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Genotyping of Leptospira spp. in wild rats leads to first time detection of L. kirshneri serovar Mozdok in Serbia
No full textIn our recent study, we explored the presence and performed
molecular typing of the Leptospira species, the bacteria responsible for
leptospirosis, in wild rats in Serbia. This was the first time such a study was
conducted in the region. Leptospirosis is a serious disease that affects both
animals and humans, often transmitted through contact with water contaminated
by infected animals. Our focus was on understanding which types of Leptospira
were present in these animals. Excitingly, we discovered a particular strain of
Leptospira, known as L. kirshneri serovar Mozdok, for the first time in Serbia. This
finding is significant because it sheds light on the presence and spread of different
Leptospira serovars in Serbia. It also raises awareness about the potential health
risks associated with this serovar, which was previously unknown in the area.
Our work fits into a broader context of disease surveillance and public health.
By identifying the types of Leptospira present in a specific region, we can better
understand the risks to public health and take steps to prevent and control the spread of leptospirosis. This discovery is not just important for scientists studying infectious diseases; it has real implications for public health officials, veterinarians, and anyone concerned with preventing and treating leptospirosis. Our findings highlight the need for ongoing monitoring of Leptospira in wildlife and synanthropic fauna, to protect both animal and human health
Comparative toxicity of a fungicide difenoconazole for two fish species: the zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
No full textThe role of pesticides in maintain quality and reducing losses in crop production is undeniable, and consequently the use of plant production products is an integral part of agricultural practice. The annual use of pesticides worldwide is estimated at 3.7 million tons of which fungicides account for 20%. Once released in the environment, fungicides can enter surface waters and affect non-target organisms and ecosystems. Difenoconazole is a broad-spectrum fungicide with the mode of action of demethylation inhibition during ergosterol synthesis. It has been frequently detected in surface waters, probably due to its widespread use. Its toxicity to fish has been reported, and in the present study we focused on assessment of comparative embryotoxicity to two fish species - the zebrafish (Danio rerio), the most common fish model organism, and common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the third most commonly farmed fish in the world.
The embryotoxicity tests were performed in accordance with the modified OECD methodology (test no. 210). Embryos were exposed to a series of five difenoconazole solutions (dilution factor 2), ranging from 0.625 mg/L, and exposure was terminated 120 hours post fertilisation (hpf). Treatments were tested in triplicate, and the control in five replicates. Embryos were monitored daily and mortality and any deviations from normal development were recorded. At the end of the exposure period the impact on the cardiovascular system were assessed, and the teratogenecity index (TI) was calculated based on the ratio of mortality and gross malformations. All exposure concentrations were confirmed by HPLC chemical analyses.
Exposure to the active substance difenoconazole caused adverse effects in the embryos of both exposed species. At the end of experiment statistically significant mortality was observed in the zebrafish embryos compared to the control in all groups expect the group exposed to the lowest concentration tested (0.625 mg/L), and in the carp embryos from exposure to 2.5 mg/L of difenoconazole. Toxicity was time-dependent in both species, and gisnificant mortality was only observed after 96 hpf in the zebrafish embryos and at the end of exposure period (120 hpf) for the common carp. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) for D. rerio and C. carpio embryos were 1.36 and 2.56 mg a.i./L, respectively. Cardiotoxicity and significant inhibition of heart rate were observed in all exposure groups of the zebrafish and in the common carp, except for the lowest difenoconazole tested. Based on the results for the carp embryos difenoconazole has a teratogenic potential (TI=0.85), while for the zebrafish embryos TI=1, indicating higher toxicity than teratogenicity.
Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the zebrafish is more sensitive to difenoconazole, compared to the common carp. Also, it can be concluded that the rist assessment based on difenoconazole toxicity for the zebrafish is protective for cyprinids
Delovanje vodenog ekstrakta kukute (Conium maculatum L.) na klijanje semena štira (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)
No full textUpotreba sintetičkih pesticida je, delom zbog njihove lake dostupnosti i
selektivnog načina delovanja, i dalje glavna metoda hemijske kontrole korova na
obradivim površinama. Međutim, zbog sve učestalijeg i brojnijeg stvaranja rezistentnih
populacija korovskih vrsta i sve ozbiljnijeg zagađenja vodenih površina, zemljišta i
vazduha koje izazivaju sintetički herbicidi, značajna pažnja je preusmerena na
proučavanje prirodnih herbicida (bioherbicida). Identifikovanje biljnih vrsta koje mogu biti
potencijalni izvor alelohemikalija, bitne vrste bioherbicida, predstavlja prvi korak u tom
proučavanju.
U našem radu je ispitivano delovanje vodenih ekstrakata lista i stabla kukute
(Conium maculatum L.) različite starosti na klijanje semena štira (Amaranthus retroflexus
L.), česte korovske vrste u Srbiji. Semena štira i biljni material kukute su ubrani na
periferiji Zemuna i čuvani na sobnoj temperaturi do početka eksperimenta. Ekstrakt je
dobijen držanjem 24 časa biljnog materijala kukute u destilovanoj vodi (1:10, m:V).
Semena štira stratifikovana na 4±1 0C su isklijavana u različitim razblaženjima ekstrakta
na temperaturi od 25 0C. Statistička obrada podataka obavljena je pomoću softvera
Statistica 7.
Ekstrakt suvih listova kukute u koncentraciji od 50% je potpuno inhibirao klijanje
štira, tj. ni jedno seme nije proklijalo. U koncentraciji od 20% konačno, ukupno klijanje nije
bilo statistički značajno umanjeno, ali je dinamika klijanja bila poremećena, klijanje
semena je kasnilo u odnosu na kontrolu i sa klijanjem prvog semena i sa postizanjem
platoa klijanja. Ostala razblaženja (5% i 10%) vodenih ekstrakata suve mase listova nisu
imale uticaja na inhibiciju i/ili odlaganje klijanja u odnosu na kontrolu. Ekstrakt sveže
mase listova je u najmanjem razblaženju (50%) doveo do smanjenja klijnja semena, dok
vodeni ekstrakti sa većim razblaženjem ne dovode do statistički značajnih razlika u
klijanju semena.
Vodeni ekstrakti suve mase stable kukute utiču na dinamiku klijanja semena štira
u koncentracijama od 50% i 20%, ali ne utiču statistički značajno na procenat ukupnog
klijanja
Demografska analiza delovanja biopesticida na obicnu grinju paucinara (Acari: Tetranychidae) nakon tretmana jaja
No full textThe effects of biopesticide products based on oxymatrine, azadirachtin and Beauveria
bassiana (strain ATCC 74040) on demographic parameters of the two-spotted spider mite,
Tetranychus urticaeKoch (Acari: Tetranychidae), were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. The
biopesticides were applied by spraying 24 h old eggs laid on bean leaves, using the following
concentrations: 50 pl/l (oxymatrine-based product), 0.75 g/l (azadirachtin-based product)
and 3 ml/l (B. bassiana-based product). These concentrations were within 95% confidence
limits of the LC50s estimated in acute toxicity bioassays. The mites that hatched from treated
eggs completed their juvenile development on the same leaf discs, i.e. the toxic effect was
caused by topical treatment and residual exposure. When the surviving females entered
their preovipositional period, cohorts of 40 control and 40 treated females were transferred
to untreated leaf discs (1 female/disc). Females were transferred daily to new discs until
the death of the last one. Using the data on their age-specific survival and age-specific
fertility (production of fem ale offspring), the following dem ographic parameters were
estimated: gross reproductive rate (GRR), net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase
(rm), finite rate of increase (A), and mean generation time (T). The biopesticides significantly
affected these dem ographic parameters in females that survived treatments. All three
biopesticides significantly reduced the GRR and R0values. In the bioassays with oxymatrine-
and azadirachtin-based products, the rm and A values were reduced by 22% and 5%, and
16% and 4%, respectively, due to reduced survival and fertility, as well as extended juvenile
developmental time of females that survived treatment, compared to control females. In
the bioassay with the B. bassiana-based product, the rm and A values were reduced by 7%
and 2%, respectively, mostly due to the reduced survival of treated females. The oxymatrine-
and azadirachtin-based products significantly extended, while B. bassiana-based product
reduced the T values.Efekti biopesticidnih proizvoda na bazi oksimatrina, azadirahtina i Beauveria bassiana (soj
ATCC 74040) na demografske parametre grinja paučinara, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:
Tetranychidae), procenjeni su u laboratorijskim testovima. Biopesticidni proizvodi su primenjeni
prskanjem jaja starih 24 sata, koja su bila položena na listovima pasulja, koristeći sledeće
koncentracije: 50 pl/l (proizvod na bazi oksimatrina), 0.75 g/l (proizvod na bazi azadirachtina)
i 3 ml/l (proizvod na bazi B. bassiana). Ove koncentracije su bile unutar 95% granica poverenja
LC50 vrednosti procenjenih u ogledima akutne toksičnosti. Grinje koje su se izlegle iz tretiranih
jaja završile su svoj juvenilni razvoj na istim listovima, tj. toksični efekat je izazvan direktnim
tretmanom i residualnim izlaganjem. Kada su preživele ženke ušle u period preovipozicije,
kohorte od 40 kontrolnih i 40 tretiranih ženki premeštene su na netretirane listove (1 ženka/
disk). Ženke su svakodnevno premeštane na nove diskove dok poslednja ženka nije uginula.
Na osnovu podataka o njihovoj starosno specifičnom preživljavanju i starosno specifičnoj
plodnosti (stvaranje ženskih potomaka), procenjeni su sledeći demografski parametri: bruto
reproduktivna stopa (GRR), neto reproduktivna stopa (R0), intrinzična stopa rasta (rm), konačna
stopa rasta (A) i prosečno vreme generacije (T). Biopesticidi su značajno uticali na demografske
parametre kod ženki koje su preživele tretman. Sva tri biopesticida su značajno smanjila
vrednosti GRR i R0. U ogledu sa proizvodima na bazi oksimatrina i azadirahtina, vrednosti rm
i A smanjene su za 22% i 5%, odnosno 16% i 4%, zbog smanjenog preživljavanja i plodnosti,
kao i produženog vremena juvenilnog razvoja preživelih ženki u poređenju sa kontrolom. U
ogledu sa proizvodom na bazi B. bassiana, vrednosti rm i A smanjene su za 7% i 2%, uglavnom
zbog smanjenog preživljavanja tretiranih ženki. Proizvodi na bazi oksimatrina i azadirahtina
značajno su produžili, dok je proizvod na bazi B. bassiana smanjio vrednosti T
Application of Bacillus spp. in plant protection and growth promotion of cereals
No full textThe research objective is the application of new bacterial isolates as an alternative to chemical
pesticides for controlling plant diseases caused by Fusarium spp., aiming to reduce reliance
on conventional interventions, minimize environmental impacts, thus fostering a shift
towards environmentally friendly plant disease management strategies. In this study, the
effects of four Bacillus spp. (BHC 2.3, BHC 2.4, BHC 4.5, BHC 4.7) isolated from two soil
samples on suppressing the Fusarium spp. plant pathogens (F. poae, F. proliferatum, F.
oxysporum and F. graminearum), as well as their effect on seed germination (wheat, oat and
barley) during the fungal infection were determined. Basic chemical analyses of soil samples
used for bacterial isolation and plant growth promoting experiments were performed.
Antifungal activity of isolates was tested in vitro on PDA medium, seed germination test was
performed in Petri dishes on filter paper, while the ability of isolates to promote plant growth
under semi-controlled conditions was also tested. Inhibition percentage of mycelial growth of
F. poae was up to 20% (for isolate BHC 4.5) and up to 15% (for isolate BHC 4.7). Seed
germination test indicated the effectiveness of seed inoculation by selected bacterial isolates.
In the case of infected seeds, germination percentage was up to 80% (wheat) and up to 90%
(barley and oat), without bacterial inoculation. On the other hand, germination percentage for
infected seeds inoculated by all four applied isolates was increased. Results of the experiment
performed under semi-controlled conditions showed that bacterial isolate BHC 4.5 had the
best overall effect on the shoot length of all used cereals. The results of this study indicate the
potential of different Bacillus spp. soil isolates for formulating new biofertilizers to be used in
plant protection and plant growth promotion of cereals
Upotreba malčeva u suzbijanju korova u pitomoj nani (Mentha x piperita)
No full textEfikasnost različitih organskih i sintetičkih malčeva u suzbijanju korova u zasadu pitome
nane (Mentha x piperita) ispitivana je u ovom radu, kako bi se procenilo koji od ovih malčeva
su najpodesniji za primenu u Srbiji. Ispitivano je devet organskih malčeva (slama, usitnjena
kora bora, bagremova piljevina, karton, suve iglice bora, usitnjena kukuruzovina, usitnjena
kora bagrema, biljni komposti 1 i 2), jedana biorazgradiva (crna malč folija) i četiri plastične
malč folije (srebrno-crna, perforirana crna, crna, crna „agrotekstil”). Najbrojnije korovske vrste
bile su: Agropirum repens, Avena fatua, Picris hieracioides, Setaria viridis i Rumex crispus. Broj i
biomasa svih vrsta korova mereni su jednom u sezoni, pre prve žetve pitome nane. U poređenju sa
kontrolnim tretmanom, 12 od 14 primenjenih malčeva pokazalo je pozitivane efekte u suzbijanju
korova. Ovi malčevi su uticali na pojavu (redukcija od 9,7-100%) i biomasu korova (redukcija
od 30-100%). Četiri malča su procenjena kao dobro rešenje za suzbijanje korova u pitomoj nani,
i to dva organska (bagremova piljevina i suve iglice bora) i dve folije (srebrno-braon i crni
„agrotekstil”)
A biotroph sets the stage for a necrotroph to play: ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ infection of sugar beet facilitated Macrophomina phaseolina root rot
No full text‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (stolbur phytoplasma) is associated with rubbery
taproot disease (RTD) of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), while Macrophomina
phaseolina is considered the most important root rot pathogen of this plant in
Serbia. The high prevalence of M. phaseolina root rot reported on sugar beet in
Serbia, unmatched elsewhere in the world, coupled with the notorious tendency
of RTD-affected sugar beet to rot, has prompted research into the relationship
between the two diseases. This study investigates the correlation between the
occurrence of sugar beet RTD and the presence of root rot fungal pathogens in
a semi-field ‘Ca. P. solani’ transmission experiment with the cixiid vector Reptalus
quinquecostatus (Dufour), in addition to naturally infected sugar beet in the open
field. Our results showed that: (i) Reptalus quinquecostatus transmitted ‘Ca. P.
solani’ to sugar beet which induced typical RTD root symptoms; (ii) Macrophomina
phaseolina root rot was exclusively present in ‘Ca. P. solani’-infected sugar beet
in both the semi-field experiment and naturally infected sugar beet; and that (iii)
even under environmental conditions favorable to the pathogen, M. phaseolina
did not infect sugar beet, unless the plants had been previously infected with
phytoplasma
Sterilization makes a difference: demographic analysis of spirodiclofen effects on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
No full textSpirodiclofen is characterized by a relatively slow acaricidal action against adult females of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), with reduction of their fecundity (eggs laid/female) and fertility (eggs hatched/female). Exposure of pre-ovipositing T. urticae females to the acaricide may affect population growth, considering that a high reproduction of young females is crucial in the population biology of this colonizing species. Effects of spirodiclofen on life-history traits and population parameters of T. urticae were evaluated in demographic bioassay using the age-stage two-sex life table, constructed in fecundity-based and fertility-based variants. The acaricide was applied against pre-ovipositing females in a series of nine concentrations, starting from the recommended field rate (96 mg/l). The treatments with concentrations ranging from 12 - 96 mg/l significantly reduced fecundity and longevity, while 27 - 40% of females didn’t lay eggs. Exposure was lethal to 2 - 21% of the females, of whom a large majority didn’t lay eggs. A considerable part of surviving females also failed to lay eggs within the first four post-treatment days (when around 50% of all eggs in the control were laid) i.e., they were sterilized by the acaricide. At the same time, the percentage of dead females rose to 17 - 55%, mainly due to the mortality of sterilized females. The three highest concentrations (24 – 96 mg/l) significantly reduced the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ), by 49-72%, 20-34%, and 4-6%, respectively, compared to the control. This reduction was mainly the result of sterilization and high mortality of treated females, in combination with reduced fecundity and longevity of reproductive ones. Application of the fertility-based life table showed significant decrease of r and
λ (by 23-40%, and 4-7%, respectively, compared to the control), in the treatments with the three highest concentrations. The short-lived transovarial toxic effect observed in the fertility-based life table was not sufficient to cause a significant reduction in population parameters, compared to those acquired by the fecundity-based life table
Distribution of Leptospira spp. in Norway rat population in Belgrade, Serbia
No full textLeptospirosis is a bacterial infection, a disease of global concern which is directly transmittable to humans and animals by many rodents, of which Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the most important. The fact that Norway rats are exceptionally adaptable to a variety of habitats, especially to those in close proximity to humans, creates a high risk of bacterial transmission.
The idea of this study was to examine the presence of Leptospira spp. bacteria in populations of Norway rat in the broad environs of Belgrade City. Animals were collected predominantly in their urban and suburban habitats over the past three years. The bacterium was identified by molecular analyses of kidney tissues from the collected animals. After homogenization, bacterial DNA was isolated using the commercial isolation kit Quick DNA MiniPrep. Primers and specific sequence probe were used to detect the bacteria in Real Time PCR. A total of 278 specimens of Norway rat were analysed. Samples with the highest concentrations of bacteria were selected for further analysis and sequencing.
The analyses included animals of different stages of growth with body weight ranging from 30 to 490 g. Considering the sampling periods (2020, 2021 and 2022), the percentage of Norway rats infected with Leptospira bacteria was steady, ranging between 31.73 and 40 %. In total, bacterial presence was detected in 35.61 % of the animals.13th European Vertebrate Pest Management Conference - Book of abstract
Could cabbage leaf debris be used for the control of Fusarium wilt of pepper?
No full textIn intensive agricultural production with narrow crop rotations, Fusarium oxysporum, a plant pathogenic fungus causing the wilt disease of pepper, frequently develops an abundant population in the soil, which threatens production profitability. Reducing the inoculum level below a critical threshold is highly demanding because of the long-lasting chlamydospores that could remain in the soil for many years. Soil disinfection with methyl bromide was the most effective way to control this pathogen. However, the ban of methyl bromide uses increased interest in control alternatives. Many studies have shown that glucosinolates, secondary metabolites of plants from the Brassicaceae family, as well as their derived biologically active products, negatively affect plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi, insects, nematodes, and weeds. The aim of this research was to determine if cabbage leaf debris, as a by-product material in cabbage production, could be effectively used in the control of Fusarium wilt in pepper. Fresh cabbage leaves were blended and immediately incorporated in sterile substrate seven days before inoculation of pepper plants at the 5-7 leaf stage. Conventional fungicide captan and biofungicide based on Trichoderma asperellum were used as reference treatments. The assessment was performed 25 days after inoculation; the degree of wilting, plant growth parameters, and the length of necrosis were determined. Fresh cabbage leaves were highly effective in Fusarium wilt control (91.3% compared to control), indicating a great potential for their use in Fusarium wilt management