REPONIVS - Repository of Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine of Serbia
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Rezidue veterinarskih lekova i toksičnih metala u hrani, rizik za potrošače u Srbiji
No full textRezidue veterinarskih lekova i kontaminenta mogu štetno delovati na zdravlje potrošača,
jedna od mera za njihovu kontrolu je praćenje kroz monitoring programe. Cilj monitoringa je da
se sistematskim ispitivanjem utvrdi da li se koriste nedozvoljene supstance u lečenju životinja, da
li se poštuje karenca i raširenost kontaminenata. Rezultati monitoringa u Evropskoj Uniji nam
ukazuju da je najveći broj neispravnih nalaza povezan sa hemijskim elementima odnosno
toksičnim metalima dok su rezidue veterinarskih lekova i ostali kontaminenti stalno prisutni iako
ne u velikom broju uzoraka. U EU se u grupi supstanci sa anaboličkim delovanjem javljaju
najčešće antitireoidne supstance a zatim steroidi, laktoni rezorcilne kiseline, zabranjene supstance
i beta agonist. U Srbiji je do sada potvrđeno samo prisustvo zabranjenih supstanci (hloramfenikol).
U grupi veterinarskih lekova u EU se antibakterijski lekovi javljaju najčešće a odmah za njima i
nesteroidni antiinflamatorni lekovi dok su u Srbiji ustanovljeni antibakterijski lekovi i
kokcidiostatici. Obzirom da se toksični metali javljaju kao najčešća vrsta rezidua u EU ispraćeni
su podaci o izloženosti naše populacije i ustanovljeno je da je naša populacija izložena velikim
količinama Cd u hrani, najviše kroz namirnice biljnog porekla ali ne treba zanemariti ni meso i
unutrašnje organe svinja. Nauča istraživanja o izloženosti potrošača u Srbiji toksičnim metalima
ukazuju da je potrebno posvetiti značajnu pažnju ovoj oblasti
Antimikrobna rezistencija izolata actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae na teritoriji autonomne pokrajine Vojvodine, Republika Srbija
No full textActinobacillus pluropneumoniae (APP) is one of the most important
bacterial respiratory pathogens in swine. It is the only etiological agent of
porcine pleuropneumoniae (PPP) or appears as a secondary bacterial infection
of the swine’s respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Antibiotics are still
the most eff ective measure for reducing mortality and severity of clinical
symptoms in most parts of the world. Nevertheless, in recent years, resistance
to certain antibiotics such as tetracycline, penicillin, aminoglycosides
and others has been increasing. Th e aim of this study was to examine the
resistance of A. pleuropneumoniae isolates in the area of AP Vojvodina. Th e
samples were collected from dead pigs’ lung tissue from 14 farms. Bacterial
strains were isolated on agar with 5% sheep blood and Staphylococcus
aureus culture as a source of factor V and for subculture chocolate agar
enriched with 10 mg/L NAD was included as well. Aft er the examination
of morphological and cultural characteristics, biochemical identifi cation
was performed using standard bacteriological tests. APP was confi rmed by
PCR. A total of 35 bacterial isolates were tested on antimicrobial resistance
using the disc diff usion method with 11 antibiotics. Antibiotics from
the group: aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, fl uoroquinolones, phenicols,
tetracyclines and beta-lactam antibiotics were used. Th e isolates collected
in the area of AP Vojvodina, from 2015 to 2022, retained high sensitivity
to fl orfenicol, cephalosporins and fl uoroquinolones. However, increasing antibiotic resistance was observed for penicillin, tetracycline and all tested
aminoglycosides.Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) se ubraja u najznačajnije bakterijske
respiratorne patogene svinja. Jedini je etiološki agens porcine pleuropneumoniae
(PPP) ili se pojavljuje kao sekundarna bakterijska infekcija
u kompleksu respiratorne bolesti svinja (PRDC). Antibiotici su i dalje najefi
kasnija mera za smanjenje mortaliteta i težine kliničke slike u većini dijelova
svijeta, međutim tokom prethodnih godina javlja sve češća pojava
rezistencije na pojedine antibiotske preparate poput tetraciklina, penicilina,
aminoglikozida i dr. Cilj ove studije jeste ispitati rezisteniciju izolata
A. pleuropneumoniae na prostoru AP Vojvodine. Uzorci su prikupljeni iz
plućnog tkiva uginulih svinja sa 14 farmi. Za izolaciju A. pleuropneumoniae
korišten je agar sa 5% ovčije krvi i kultura soja Staphylococcus aureus
kao izvor V faktora, a za presejavanje čokoladni agar obogaćen sa 10 mg/L
NAD. Nakon ispitivanja morfoloških i kulturelnih karakteristika izvršena
je biohemijska identifi kacija primenom standardnih bakterioloških testova.
APP je potvrđen pomoću PCR metode. U ispitivanju antibiotske osetljivosti
35 bakterijskih izolata korištena je disk difuziona metoda sa ukupno
11 antibiotika. Korišteni su antibiotici iz grupe:, aminoglikozida, sulfonamida,
fl uorohinolona, fenikola, tetraciklina i beta-laktamskih antibiotika
AB preparata. Izolati prikupljeni na teritoriji AP Vojvodine od 2015
do 2022 godine zadržali su visoku osetljivost na fl orfenikol, cefalosporine
i fl uorohinolone. Kod drugih antimikrobnih sredstava kao što su penicilin,tetraciklin i svi testirani aminoglikozidi, uočena je povećana rezistencija na
antibiotike
Gastrointestinal helminths of small ruminants in Serbia
No full textDuring study of gastrointestinal helminths of small ruminants in Serbia, performed from
2010 to 2020 we collected fecal samples from 470 herds in various part of Serbia.
Samples were colected at monthly intervals and we examined more than 6500 faecal
samples. Examination was performed using standard coprological technique. During ten
years 738 sheep and goats we were examined by post-mortem examination.
Determination of adult parasites and eggs of parasites were done by morphological
characteristic. During these investigations, the following GI helminths were found in
sheep:: Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta, Ostertagia
trifurcata, Ostertagia ostertagi, Ostertagia occidentalis, Marshallagia marshalli,
Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus vitrinus,
Nematodirus filicoliis, Nematodirus spathiger, Nematodirus abnormalis, Cooperia
curticei, Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia punctata, Cooperia zurnabada, Skrjabinema
ovis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Chabertia
ovina. In goats, the presence has been establishedOstertagia circumcincta, O. ostertagi,
Ostertagia occidentalis, Trichostrongylus axei, T. Colubriformis, T. capricola,
Nematodirus spathiger, N. filicollis, Haemonchus contortus, Marshallagia marshalli,
Skrjabinema ovis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Chabertia ovina, Oesophagostomum
venulosum i Cooperia curticei. The intensity of infection and polyparasitsm was
monitored in relation to the age of sheep and goats. It was found that in younger animals
intensity of infection was lower than that of older animals
The role and significance of beekeepers' education for the improvement of beekeeping
No full textThe lack of professionally trained beekeepers is one of the biggest problems of beekeeping in Serbia.
The great interest in beekeeping is not accompanied by the necessary theoretical and practical
education that would enable those interested in this type of production to approach beekeeping in an
adequate and quality way. This results in unprofessional behavior of societies, spread of diseases
among bees, lower yield of bee products and drastically lower economic profit. Creating adequately
trained and qualified beekeepers that will be able to meet all the challenges and requirements of
modern beekeeping provides an opportunity for the expansion of beekeeping in Serbia and a
significant increase in the quantity and quality of bee products. Guided by this idea, the Academy of
Beekeeping and Apitherapy was founded in 2021. after the control by the Education Inspection of the
Agency for Qualifications of RS with its act no.610-04-030 / 2022-04 from 09.5.2022. gave a decision
on approving the status of a publicly recognized organizer of adult education activities JPOA
Academy of Beekeeping and Apitherapy of Serbia. Beekeeper Training Program. By the decision, the
Academy became the first such educational organization in Serbia, but also in the Western Balkans,
which has an accredited plan and program for training beekeepers
A retrospective study on the isolated strains of Salmonella in poultry
No full textPoultry represents a significant global reservoir of Salmonella spp. Poultry salmonellosis results in
significant economic losses, and some serovars also have zoonotic potential. Some poultry can be infected with Salmo nella species without showing clinical signs of the disease, but it is a significant source of the spread of the infection.
Clinical symptoms range from digestive problems (white diarrhea, malabsorption) to bacteremia and death. This study
aimed to retrospectively show the presence of bacteria Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica of various serovars
in poultry in the Belgrade epizootiological area in a period of six years (2014-2019). A total of 4580 samples were
examined, including incubated eggs, dead chickens, broiler feces, and laying hens with 207 positive samples. Salmo nella was isolated by standard microbiological methods followed by serological typing. In the examined period, the
prevalence of poultry salmonella was 4.52%. The highest number of examined samples was recorded in 2017 (879)
and positive in 2018 (65), while the lowest prevalence was recorded during the year 2016 with 7 positive samples. Of
all isolated and serotyped Salmonella, the most commonly isolated serovar was S. Enteritidis (65.28%), followed by
S. Infantis (21.30%), S. Mbandaka (6.02%), S. Senftenberg (3.24%), S. Typhimurium (1.85%), S. Agona (0.93%), S.
Taksony (0.93%), and the least common is S. Tshiongwe (0.46%). The first report of serovars: S. Agona, S. Taksony
and S. Tshiongwe have been during 2018. The highest number of positive specimens was found in laying hens faces
(116 of 921 tested), broiler faces (73 of 1147), chickens carcasses (12 of 1443), and incubated eggs (6 of 1069). Com plete eradication of Salmonella from production is a challenging goal because of a heterogeneous serovars pool and
various sources of infection. Prevention is the best tool for controlling Salmonella: hygiene, biosecurity, and where
applicable - vaccination. It is a great responsibility of the poultry farmers to apply the existing standards and to improve
the new ones
Assessment of the current state of biosecurity measures on broiler chicken farms with different capacities In Vojvodina
No full textThe broiler production faces many challenges, which can cause negative
effects on their health and welfare. The great importance for farmers is to prevent
disease outbreaks, and biosecurity measures are very significant. This study aimed
to quantify the level of biosecurity measures in broiler farms of different capacities,
using a standardized procedure, and to identify key aspects that would require
improvements. The research was conducted from May to September 2022, and 15
randomly selected broiler farms participated. Five large-size (>30,000 chickens),
five middle-size (10,000-30,000 chickens) and five small-size farms (<10,000
chickens) were analyzed. All farms are located in Vojvodina and farmers agreed to
participate in the survey. The Biocheck.UGent scoring system
(https://biocheckgent.com/en) was used to quantify biosecurity measures. The
overall farm biosecurity is a weighted average of the external and internal
biosecurity. Our results showed a low level of implementation of internal and
external biosecurity measures on all farms (40-63%). The overall rating of
biosecurity on farms was lower than the world and country's average. The results of
this study suggest that the control of implemented biosecurity measures in broiler
farms is very important. Most of the biosecurity risks for broiler farms originate
from inappropriate site selection, purchase of day-old chicks of unknown quality,
lack of procedures, and training of farm employees. This study should provide a
good encouragement for the development of a biosecurity plan, identifying risks
and the appropriate way to educate farm owners, as well as farm employees, on the
implementation of biosecurity measures
Influence of ecological factors to season dynamic of gastrointestinal strnogylidae of small ruminants
No full textThe grazing method of breeding enables small ruminants to have constant contact with
transitional hosts (oribatids, molluscs, etc.) and eggs and larval forms of parasites, so that
there is no sheep that is not infected with at least one parasitic species. Based on research in
the world and in our country, diseases of parasitic etiology dominate in sheep and goats both
in terms of prevalence and incidence, accompanied by significant morbidity and moderate
mortality.There are many factors that contribute to the appearance, maintenance and spread of
parasitosis. Among the many factors that influence the spread and maintenance of parasitic
infections, there is a major influence of environmental factors on the seasonal dynamics of
gastrointestinal strongylids of small ruminants. For these reasons, the aim of our work is to
review the influence of abiotic factors on the epidemiology of parasitic infections of small
ruminants
Foot and mouth disease - constantly threatening disease
No full textFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic
and wild ungulates and one of the most important diseases of animals in international
trade because it spreads very quickly and causes significant economic losses. In Africa,
Asia, the Middle East and a limited area of South America, FMD is an enzootic disease
and is controlled by vaccination. It is estimated that 77% of the world's livestock
population is affected by FMD (WOAH, 2022). Countries that are free of FMD without
vaccination are constantly at risk and invest heavily in preventing the introduction of
the virus. The causative agent of this disease is the FMD virus, which belongs to the
genus Aphtovirus and the family Picornaviridae. The virus is relatively resistant and
can survive in contaminated materials and the environment for several months under
ideal conditions. There are 7 serotypes and more than 60 subtypes of the FMD virus.
Immunity against one type of virus does not protect the animal from other serotypes
or subtypes.
The last cases of FMD in Europe were recorded in 2001 in the United Kingdom
(UK) and in 2011 in Bulgaria. FMD in the UK was registered on 2000 farms, as a result
of which about seven million animals were killed (Sutmoller et al., 2003). In Bulgaria,
the first case was detected in a wild boar on the border with Turkey, and then the
disease spread to domestic animals, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs on 11 farms. 2230 animals were killed in Bulgaria. Although sporadic cases of the disease were later
detected in wild game, it has not been proven that the FMD virus can be maintained in
wild animal populations (Elbers et al., 2003). The most common mechanism of the
spread of FMD is through direct contact, which can take the form of mechanical
transmission of the virus from infected to healthy animals through the skin and
mucous membranes or by aerosol and even by wind. The most important source of
infection is the contents of the vesicle, but the virus is also excreted in all
secretions/excreta, as well as in exhaled air. Cattle excrete less virus in their breath,
but, unlike pigs, they are very susceptible to infection through the respiratory route.
The minimum infectious dose of airborne virus for ruminants is only 10 TCID50, while
for pigs it is 103 TCID50 (Alekandersen et al., 2003). On the other hand, pigs are
considered an amplifier of the virus because they produce and excrete the most virus,
and therefore represent the greatest risk of spreading the disease. Depending on the
wind speed, infected pigs are a source of infection especially for cattle for miles
around. Such spread was noted in the UK when the disease was transferred from a pig
farm on the Isle of Wight to an area in northern France (Donaldson et al., 1982).
In addition to the pig phenomenon, a persistent form of infection in the
nasopharyngeal epithelium and lymphatic tissue is very important epizootiologically.
Persistent infection is defined as the presence of an infectious virus in the esophagealpharyngeal
(OP) fluid more than 15 or 21 days after infection in vaccinated or infected
cattle. The maximum duration of persistent infection in cattle is 3.5 years, sheep 9
months and goats 4 months (Alekandersen et al., 2003).
Clinically, the disease is characterized by a high body temperature (~
the appearance of vesicles in the oral cavity, feet and teats. After the bursting of the
vesicles, the processes become extremely painful, as a result of which the animals
cannot eat and avoid standing up if they have changes in their hooves. Most of the
affected animals recover, but with significant consequences, especially in milk
production. It is interesting that in young animals, sudden death can be the only sign
due to multifocal myocarditis that occurs before the appearance of vesicles. The
disease in sheep is mostly inapparent, which is why sheep are the species of choice for
serological surveillance of FMD.
In relation to the distribution of viruses, there are 7 enzootic areas (pools)
characterized by virus genotypes that circulate and develop independently within the
area. However, every year, the virus jumps from one area to another, usually through
illegal animal traffic. A very worrying epizootic event was recorded in early 2023 with
the emergence of SAT2/KSIV in Iraq, Jordan and Turkey (ADIS, 2023). The SAT2
epizootic was registered in three districts in Turkey on March 3, 2023, in the east of
the country. Out of 4944 susceptible animals, in all three districts, 7 clinical cases and
no deaths were determined. Analyzes of the nucleotide sequences of viruses from
these areas confirmed that the epizootics were caused by viruses of the SAT2/KSIV
topotype closely related to the viruses from Ethiopia in 2022. Considering that this is
the first occurrence of SAT2 in the mentioned countries where the population is fully
received, there is a justified concern from the rapid spread to other countries in the
region, the buffer zone without FMD in Thrace, as well as further west.
Turkey is the bridge that connects Europe and Asia and as such is very important
epizootiologically. The mass movements of animals in Turkey are always in the
direction of the west, towards the Marmara region and further towards Europe.
Foot and mouth disease is one of the most difficult animal diseases to control.
Different strategies can be applied to control FMD including mass vaccination as is the
case in Turkey.
Traditional measures to prevent the spread are the prohibition of traffic and trade
in animals and animal products from infected areas. Strict control at the border is a
crucial tactical measure because it has been shown that the legal and illegal movement
of animals contributes to the spread of diseases. In case of disease, the "stamping out"
method is applied, with the possibility of ring vaccination.
FMD is always a current topic because of its disastrous consequences in livestock
farming. In the future, due to rapid genetic change among serotypes, the virus will
continue to evolve and cause epizootics in enzootic areas. Therefore, trained
veterinary staff, good infrastructure, trained management and rapid diagnostic testing
in well-equipped laboratories must be ensured before the emergence of SIS. In
addition, the existence of an effective monitoring and surveillance system is crucial.
Serbia is a country free from FMD. Every year, for the purpose of confirming the free
status, surveillance is carried out by serological testing of a representative number of samples, Legislatively, SIŠ is regulated by the Ruleboook on establishing measures for
early detection, diagnosis, prevention of the spread, suppression and eradication of
foot-and-mouth disease ("Official Gazette of the RS", no. 15/2010) and the Rulebook
on establishing a crisis management plan (" Official Gazette of the RS", No. 90/2015
Employing gamma-ray-modified carbon quantum dots to combat a wide range of bacteria
No full textNowadays, it is a great challenge to develop new medicines for treating various infectious
diseases. The treatment of these diseases is of utmost interest to further prevent the development
of multi-drug resistance in different pathogens. Carbon quantum dots, as a new member of the
carbon nanomaterials family, can potentially be used as a highly promising visible-light-triggered
antibacterial agent. In this work, the results of antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of gamma-rayirradiated
carbon quantum dots are presented. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized
from citric acid by a pyrolysis procedure and irradiated by gamma rays at different doses (25, 50,
100 and 200 kGy). Structure, chemical composition and optical properties were investigated by
atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrometry and photoluminescence.
Structural analysis showed that CQDs have a spherical-like shape and dose-dependent average
diameters and heights. Antibacterial tests showed that all irradiated dots had antibacterial activity
but CQDs irradiated with dose of 100 kGy had antibacterial activity against all seven pathogenreference
bacterial strains. Gamma-ray-modified CQDs did not show any cytotoxicity toward human
fetal-originated MRC-5 cells. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy showed excellent cellular uptake of
CQDs irradiated with doses of 25 and 200 kGy into MRC-5 cells
