REPONIVS - Repository of Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine of Serbia
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Diagnosis and characteristics of simultaneous PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 infection
No full textVirus reproduktivnog i respiratornog sindroma svinja (PRRSV) je prvi put u
Srbiji otkriven 2001. godine. PRRSV pripada familiji Arteriviridae i
razvrstava se u dva genotipa, genotip PRRSV-1 i PRRSV-2. Dok PRRSV-1
uglavnom uzrokuje respiratorne simptome, PRRSV-2 dovodi do
reproduktivnih poremećaja. Ekonomske štete koje su posledica PRRS-a su
značajne, te se danas PRRS kontroliše vakcinacijom sa više ili manje uspeha.
Pošto je virus, a naročito tip 1, izuzetno varijabilan, sa visokom stopom
mutacija i rekombinacija, potrebno je stalno praćenje sojeva, odnosno njihovo
menjanje u odnosu na dijagnostičke protokole i vakcinu. Dijagnostika PRRS-a
je upravo usled stalnih promena genoma veoma kompleksna, pa se svi sojevi
istog genotipa ne mogu detektovati jednim PCR protokolom. Genetske razlike
između PRRSV-1 i PRRSV-2 su tek značajne. Nadalje, usled primene
vakcinacije, serološka dijagnostika ima ograničenu primenu. Do 2022.
godine, u Srbiji je cirkulisao PRRS-1. U ovom radu je opisan prvi slučaj
dijagnostike i kontrole PRRSV-2 na farmi na kojoj je PRRSV-1 kontrolisan
vakcinacijom.Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was first discovered
in Serbia in 2001. PRRSV belongs to the family Arteriviridae and is further classified
into two genotypes, genotype PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. While PRRSV-1 mainly
causes respiratory symptoms, PRRSV-2 leads to reproductive disorders. The
economic losses caused by PRRS are significant, and nowadays PRRS is controlled
by vaccination with more or less success. Since the virus, especially type 1, is
extremely variable, with high mutation and recombination rates, it is necessary to
constantly monitor the strains, and their changes in terms of diagnostic protocols and
vaccines. The diagnosis of PRRS is very complex precisely because of the constant
changes in the genome, so all strains of the same genotype cannot be detected by a
single PCR protocol. Genetic differences between PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 are even
more significant. Furthermore, due to the use of vaccination, serological diagnostics
has a limited application. Until 2022, PRRS-1 circulated in Serbia. This paper
describes the first case of diagnosis and control of PRRSV-2 on a farm where PRRSV-
1 was controlled by vaccination
Biosecurity score on households with swine production in the Pomoravlje area
No full textU ovom radu je prikazana analiza ocene biosigurnosnih mera sprovedenih na
deset seoskih gazdinstava u kojima je utvrđena AKS kod domaćih svinja na
epizootiološkom području VSI Jagodina. Za ocenu primene biosigurnosnih
mera na seoskim gazdinstvima koja drže svinje, koristili smo online obrazac
kreiran na Univerzitetu u Gentu (BiocheckUGent). Ukupna ocena uključuje
procenu primene spoljašnjih mera (eksterna biosigurnost) i mera
primenjenih na samoj farmi/gazdinstvu (interna biosigurnost).
Ukupna ocena biosigurnosti je bila 27,2 ± 2,07. Rezultati procene eksterne
biosigurnosti pokazali su srednju vrednost od 20,2%. Eksterna procena
biosigurnosti pokazala je najniže ocene za transport životinja, neškodljivo
uklanjanje leševa, i odlaganje stajnjaka (8,1%). Procena unutrašnje
biosigurnosti pokazala je ocenu od 34,2% sa najnižim procentom (0%) za
izvršeno čišćenje i dezinfekciju. U sprovedenim anketama, pokazalo se da je
stanovništvo svesno postojećih slučajeva AKS-a u susednim opštinama, ali
da nisu sigurni kakva bi njihova uloga u upravljanju bolestima trebalo da bude,
šta se od njih očekuje, a postoji i uverenje da je potreban sistemski pristup
problemu na državnom nivou. Osim toga, zbog nedostatka jedinstvenog
pristupa, određeni broj ljudi je izrazio sumnju u samo postojanje bolesti,
odbacujući je kao obmanu.In this paper we present biosecurity scores on ten pig-producing households positive
for African swine fever in the epizootical area overseesed by Institute of Veterinary
Medicine “Jagodina”. Biosecurity scores were calculated by use of on-line form
designed in the University of Gent (BiocheckUGent). Total score was calculated from
external biosecurity measures (external biosecurity) and measures conveyed on the
farm itself (internal biosecurity).
The overall biosecurity score was 27,2 ± 2,07. The results of the external biosecurity
assessment showed a mean score of 20,2%. External biosecurity assessment showed
the lowest scores for the transport of animals, carcasses, and manure disposal (8,1%).
The assessment of internal biosecurity revealed a score of 30,2% with the lowest
percentage score (0%) for cleaning and disinfection performed. In surveys taken, it
was found that the general populous was aware of existing ASF cases in neighboring
municipalities, but that they were not sure what their role in disease management
should be, what was expected of them, and there was a belief that a systemic strategic
state-wide approach is necessary. Furthermore, with a lack of a unified approach, a
certain number of people have expressed doubt about the very existence of the disease,
dismissing it as a hoax
Extensive pig production sector in Serbia – biosecurity concerns and diseases transmission
No full textIn Serbia, there are different animal production systems, including extensive ones, which are
common and traditional in Serbia. Nowadays, extensive pig production with very low or almost
no biosecurity measures plays an important role in the spread of ASF and other infectious
diseases. Extensive farming systems are traditionally practiced in villages, hamlets, and forests,
usually near riverbanks. In Serbia, there are different types of extensive production systems:
small farms, backyards, semi-free-range, free-range, and a small percentage of organic pig
production units. In traditional systems, pig production can also be divided into indoor and
outdoor housing. However, it is not easy to make a clear distinction between extensive indoor
and outdoor units. In traditional backyard housing systems, pigs are not confined to the units at
all times, and often there is no complete fencing. According to Serbian law, disease surveillance
is mandatory in all pig production. However, local veterinarians are mainly focused on the control
and diagnosis of transboundary infectious diseases such as ASF and CSF. For these reasons, many
other parasitic, bacterial, and sometimes viral infections are detected but underestimated.
During 2019-2023, we retrospectively analyzed the most common diseases in pigs from
traditional extensive husbandry necropsied in the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia and
the Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad". Among the most common parasitic diseases in pigs
in extensive husbandry are ascariasis and trichurosis. As for bacterial pathogens, Escherichia coli
and enteric clostridial infections, Pasteurella multocida, Glaesserella parasuis, Streptococcus spp.,
and Salmonella spp. were the most frequently isolated bacteria from various organs of the
examined pigs. The viral pathogens most commonly detected were suid herpesvirus 1 (Aujeszky's
disease) and porcine parvovirus (PPV), in addition to ASF, which was confirmed in infected
counties nationwide. Low biosecurity measures or lack of external biosecurity measures in
extensive swine production farms pose a high risk for transmission of various pathogens,
including not only diseases caused by conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, but also
notifiable diseases that can have a significant negative impact on the country's economy.Tirana, Albania, 20th and 21st June 202
Possibility of nanosilver application in udder disinfection of cows
No full textStalni kontakt mlečne žlezde sa površinama koji su potencijalni nosioci patogena i visoki standardi koji se odnose na kvalitet i higijensku ispravnost mleka,
uslovljavaju potrebu da se kontinuirano primenjuju higijenske mere u postupku
muže. Količina, kvalitet i higijenska ispravnost mleka kao ključni faktori uspešnosti farmskog uzgoja krava, zavise pored smeštajnih uslova i od higijene muže, Aiji
posebno značajan deo je higijena vimena krava. Jedna od najvažnijih mera koje
se kontinuirano sprovode u cilju održavanja higijene vimena je dezinfekcija, kao
mera čiji je prvenstveni zadatak eliminacija potencijalnih patogena u cilju očuvanja zdravlja vimena, količine i kvaliteta mleka. Velike ekonomske štete uzrokovane mastitima, i problemi u primeni antibotika u kurativi istih, zahtevaju posebnu
pažnju u izradi i sprovođenju planova kontrole mastitisa, u kojima ključno mesto
ima dezinfekcija vimena pre i posle muže. Razvoj novih dezinficijensa na bazi nano srebra, sa dobrim efektom na zdravlje vimena i očuvanje količine i kvaliteta mleka je jedan od budućih pravaca prevencije bolesti mlečne žlezde i očuvanja količine i
kvaliteta mleka
Higijena na pčelinjaku
No full textZnačaj dezinfekcije u pčelarskoj industriji svakim danom postaje sve značajniji iz razloga što je u pčelarstvu primena antibiotika potpuno zabranjena, a pčele napadaju kao i sva druga živa bića razni patogeni (bakterije paraziti, virusi, gljivice i dr.). Primena antibiotika i drugih efikasnih lekova dovele su do smanjenja interesovanja za održavanje čistoće i higijene uopšte, a isto tako i u pčelarstvu. U današnje vreme upotreba antibiotika protiv bolesti pčela nije opravdana iz mnogo dobrih razloga (ostataka istih u pčelinjim proizvodima od jednu do čak šest godina u pergi, do godinu dana u medu). Zato moramo zaštiti pčele i pčelinje proizvode od starnih supstanci i agenasa, gde je higijena od najveće važnosti
Fish catch and production in the world and Serbia
No full textРиба j е изузетно вредна намирница у исхрани људи због веома добро избалансираног садржаjа макронутриjената као што су то протеини, масти и микронутриjента односно минерала и витамина. Исхрана рибом штити људе од кардиоваскуларних и коронарних болести, превенира рахитис и менталне болести код деце. Становништво у свету се рибом снадбева из два извора: улов риба из отворених вода (океани, мора, реке, jезера) и рибом из аквакултуре (морске воде. бочате воде, природна и вештачка jезера). Са порастом броjа становника у свету расту и потребе за храном како биљног тако и анималног порекла. Од намирница анималног порекла риба годинама има наjвећи пораст захваљуjући, пре свега, производњи рибе у аквакултури. Аквакултура jе била позната пре 2000 година али њен значаj у производњи рибе постаjе препознат тек раних деведесетих година прошлог века. Тих година улов рибе из отворених вода (наjвећим делом пореклом из океана и мора) достигао jе рекордних близу 100 милиона тона, што jе претило поремећаjу равнотеже живог света у води. Опстанак наjчешће ловљених риба (ситна и крупна плава риба, ослићи) доведен jе у питање па jе међународним уговорима ограничен улов рибе у свим морским зонама. Од тада улов рибе се одржава на око 90 милиона тона годишње. Да би се задовољиле све веће потребе за рибом решење jе нађено у аквакултури, па jе двадесетих година овог века изjедначена производња рибе у аквакултури са уловом рибе у отвореним водама. Улов и производња рибе у аквакултури били су 2020. године 178 милиона тона. Од укупне производње рибе у аквакултури 1/3 се произведе у Кини. Од 1960. године када jе просечна потрошња рибе у свету била по становнику 9,9 кг она jе 2020. године порасла на 20,2 кг. Од 1961. године количина рибе на тржишту расла jе по годишњоj стопи од 3% а у исто време броj становника растао jе годишње просечно за 1,65%. Сматра се да ће до 2030. године потрошња рибе по становнику у свету годишње порасти на 2 1 , 4 кг. Тренутно наjвећу потрошњу рибе годишње по становнику има Исланд (91 кг) а наjмању Афганистан (0,24 кг). Потрошња рибе по становнику у Србиjи jе годишње око 7 кг. У Србиjи се годишње произведе у аквакултури (шаранска и пастрмска риба) 6.698 тона рибе, и улови 2.297 тона рибе (реке, jезера) (просек 2012-2021. година). У истим годима у Србиjу jе увезено годишње од 30.000 до 36.000 тона рибе (замрзнута, конзерве). Србиjа има далеко веће могућности за производњу рибе у аквакултури али рибарство као грана пољопривреде дели годинама судбину сточарства где jе евидентно смањење броjа грла стоке (говеда, свиња, живине) и где jедино стагнира производња овчиjег меса.Fish is an extremely valuable food in the human diet due to its very balanced content of macronutrients such as proteins, fats and micronutrients, i.e. minerals and vitamins. Eating fish protects people from cardiovascular and coronary diseases, prevents rickets and mental diseases in children. The world population is supplied with fish from two sources: from catching fish from open waters (oceans, seas, rivers, lakes) and from aquaculture (seawater, brackish water, natural and artificial lakes). With the increase of the world population, the demand for food of both plant and animal origin is growing. Of the food of animal origin, fish has experienced the greatest growth over the years, mainly due to the production of fish in aquaculture. Aquaculture was known 2000 years ago, but its importance for fish production wasn't recognized until the early 1990s. In those years, the catch of fish from open waters (mainly from the oceans and seas) reached a record of almost 100 million tons, threatening to upset the balance of aquatic life. The survival of the most commonly caught fish (small and large bluefish, hake) is in question, so international agreements limit fishing in all marine areas. Since then, fishing has been limited to about 90 million tons per year. To meet the growing demand for fish, a solution was found in aquaculture, and so in the twenties of this century, fish production in aquaculture was equated with fishing in open waters. The catch and production of fish in aquaculture amounted to 178 million tons in 2020. Of the total aquaculture production, one-third is produced in China. Since 1960, when the average fish consumption in the world was 9.9 kg per capita, it has increased to 20.2 kg in 2020. Since 1961, the amount of fish on the market has increased by 3% per year, while at the same time the population has grown by an average of 1.65% per year. It is estimated that fish consumption per capita in the world will increase to 21.4 kg annually by 2030. Currently, Iceland has the highest annual fish consumption per capita (91 kg) and Afghanistan the lowest (0.24 kg). Fish consumption per inhabitant in Serbia is about 7 kg per year. In Serbia, 6,698 tons of fish are produced annually in aquaculture (carp and trout) and 2,297 tons of fish (rivers, lakes) are caught (average 2012-2021). In the same years, 30,000 to 36,000 tons of fish (frozen, canned) were imported to Serbia annually. Serbia has much greater possibilities for fish production in aquaculture, but fishing as a branch of agriculture has for years shared the fate of livestock farming, where the number of animals (cattle, pigs, poultry) is significantly decreasing and the production of mutton is stagnating.Predavanje po poziv
Enterotoxemia –the main problem in extensive sheep breeding?
No full textKlostridije (Clostridium) su saprofitske bakterije koje su široko
rasprostranjene u prirodi i uobičajeno se nalaze u zemljištu i vodi, a neke od njih i u intestinalnom
traktu životinja i ljudi. Međutim, pojavom određenih nespecifičnih faktora
koji narušavaju bakterijsku ravnotežu crijeva one mogu biti uzročnik ozbiljnih zdravstvenih
problema životinja.
Oboljenja gastrointestinalnog trakta prouzrokovana klostridijama su veoma česta
kod preživara, posebno ovaca. Opisane bolesti uključuju: hemoragični enterokolitis,
enterotoksemiju, bolest kašastih bubrega, bolest prejedanja, bradsot, dizenteriju jagnjadi,
abomazitis i enteritis. Osim bradsota, koji izaziva Clostridium septicum, sve ove bolesti
su uzrokovane različitim podtipovima bakterije Clostridium perfringens. Ove bolesti
predstavljaju veoma izražen problem u sredinama gdje je dominantan ekstenzivan način
uzgoja životinja kod kojih se ne primjenjuju preporučeni protokoli vakcinacije.Clostridium are saprophytic bacteria that are widely distributed in
nature and are commonly found in soil and water. Some of them are found in the intestinal
tract of animals and humans. However, with the appearance of certain non-specific
factors that disrupt the bacterial balance of the intestines, they can be the cause of
serious animal health problems.
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract caused by clostridia are very common in ruminants,
especially sheep. Diseases described include: hemorrhagic enterocolitis, enterotoxemia,
mushy kidney disease, overeating disease, Bradsot, lamb dysentery, abomasitis
and enteritis. Except for Bradsot, which causes Clostridium septicum, all these diseases
are caused by different subtypes of Clostridium perfringens. These diseases represent
a very pronounced problem in environments where the dominant way of raising
animals is the extensive way, where the recommended vaccination protocols are not
applied
Two age groups of adult pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) as bioindicators of aquatic pollution
No full textPikeperch of age classes 3+ and 4+ were collected from the Garaši reservoir (Serbia)
to analyze their bioindicator potential and compare their possible differences. Concentrations of
26 elements were determined in gills, muscles, and liver by inductively-coupled plasma optical
emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and of 17 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and six polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) in muscle by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS).
Histopathological changes in the liver and gills were analyzed as biomarkers of general fish health.
Only the concentrations of Cd, Na, and P in the muscles differed significantly. The OCPs and
PCBs concentrations were below the detection limits, so fish meat consumption does not pose a risk
concerning these substances. Hg and Cd exceeded the maximum allowed concentrations in some
4+ individuals, probably due to biomagnification. Gills were the most affected by metal exposure in
both age classes. Histopathological changes and indices were minor and did not differ significantly
between age classes, suggesting that pollution did not affect the morphology and structure of gills and
liver. There were no significant correlations between elemental accumulation and fish condition or
between histopathological scores. Therefore, both age classes can be used as bioindicators of pollution
Ocene higijene u procesu proizvodnje trupova svinja na jednoj klanici u Srbiji
No full textPredstavnici porodice Enterobacteriaceae su široko rasprostanjeni i većina su
komensali, kao što su na primer pojedini sojevi E.coli, ali ima i patogenih vrsta koje
predstavljaju značajnu opasnost po javno zdravlje. Kontaminacija sirovina, u ovom
slučaju trupova svinja, odnosno mesa je najčešće posledica primenjenih postupaka u
primarnoj proizvodnji i zavisi od primene dobre proizvođačke/higijenske prakse duž
lanca proizvodnje mesa, naročito tokom operacija klanja i dalje obrade. Indikator
mikroorganizmi, predstavljaju informaciju o higijeni procesa i neadekvatnim
postupcima koji su korišćenjni tokom proizvodnje. Predstavnici enterobakterija
predstavljaju dobar indikator higijene i poštovanja dobre proizvodne/higijenske
prakse, jer se relativno brzo i jednostavno otkrivaju. Nalaz bakterija roda Salmonella
u brisevima sa trupova zaklanih svinja predstavlja indikator higijene proizvodnog
procesa. Kontaminacija trupa može nastati kao posledica tehničkih grešaka tokom
procesa obrade (npr. slučajno zarezivanje creva ili izlazak fecesa iz anusa). Salmonele
preživljavaju u okruženju u klanici, a posebno ih je teško ukolniti sa opreme. Loša
higijena osoblja u klanici može rezultirati kontaminacijom trupova, a međusobnim
dodirom trupova dolazi do unakrsne kontaminacije.
Ispitivanje je sprovedeno na jednoj klanici srednjeg kapaciteta iz okoline
Beograda gde su uzorkovni brisevi sa100 trupova svinja tokom deset nedelja. Statističkom analizom ustanovljeno je da je prosečan broj Enterobacteriaceae bio
najmanji nakon hlađenja (0,13±0,05log10CFU/cm2), što je značajno manje (p<0,01) od
prosečne vrednosti nakon omamljivanja (1,79±0,88log10CFU/cm2) i prosečne
vrednosti nakon obrade (0,78±0,46log10CFU/cm2). Najveći koeficijent varijacije
zabeležen je nakon obrade (51,48%), a najniži nakon hlađenja (34,66%). Dobijeni
rezultati prevalencije Salmonella spp. na trupovima svinja nakon omamljivanja je
iznosio 41%, nakon završene obrade 5% dok nakon hlađenja nije utvrđeno prisustvo
Salmonella spp.Referat po poziv
Mycoplasmatic (enzootic) pneumonia of pigs as a health problem in fattening units
No full textMycopasmatic or enzootic pneumonia is the most common disease of the respiratory system under
in the intensive pig production. It is clinically manifested by coughing, a chronic inflammatory
process in the lungs, high morbidity and a relatively low percentage of deaths. The infection can be
transmitted horizontally and vertically. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae invades the epithelial cells of
the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli and disrupts the function of the ciliary body.
Evagination of epithelial cells occurs, so that the cleansing of the airway mucosa by the mucociliary
apparatus is inhibited. As a result, bacterial complications (Pasteurella, Bordetella, Klebsiella,
Actinobacillus, Hemophilus) are common.M.hyopneminia can play imortant role in PRDC. The
development of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is favoured by large congregations of pigs in small
spaces, inadequate environmental conditions (microclimate), parasitic infections and inadequate
nutrition. Mycoplasma hyopneumonia can be a significant health problem on the fattening farm,
exacerbated by the influence of non-specific factors as well as the spread of other bacterial
pathogens