REPONIVS - Repository of Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine of Serbia
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Electrochemical profiles and water content in different honey varieties from Western Balkan countries
No full textHoney as a sweet and nutritionally rich substance occupies a special place in agricultural production. From a chemical point of view, it contains over 200 important compounds for the normal functioning of metabolic processes, which together make up the dry matter of honey (e.g. minerals, organic acids, phenolic compounds, vitamins etc.) In addition to dry matter, honey also contains a certain percentage of water and due to its composition of water and various substances, it is essential to give special attention to its safety and quality parameters. Electrical conductivity represents the content of mineral substances and indirectly indicates the botanical and geographical origin of honey, as well as its clarity. This parameter is one of the standard ones that is determined in honey quality control, owing to the fact that honey beside the amount of different compounds, contains minerals that can dissociate into ions in aqueous solution and thus conduct electrical energy. The pH value was also determined, which is correlated with the organic acids in honey. The water content is also one of the major parameters that indicates its microbiological stability and affects its viscosity. Its value is not constant but varies depending on the storage conditions (air humidity)
ANT22 - Aqueous emulsion control method: contribution to rational control of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry
No full textRed poultry mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) is an ectoparasite that feeds on the blood of birds and mammals. Invasions of the ectoparasite D. gallinae in intensive poultry farming reach proportions unknown in the wild nature. They are classified as key health, economic, and ecological problems of the most intensive production of foodstuffs of animal origin. Annual losses worldwide are estimated at 3.92 billion USD and tend to grow further. This manifestation of the problem, to a large extent, results from inadequate control of D. gallinae. This study aims to optimize and rationalize the D. gallinae control by external application of inert oils. The ANT 22 method (working name) is based on "know-how" formulation and application technology. In this study, a manual application was carried out in the clinical conditions of 18 small industrial facilities (2,000 - 14,500 animals) of laying hens (cage system), with a total capacity of 151.300 laying hens, in a time frame of 25 months. The effects of D. gallinae control (suppression of infestation) in inhabited and empty non-conditional objects with one treatment lasted 4-10 months, and with two treatments lasted 8-10 months. The observed disadvantages of the method are common to inert oils, which can be minimized with care. The ANT 22 method is safe and does not develop resistance. It is a conditional method, which requires hygienic preparation and adequate application, and is optimal for empty buildings with rest. An important technical condition is the correctness of the applicator and a professionally performed application. Considering the control findings obtained so far, we believe that they justify testing the application of the ANT 22 method for control purposes in large industrial facilities, but also for the purpose of eradicating D. gallinae
Nitrites in meat products in Serbia: harmful or safe?
No full textNitrate and nitrite, commonly added to meat products as sodium or potassium
salts, serve multiple functions such as developing characteristic flavor, inhibiting microbial
growth, and controlling rancidity by preventing lipid oxidation. Nitrites are recognized for
their potential health risks to humans. The present research aimed to determine the amount
of nitrite in four meat product categories in Serbia over a period from 2015 to 2021. A total
of 923 samples were analyzed, including 293 finely chopped sausages, 203 coarsely chopped
sausages, 160 canned meats, and 267 smoked meats. The smoked meat category consisted
of eight distinct products, such as smoked pork ribs, sirloin, and chicken drumsticks. An
ISO 2918 method was used to measure the nitrite content. The average nitrite content,
expressed as sodium nitrite (NaNO2), was found to be 61.5 mg/kg in finely chopped
sausages, 57.6 mg/kg in coarsely chopped sausages, 48.4 mg/kg in canned meat, and
41.8 mg/kg in smoked meat. The results collectively demonstrate nitrite concentrations
within regulatory limits. In conclusion, the nitrite concentrations in all tested products
were below the maximum allowable limits as per national and European regulations,
ensuring compliance with safety standards while highlighting the importance of continuous
monitoring to mitigate public health risks
Emergence and persistence of Cyvirus cyprinidallo 2 (CyHV-2) in Prussian carp in Serbian lakes
No full textBetween 2018 and 2021, significant die-offs of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) occurred in five lakes in eastern,
central and northern Serbia. In all cases, Cyvirus cyprinidallo 2, formerly named Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2)
infection was suspected, based on initial diagnostic observations. To determine the cause of these mass mortalities,
real-time PCR assays targeting CyHV-2, CyHV-3, and SVCV were conducted. CyHV-2 DNA was detected
in the affected populations, while SVCV and CyHV-3 were negative in the assay. The CyHV-2 was also detected in
asymptomatic Prussian carp. Sequence analysis of the CyHV-2 DNA polymerase and helicase genes revealed high
similarity to previously reported strains from Serbia and other countries. The occurrence of these outbreaks in
Prussian carp populations in lakes indicates the probable spread of the virus within freshwater ecosystems in
Serbia, potentially impacting the degradation of aquatic habitats
The first proven case of aflatoxin poisoning of dogs in Serbia
No full textAflatoxins, secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the Aspergillus genus, are welldocumented
as contaminants in the food chain, posing significant risks to various species.
However, data on aflatoxin poisoning in pets, specifically dogs, remains limited. The aim of
this case report is to raise awareness about the susceptibility of dogs to aflatoxins and highlight
the need for stricter control and responsibility from all stakeholders, from feed manufacturers
to dog owners. This is particularly critical given the absence of specific regulations regarding
aflatoxins in pet food. The report describes an outbreak of aflatoxicosis in three dog shelters
in Serbia, involving 19 affected mongrel dogs that died within few days of the onset of
symptoms, making it one of the most severe cases on record. The affected dogs initially
showed sudden jaundice, characterized by a yellow discoloration of the oral mucosa, without
any preceding behavioral changes or obvious signs of health issues. Over the following days,
symptoms progressed to include loss of appetite, polydipsia, apathy, and depression.
Abdominal swelling developed, followed by bloody diarrhea and melena, ultimately leading
to death. Blood biochemical analyses revealed a significant increase in liver enzyme activity.
Despite symptomatic treatment attempts by veterinarians, all affected dogs died. Postmortem
examination revealed massive hemorrhage, icterus, and ascites as the most conspicuous
findings. Microscopic examination of liver tissue disclosed fibrosis and necrotic areas. In light
of the clinical and pathological evidence, samples of dog food from the shelters were tested
for aflatoxin content. Commercial dry dog food, which had been used for more than two
months, was found to contain an average aflatoxin level of 150 μg/kg. This is the first
confirmed case of chronic aflatoxicosis in dogs in Serbia, which culminated in fatal liver
failure
Interpretation of results of laboratory tests in virology
No full textРезултати лабораторијских анализа великим делом зависе од момента узорковања у односу на трајање патолошког стања вирусне етиологије. Узимајући у обзир да смо ретко када у могућности да тестирамо дупле узорке за серолошку и вирусолошку (антигенску) дијагностику узорковане у одређеном временском размаку, тада тумачење резултата лабораторијске дијагностике и одређиванје здравственог статуса јединке често може бити врло комплексан проблем коме се посвећује недовојна пажња. Када лабораторијским анализама додамо и анамнезу сам статус јединке може бити потпуно измењен у односу на примарно тумаченје резултата лабораторијских анализа. Етиолошки фактор такође може директно доприносити тумаченју резултата и здравественог статуса јединке. Процена статуса се посебно комликује код инфекције вирусима који имају више серотипова и који нису унакрсно имунолочки подударни или постоји делимична серотипска имунолошка подударност у кластерима. Понекад дијагностичке методе у вирусологији нису довољно специфичне да изврше серотипску диференцијацију било у серолошкој било у вирусолокој дијагностици што може направити проблем у интерпретацији резултата. Када овоме додамо присуство природног пасивног имунитета, катаболизам матерналних антитела, немогућност кванитативних мерења нивоа матерналих антитела, непознавање граничног заштитног титра антитела као и врло различите податке о трајању детектабилних резидуа вирусних антигена у циркулацији (узорку) тумаченје здравственог статуса јединке се додатно компликује. Постојанје ДИВА вакцина као и ДИВА дијагностичких тестова код употребе делетираних или субјединичних вакцина такође може у потпуности изменити одлуку о здравственом статусу јединке на основу добијених лабораторијских анализа. Правилноа процена здравественог статуса има изузетно велики значај и у тумаченју лабораторијских анализа код великих мониторинга. У нашем раду смо изнели примере који се морају врло пажљиво тумачити и код којих је егзактна процена здравственог статуса јединке упитна и поред јасних резултата лабортаоријских дијагностичких анализа.The result of laboratory analyses largely depends on the moment of sampling in relation to a pathological condition caused by viral etiology. Considering that we are rarely able to have duplicate samples for serological and virological (antigenic) diagnostics sampled in a certain time interval, then the interpretation of laboratory results and determination of the health status can often be a very complex problem to which insufficient attention is paid. When we add the anamnesis to laboratory analyses, the status of the individual itself can be completely changed in relation to the primary interpretation of the results of laboratory tests. The etiological factor sometimes directly contributes to the interpretation of the results. The assessment of the health status of an individual is particularly complicated in the case of infection with viruses that have multiple serotypes and that are not immunologically cross-reactive or there are cross-reactive in serotype clusters. Sometimes diagnostic methods in virology are not so specific to difference serotypes in either serological or virological methods, which can make a problem in the interpretation of results. When we also take into account the presence of natural passive immunity in young animals, the catabolism of maternal antibodies in the circulation, the impossibility of quantitative measurements of maternal antibody levels, the lack of knowledge of the cut off of the protective titer of antibodies, as well as very different data on the duration of detectable residues of viral antigens in the circulation (sample), the interpretation of the health status of an individual is further complicated. The existence of DIVA vaccines as well as DIVA diagnostic tests when using deleted or subunit vaccines can also completely change the decision on the health status of an individual based on the obtained laboratory analyses. Correct assessment of health status is also of great importance in the interpretation of laboratory analyses in large-scale monitoring. In our work, we have presented examples where exact assessment of the health status could be dubious despite clear results of laboratory diagnostic tests.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj
Phylogenetic analysis and virulence factors of West Nile virus in Serbia
No full textВирус западног Нила је арбовирус који припада породици Flaviviridae и роду Flavivirus. Преносе га комарци из рода Culex. Птице су главни домаћини и резервоари вируса, док су људи и коњи крајњи домаћини код којих може доћи до испољавања тешких клиничких знакова болести. Вирус је први пут детектован у Србији током 2010. године у комарцима. Од тада се региструје све већи броја случајева код животиња и људи, достигавши врхунац 2018. године са 415 случајева код људи и 36 смртних исхода. У овој студији анализирани су филогенетски односи између сојева вируса западног Нила у Србији као и идентификација фактора вируленције. Секвенцирање генома извршено је на платформи MinION Mk1C након синтезе комплементарне ДНК и амплификације РНК. Биоинформатичком анализом је извршено мапирање секвенци на референцу и филогенетска анализа у MEGA X софтверу. Ово истраживање је било фокусирано на детекцију мутација у генима за структурне и неструктурне протеине вируса које доводе до промена у анимокиселинама и мотива за гликозилацију. На основу резултата филогенетске анализе, установљене су две главне подлиније унутар Е подгрупе које преовладавају међу сојевима из западне и централне Европе и које су вероватно настале у Аустрији, Србији и Мађарској између 2008. и 2012. године. Идентификоване су и три додатне подлиније унутар Д подгрупе које укључују разноврсније сојеве из јужне Европе. Од значајних промена које су детектоване, истиче се промена на месту Е159 Е протеина који је кључан за вирулентност. Откривене су промене у NS1 гликопротеину и NS3 протеину, који су важни за имунски одговор и репликацију вируса, што може довести до повећања вирулентности. Овим резултатима је показано да су западни Балкан и централна Европа кључни региони за праћење и филогенетску анализу имајући у виду настанак и ширење нових сојева вируса западног Нила.The West Nile virus is an arbovirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family and the Flavivirus genus. It is transmitted by mosquitoes of the Culex genus. Birds are the primary hosts and reservoirs of the virus, while humans and horses serve as terminal hosts, in which severe clinical signs of disease may manifest. The virus was first detected in mosquitoes in Serbia in 2010. Since then, it has caused an increasing number of cases in both animals and humans, peaking in 2018 with 415 human cases and 36 fatalities. This study analyzed the phylogenetic relationships among West Nile virus strains in Serbia, along with the identification of virulence factors. Genome sequencing was performed on the MinION Mk1C platform following cDNA synthesis and RNA amplification. The bioinformatic analysis included sequence mapping, followed by phylogenetic analysis using the MEGA X software. The research focused on structural and nonstructural protein mutations, particularly glycosylation motifs and amino acid changes. Phylogenetic results identified two major sublineages within the E subclade, which dominate strains from Western and Central Europe and are believed to have emerged in Austria, Serbia, and Hungary between 2008 and 2012. Additionally, three sublineages within the D subclade were identified, encompassing more diverse strains from Southern Europe. The E protein exhibited significant changes at the E159 site, a key factor for virulence. Further alterations were observed in the NS1 glycoprotein and NS3 protein, which affect immune response and viral replication, suggesting potentially increased virulence. This study highlights the Western Balkans and Central Europe as key regions for monitoring and phylogenetic analysis, with a particular focus on the emergence and spread of new West Nile virus strains.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj
Comparison of Identification and Determination of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Potential of Selected Red Wines
No full textThe quantitative composition of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity
of Serbian and Bulgarian red wines from various vintages were analyzed and compared in
this study. Phenolic profiling was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography
coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), revealing a total of 29 identified
phenolic compounds, including 16 anthocyanins, 7 flavonols, and 6 hydroxycinnamic acids
and their derivatives. The antioxidant potential of the red wines was assessed using four
distinct analytical methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging
assay, ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric-ion-reducing capacity in the presence
of neocuproine (CUPRAC), and total reducing power (TPR). The correlation of the
examined results was monitored, and the results showed that the antioxidant qualities of
wines are most strongly correlated with the total content of phenols and flavonoids, while
the correlations are weakest for their total anthocyanins. Compositions of phenolics varied
from 1016 mg/L to 4115 mg/L, while the value of flavanols was in a wide range from
438 mg/L to 2890 mg/L, whereby the average proportion of flavonoids to total phenols
was 52.4%. The wine named Ruen 2019 showed the presence of the highest amount of
total phenolics and total flavonoids present, followed by Prokupac and Evita cultivars.
Of the tested monoglucoside anthocyanins in all wines, malvidin-3-O-glucoside was the
most abundant
Quaternary ammonium compounds
No full textPored svoje pozitivne uloge, mikroorganizmi su povezani sa brojnim neželjenim
efektima, uključujući mnoge bolesti, propadanje i kvar hrane. Ljudi se vekovima
bore protiv mikroorganizama, iako u početku nisu bili svesni šta je bio izvor problema.
Primećeno je da se voda može nositi na duže puteve ukoliko je u srebrnim
posudama ili ukoliko su ubačene kovanice od srebra ili bakra, a hrana se konzervirala
korišćenjem soli i/ili začina. U savremenoj eri poznatija je primena fenola kao
dezinfekciono sredstvo. Termin „biocidi” definiše grupu hemijskih jedinjenja čiji je
glavni zadatak deaktivacija ili uništavanje vegetativnih mikroorganizama. Zbog
svog biocidnog potencijala, koriste se za dezinfekciju, antiseptičke, sterilizacione
i konzervirajuće tretmane. Kvaternarna amonijum jedinjenja pripadaju grupi katjonskih
surfaktanata. Njihova opšta struktura uključuje katjonski deo sastavljen
od atoma azota vezanog za četiri alkilna lanca (funkcionalni deo molekula) i halogenog
atoma (obično hlor).Next to their positive role, microorganisms are associated with numerous undesirable
effects, including many diseases, food spoilage, and decay. Humanity
have been combating microorganisms for centuries. It was observed that water
could be carried on long journeys in silver containers or with silver or copper
coins, and food was preserved using salt and/or spices. In the modern era, the use
of phenol as a disinfectant is well-known. The term “biocides” refers to a group of
chemical compounds whose primary purpose is the deactivation or destruction
of vegetative microorganisms. Due to their biocidal potential, they are used for
disinfection, antiseptic, sterilization, and preservative treatments. Quaternary
ammonium compounds belong to the group of cationic surfactants. Their general
structure includes a cationic part consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to four
alkyl chains (the functional part of the molecule) and a halogen atom (usually
chlorine).Zbornik radova, Referat po poziv
Histamine in pet food
No full textHistamine is a biogenic amine formed by microbial decarboxylation of histidine and
serves as a significant indicator of protein degradation in animal-based raw materials.
Although traditionally associated with fish and fishery products, recent studies have
confirmed its presence in pet foods containing fish and meat meals. Factors such as
improper storage, elevated temperatures, and prolonged pre-processing intervals
significantly contribute to the accumulation of histamine. Regulatory limits for histamine
exist in foods intended for human consumption; however, comparable legal thresholds for
pet food are currently lacking. Nevertheless, elevated histamine levels may negatively
impact palatability, nutrient absorption, and animal health, particularly in sensitive
populations such as juveniles and immunocompromised pets. This study examines
histamine levels in various animal-derived raw materials and commercial pet foods (both
dry and canned), with a particular focus on chicken, game, and fish meals. An HPLC-UV
method was used to analyze 13 protein meal samples and 14 pet food samples.
Histamine was not detected in shrimp, lamb, quail or pork protein meals. In chicken and
fish meals, histamine content ranged from 23.86±2.60 to 256.98±14.69 mg/kg. In 8 out of
10 dry pet food samples, histamine levels ranged from 9.18±0.56 to 54.24±4.12 mg/kg.
Canned pet food samples were free of detectable histamine