REPONIVS - Repository of Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine of Serbia
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Occurence of Babesia caballi in domestic mountain horse in Serbia
No full textBabesia are intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites from the phylum Apicomplexa, order Piroplasmida. Equine
babesiosis caused by Babesia caballi is found in Africa, Europe, Asia, South America, Central America, and the
southern US. It is transmitted by ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, and Hyalomma. Ticks are
reservoirs of infection because the infection persists in ticks throughout several generations with transtadial and
transovarian transmission. Horses usually remain carriers of B caballi for one to three years after infection and
potential disseminators of the parasites. Examination of babesiosis in domestic mountain horses in Serbia we
performed in period 2019-2022. The research included 157 Domestic mountain horses from nature reserves
Stara planina, Zasavica and Krčedinska ada. We used capillary blood for examination, blood films were airdried, fixed in absolute methanol (>99.8%) for 1 minute and stained with 10% Giemsa stain for 20-30 minutes.
Babesia species were identified by morphometric characteristic. During the examination B.cabali were recorded
with clinical signs of acute disease in less than 2% but in chronic form prevalence are 5.5%. Signs of infection
in adult horses include reluctance to move, lack of appetite, and fever. Swelling of the fetlocks may occur, and
episodes of colic are common. In young horses clinical signs include: fever, anorexia, depression, anaemia,
elevated respiratory and pulse rates, congested mucous membrane, icterus, and colic. In several cases we
occured hemoglobinuria or bilirubinuria, and thrombocytopenia may lead to petechiae on the mucous
membranes, including the eyes. The chronic form usually appears after an acute phase; clinical signs are not
specific and include loss of condition, poor exercise tolerance and slow recovery. Some horses develop chronic,
or longterm, infections and can become carriers for several years after the initial infection
Non–infective diseases of queen bees
No full textThe queen bee, like the other individuals in the hive, is susceptible to various parasitic, viral and bacterial
diseases, but there are diseases and anomalies that are specific only to her. These are non-infectious
diseases, among which the following are the most common: The laying of immature eggs occurs when
a normally fertilized queen bee lays working eggs, which develop into an embryo that dies very quickly.
Eggs are flattened, dry quickly and are easily removed by bees. Sometimes they can have a completely
normal appearance. The reason for this phenomenon is rightly attributed to genetic changes or anomalies
of the uterus in the form of hypoplasia of the ovary, two spermathecae, and the like. Unfertilized eggs
is a phenomenon when a completely healthy queen carries unfertilized eggs, and it occurs in cases where
she remains unfertilized or in old age when her sperm supply is used up. It happens that even a young
queen bee, normally fertilized, can lay unfertilized eggs, and the reason is the death of spermatozoa in
the spermatheca. Obstruction of the oviduct by sperm cells is a phenomenon when a normally fertilized
young queen bee does not lay eggs due to the consequences of obstruction of the oviduct by stuck sperm
cells and mucus. In such a queen, the rear part of the abdomen is swollen and bent downwards. This
obstruction can be total or partial. Obstruction of the genital tract by excrement, concretions and tumors
means that egg lying is prevented due to the accumulation of excrement, concretions or tumors. These
accumulations lead to a decrease in the conductivity of the reproductive organs of the queen and the
inability to lay eggs. All of these pathological conditions are incurable and the queen bee must be
replaced
Comprenhensive analysis of bees wax from Serbia, Albania and Malta
No full textThe quality of beeswax represents a critical parameter in apiculture, primarily due to its role in maintaining the natural characteristics of various hive products and in preventing the rejection of foundation wax sheets by honey bees. Key quality concerns include the verification of authenticity in terms of both chemical composition and geographical origin, as well as the detection of adulteration and potential contamination. Comprehensive quality control of beeswax typically involves a multi-step analytical approach comprising:Sensory Evaluation,Physico-Chemical Characterization, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Gas Chromatographic Analysis Contaminants The objective of the present study was to investigate the chemical composition and quality parameters of beeswax samples originating from the Balkan Peninsula and Malta
The influence of climate factors on the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of small ruminants in spread Belgrade area
No full textSmall ruminants in spread Belgrade are usually kept under semi-intensive (pasture/stable) condition. One of the main health problems in this kind of producing system is connected to infestation with parasites, which results in direct and indirect economical losses. During study we collected fecal samples at monthly intervals. We examined 870 fecal samples from 34 flocks. Examination was performed using standard coprological technique and Eggs per gram count (EPC) and degree of infection we assessed by McMaster technique. In our study we established the following genera of gastrointestinal helminths: Trichostrongylus spp., Nematodirus spp., Ostertagia spp., Haemonchus spp., Chabertia ovina, Cooperia spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Marshallagia spp., Skrjabinema capre and Bunostomum spp. The epidemiology of the helminth parasitic diseases therefore depends on factors such as the infection pressure in the environment and the susceptibility of the host species (or individual). The life cycles of all found helminths species are direct, requiring no intermediate hosts, which applies to all of the economically important strongylid parasites of small ruminants. In these cycles, adult female parasites in the GI tract produce eggs that are passed out with the faeces of the animal. Development occurs within the faecal mass, the eggs embryonate and hatch into first-stage larvae (L1), which in turn moult into second-stage larvae (L2), shedding their protective cuticle in the process. The L2 moult into third-stage larvae (L3), but retain the cuticle from the previous moult. The L3 constitute the infective stage, and these migrate onto surrounding vegetation where they become available for ingestion by grazing sheep and goats.The development, survival and transmission of the free-living stages of nematode parasites are influenced by micro-climatic factors within the faecal pellets and herbage. These include sunlight, temperature, rainfall, humidity and soil moisture.Proceeding boo
Patogeni na vašem tanjiru: Mikrobiološke opasnosti u hrani
No full textMikrobiološki patogeni, poput Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica,
Campylobacter spp., Cronobacter sakazakii i Norovirusa, predstavljaju ozbiljan rizik u prehrambenoj
industriji, jer mogu kontaminirati hranu duž celokupnog lanca proizvodnje. Njihova
sposobnost preživljavanja u nepovoljnim higijenskim uslovima i na površinama opreme posledica
je nedovoljnih sanitarnih mera, nepravilnog dizajna opreme i nedostatka efikasnih postupaka
čišćenja i dekontaminacije. Efikasno praćenje, koje uključuje sistematsko uzorkovanje i mikrobiološke
analize, ključno je za ranu detekciju i kontrolu kontaminacije. Smanjenje mikrobioloških
rizika zahteva integrisani pristup i saradnju proizvođača, regulatornih tela i potrošača.
Osnovne strategije uključuju primenu dobre proizvođačke i higijenske prakse radi minimizacije
kontaminacije na farmama, implementaciju HACCP sistema za identifikaciju i kontrolu opasnosti
u prehrambenom lancu, primenu efikasnih metoda dekontaminacije sirovina i opreme, pravilno
kuvanje i skladištenje hrane kako bi se sprečio rast mikroorganizama, obuku zaposlenih u vezi sa
higijenskim protokolima, kao i edukaciju potrošača o bezbednom rukovanju hranom.
Proaktivan i multidisciplinaran pristup u kontroli mikrobioloških opasnosti ključan je za obezbeđivanje
sigurnosti hrane i zaštitu javnog zdravlja. Jačanje sistema upravljanja bezbednošću
hrane, unapređenje sanitarnih protokola, razvoj novih antimikrobnih strategija i industrijska
saradnja mogu značajn o smanjiti učestalost bolesti izazv anih kontaminiranom hranom.
Dalja istraživanja o mehanizmima perzistencije mikroorganizama i otpornosti na sanitarne mere
doprineće razvoju efikasnijih metoda kontrole i globalnoj bezbednosti hrane.Knjiga apstrakt
Biosecurity and knowledge gaps identified in African swine fewer (ASF)-affected small scale pig farms in Serbia
No full textThe first case of African swine fewer (ASF) in a domestic pig population in Serbia was confirmed in 2019. Since then, in the six-year period of disease presence, the largest number of ASF-outbreaks in the domestic pig population was detected in 2023 (in total 3078). Nonetheless if analysing the structure and size of affected units, the largest number was in the small scale pig farms category. The aim of this study was to identify the biosecurity and knowledge gaps as risk factors for ASF spreading in small scale farms. The study was conducted on 86 small scale pig farms with confirmed ASF outbreaks, in period 2023-2024. Farms visits and biosecurity control checks were related to ASF outbreaks as a part of official epidemiological investigation. The results clearly indicate that an important characteristic of small-scale farms in Serbia is low level biosecurity and farmers misunderstanding the concept of biosecurity. The most common characteristics of these farms are low number of breeding animals and fatteners production, non-professional farm management, home slaughtering and production of home-made meat products. In addition, natural mating with breeding boars is frequently present. It should be stressed that humans were frequently recognized as the decisive and nature-independent factor that often unintentionally contributes to the ASF spread. The high density of small scale farms in combination with customs, traditions, and human mind-set implicated in pig production pose the biggest threat for ASF spread to domestic pigs in Serbia. Overall, biosecurity measures on the small scale pig farms were low and efforts should focus on strengthening external biosecurity, particularly measures related to human-related activities, visitors. Conclusions from field interviews suggested that small scale farmers have limited knowledge on the concept of biosecurity. Training programs should take into consideration socio-cultural aspects and the economic feasibility of the proposed measures
Simultaneous Detection of Antigen and Antibodies of African Swine Fever in a Novel Combo Lateral Flow Assay
No full textAfrican Swine Fever (ASF) is an infectious disease of swine, caused by an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus. Infection with ASFV correlates with a wide range of clinical syndromes from unapparent disease to haemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates. To date, the active transmission of the ASFV across the globe, and the lack of licenced vaccines available worldwide left early diagnosis as the main available tool for control. To properly identify infected animals, point-of-care (POC) diagnosis is crucial. Lateral flow assays offer advantages that make them suitable for this POC application. In this work, we validated a combo test for the combined antigen and antibody detection in field.
The new combo assay was composed by the combination of a strip for antigen detection (as in INgezim® ASFV CROM Ag 2.0) and a strip for antibody detection (as in INgezim® ASFV CROM Ab 2.0) within a single combo cassette. To evaluate the performance of the combined detection, 332 positive and 193 negative blood samples were evaluated. Samples were collected from field during surveillance campaigns performed in Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, and Serbia. These samples were previously characterized by PCR and serology (ELISA and/or IPT) and separated in groups according to their Ct value.
The combined detection improved the percentage of positive results in all the PCR-positive groups tested. Notably, when no viral load was detected by PCR, this combined detection allowed the identification of 93 antibody-positive animals.
The new combo assay (INgezim® ASFV Combo CROM Ag/Ab) was shown to be a valuable tool for ASF surveillance. Our results support the idea that combined antigen/antibody detection give valuable information for an improved control of ASF, allowing the identification of more infected animals. Biggest improvement was found in wild boar due to the different surveillance approach (carcases/haunting vs signs control)
Phylogeographic analysis of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 in Serbia reveals repeated introductions and spread across the Balkans
No full textHighly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 continues to pose a major threat to animal and public health. Since its emergence, clade 2.3.4.4b has become the dominant global lineage, associated with widespread outbreaks in Europe. This study aimed to characterise the H5N1 strains detected in backyard chickens in Serbia and investigate their phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships with historical and currently circulating strains in Serbia and the broader region. Samples collected in 2024 were tested by qRT-PCR, and positive samples were propagated in MDCK cells. Whole genome sequencing of isolated virus was performed using the MinION Mk1C platform (ONT, Oxford, UK). Bayesian phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were conducted using BEAST X and SPREAD3 v.9.6. The results revealed three independent introductions of H5N1 into Serbia between 2020 and 2024. The spatiotemporal diffusion patterns confirmed both north–south and west–east viral spread from Northern and Central Europe into the Balkans. Additionally, Serbia was identified as a critical transit and divergence point in the regional transmission network, highlighting its role in the spread of H5N1 between Western and Eastern Europe. These findings underscore the importance of continued genomic surveillance in both domestic and wild bird populations to better understand and reduce HPAI spread.Special Issue : Current Challenges in Veterinary Virolog
Virus Marekove bolesti u Srbiji: detekcija i molekularna karakterizacija (2015-2022)
No full textOut of 236 samples collected from clinically suspected farms and yards, the genome
of Marek’s disease virus was detected in 84 (35.59 %) samples. Results showed the
significant prevalence of the virus in intensive production/commercial farms (92.86
% of total positive samples) and in the flocks of extensively raised poultry/small-scale
farms (7.14 % of total positive samples). Nucleotide sequence analysis of the ICP4
gene revealed that Serbian strains were classified into A and C groups of serotypes 1,
showing high similarity (>98 %) with very virulent plus (vv+MDV ) pathotypes of the
Hungarian strains. A retrospective analysis from 2015 to 2022 showed that the Marek
disease virus continually circulates in Serbia. This study aimed to detect and molecularly
characterize Marek’s disease virus strain in Serbia.U okviru ovog istraživanja, prikupljeno je 236 uzoraka poreklom od živine iz intenzivnog
i ekstenzivnog načina uzgoja koja su bila klinički suspektna na prisustvo virusa
Marekove bolesti. Genom virusa Marekove bolesti je utvrđen u 84 (35,59 %) uzorka.
Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na značajnu prevalenciju virusa kod živine iz intenzivnog
načina uzgoja (92,86 % ukupnih pozitivnih uzoraka) i u jatima ekstenzivno gajene
živine (7,14 % ukupnih pozitivnih uzoraka). Analiza nukleotidne sekvence ICP4 gena
pokazala je da su srpski sojevi klasifikovani u A i C grupe serotip 1, pokazujući visoku
sličnost (>98 %) sa veoma virulentnim plus (vv+MDV ) patotipovima mađarskih sojeva.
Retrospektivna analiza od 2015. do 2022. godine pokazala je da virus Marekove
bolesti kontinuirano cirkuliše u Srbiji. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bila detekcija i molekularna
karakterizacija sojeva virusa Marekove bolesti u Srbiji.Short communicatio
Prevalence and co-infection patterns of porcine viral pathogens in wild boars from Serbia and the entity of Republic of Srpska
No full textWild boars (Sus scrofa) serve as an important reservoir for various viral pathogens. posing a
continuous risk of disease transmission to domestic pig populations. This risk is particularly
significant in countries such as Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. where traditional
backyard farming practices with limited biosecurity are prevalent Inadequate biosecurity
measures on these farms facilitate potential transmission events. leading to outbreaks of
economically significant diseases. Among the viruses circulating in wild boar populations.
porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV). porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). and porcine herpesvirus
type 1 (Aujeszkys disease virus. ADV) are of particular concern due to their potential to
adversely affect the health and productivity of domestic pigs. resulting in substantial
economic and animal health implications This study analyzed a total of 66 organ samples
(spleen and kidney) collected from wild boars during the regular hunting seasons of 2024.
Real-time PCP was employed to detect the presence of PCMV. PCV2. porcine parvovirus
(PPV). and pseudorabies virus (PRV). Viral DNA was extracted using a commercial kit and
amplified following previously published protocols. Of the 66 samples. 31 originated from
the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and 35 from neighboring administrative
districts in Serbia. Among the 31 samples from the Republic of Srpska. 9 (29.03%) tested
positive for PPV. 18 (580696) for PCV2. and 24 (77.42%) for PCMV. Similarly. in the 35 Serbian
samples. 10 (28.57%) were positive for PPV. 15 (428696) for PCV2. and 25 (7l.43%) for PCMV.
None of the tested samples were positive for PRV. The overall cumulative positivity rates
were estimated at 28.79% for PPV. 50.00% for PCV2. and 74.24% for PCMV. Triple co-
infection (PPV. PCV2. and PCMV) was identified in 8 samples (l3.63%). while double co-
infections were observed as follows: PPV and PCV2 in 10 samples (15.1 5%). PPV and PCMV in
16 samples (242496). and PCV2 and PCMV in Z6 samples 69.39%). Notably. only 9 samples
(l3.63%) tested negative for all targeted pathogens. These findings highlight the
widespread occurrence of viral infections in wild boar populations and emphasize the
need for enhanced surveillance and biosecurity measures to mitigate the risk of disease
transmission to domestic pigs