrohem (Serbia).
The adjustment of an aqueous solution pH value was done by the addition of sulfuric acid
and ammonium hydroxide (30% w/w) (Fisher Scientific (USA)). The Arium® Pro Ultrapure
Water System (Sartorius, Germany) provided deionized water (18 MΩ). Mettler Toledo pH
Meter Seven Compact S220 (Switzerland) was used for the pH measurements. A UV/Vis
Shimadzu 3600 spectrophotometer (Japan) was used for investigation of kinetics of removal.
All adsorption experiments were carried out in a thermostatic water bath using glass reactor
with the volume of 100 mL at 25 °C. The influence of pH value on the system is manifested through surface tension,
surface properties, degree of ionization of groups present on the surface of the adsorbent,
and the speciation of ions in an aqueous solution at a specific pH value.The effect of pH on
methomyl removal is presented in Figure 1. As mentioned above, methomyl retention
depends on the nature of the pesticide and adsorbent. The examined pesticide efficiently
hydrolyzes in basic solution (pH > 8), which negatively affects adsorption. The adsorption
onto the zeolite surface of unhydrolyzed methomyl molecules is quicker due to its higher
hydrophobicity than the hydrolyzed molecule. Also, in an acidic and basic aqueous
environment, this pesticide efficiently hydrolyzes to more toxic metabolites, which is
another reason why sorption experiments are performed at pH 7 [7]. The pesticide molecule
could be more positively charged at a neutral state, with a cationic character, which can also
explain this more significant adsorption. In an acidic solution, H3O+ ions attract surface
oxygenated adsorbent groups, which could lead to the formation of a bond between H3O+
and adsorbent [8]
Waitea circinata var. zeae – prouzrokovač truleži korena kupusa i uljane repice
No full textWaitea circinata var. zeae (anamorf Rhizoctonia zeae) je značajan patogen
uglavnom monokotiledonih biljaka, koji je prisutan u mnogim delovima sveta,
a održava se u zemljištu duži niz godina. Poslednjih godina krug domaćina W.
circinata var. zeae širi se i na neke dikotiledone biljke. U okviru nedavnih istraži-
vanja u Srbiji W. circinata var. zeae je utvrđen kao prouzrokovač truleži korena i
korenovog vrata, i propadanja biljaka kupusa i uljane repice na lokalitetima Futog
i Rimski Šančevi. U radu su sistematizovani publikovani podaci o rasprostranje-
nosti, krugu domaćina, načinu održavanja i širenja, kao i suzbijanju W. circinata
var. zeae, kao i rezultati istraživanja koja su obavljena u Srbij
Characterization of the clomazone sorption process in four agricultural soils using different kinetic models
No full textKinetic studies are important for understanding the parameters and processes involved in the sorption of pesticides to soil. Considering the agricultural and environmental relevance of clomazone, its sorption kinetics was studied in four agricultural soils (Regosol, Planosol, Chernozem and Vertisol) at two concentrations (0.5 and 15 mg L−1). Different kinetic models were applied to the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order model described the data much better than the hyperbolic and pseudo-firstorder models, and the kinetic rate constants indicated concentration-dependent clomazone sorption kinetics. The application of the two-site nonequilibrium model (TSNE) revealed a more time-dependent sorption of the lower clomazone concentration than that of the higher clomazone concentration, and the greatest concentration impact occurred in Regosol. Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models predicted more intensive sorption during the slower second phase and that sorption kinetics is governed more by mass transfer across the boundary layer than by a intraparticle diffusion process at higher clomazone concentration. Intraparticle diffusion is the rate-controlling process in Regosol at lower concentration, while this process and the boundary layer control the sorption kinetics in other soils. Significant correlations between some kinetic parameters and soil properties indicate an impact of the soil texture on the clomazone sorption mechanism, which must be considered in assessing the clomazone leaching behavior.Supplementary material [https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/em/d2em00272h
Bio-herbicidal potential and chemical analysis of secondary metabolites of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.)
No full textThe objective of this study focused on characterizing chemically and evaluating in vitro the allelopathic and bioherbicidal potential of secondary metabolites (phenolic compound) extracted from the stem of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) in seed germination, early seedling growth (radical and shoot length) and early plant growth tests of Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Portulaca oleracea L. The combined effects of the stem extract and a reduced dose of the synthetic herbicide metribuzin on the two weed species were also examined. Plant extract contained 18 phenolic compounds and the most abundant phenols were flavonoids: quercetin, (+)-catechin, daidzin, luteolin, and rutin. The seeds of P. oleracea were less sensitive than the seeds of A. retroflexus. The data obtained in the seed bioassay confirmed the inhibitory effect of plant stem extract on the germination and early growth of P. oleracea and A. retroflexus seedlings at higher concentrations (0.75% and 1%), and a minor inhibitory effect was also observed in the plant bioassay with this extract. On the other hand, a synergy of C. campestris stem extract and the herbicide metribuzin was revealed, as their combination was found to achieve better results in the control of both weed species. Based on obtained data C. campestris stem extract could be a
potential source of natural herbicide. Also, these findings could be useful in light of increasing practices of integrated weed management that have heightened the interest in reducing herbicide doses
Pesticides and phytoseiid mites: what the IOBC-WPRS Pesticide Side Effects Database can(not) tell us about selectivity?
No full textIn the context of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), pesticide selectivity is defined as compatibility of pesticides with natural enemies of phytophagous species as their biological control agents. The choice of pesticides selective to Phytoseiidae, as the most significant natural enemies of phytophagous mites, implies the testing of effects of acaricides, as well as other pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides) with which the predators may come into contact. The IOBC-WPRS Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms” has developed standard methods for over 30 beneficial species, tested over 200 pesticides and set up a database of information gained by applying those methods. At the beginning of 2021, the database comprised 1768 test results on the selectivity of 379 pesticides to 16 phytoseiid species. Among acaricides, 98 compounds and 567 test results, neuroactive acaricides account for 69% of the results, followed by those acting on growth and development (20%) and respiration (11%). Other tested pesticide compounds included 143 herbicides, 111 fungicides and 27 insecticides. The species Typhlodromus pyri stands out among phytoseiids (with 346 tested pesticides, 76% of total results and 60% of acaricide results), followed by Phytoseiulus persimilis, Amblyseius andersoni and Euseius finlandicus. Although widely adopted, the IOBC-WPRS sequential testing of selectivity has also been critically discussed. The key question is the accuracy of predictions drawn from the laboratory bioassays alone, which may be affected by various methodological and ecological factors. Besides, there is often a need to evaluate the compatibility of pesticides with predatory species/strains that are important in local environments. A complementary approach that integrates laboratory and field data, is needed as a sustainable solution to the evaluation of pesticide selectivity to phytoseiids