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Retrospective study of asphyxia as a cause of mortality in population of Eurasian Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) in Serbia
No full textInterest in wild raptor mortality has increased recently because many species are in decline and this global problem can cause serious biodiversity problems. The main cause of mortality is human activities that lead to extinction of many bird species, including European Gri on Vulture, whose place in the ecosystem is of great importance. The largest part of the Serbian European Gri on Vulture population is located in the gorge of the Uvac River in Serbia in the special nature reserve “Uvac”. The birds nest on the high, steep limestone cli s above river and its accumulation lakes. In Serbia, the European Gri on Vulture was protected by law in 1994, and since then its population has been increasing. Asphyxia as one of the causes of lethality (mortality) of European Gri on Vultures in Sebia was studied in the period from 2019 to 2022. Twenty nine dead European Gri on Vultures were pathomorphologically examined. Informations on species, sex, and date of carcass collection were collected. Of the total 29 birds, asphyxia was the cause of death in 15 cases. The causes of asphyxia were drowning in the lakes as well as in ammatory diseases such as bronchopneumonia and brinonecrotic pneumonia, and infectious lesions (tuberculosis, aspergillosis). Saving Gri on Vultures is of great importance to maintain the function of the entire ecosystem. The impact of these birds on human health is undeniable, making the study of their mortality, identi cation of potential risks, and elimination of these risks critical to biodiversity conservation.Abstracts Book : Poster presentatio
Patterns of ASFV Transmission in Domestic Pigs in Serbia
No full textThe first case of African swine fever in domestic pigs in Serbia was in 2019. The following year, the disease was confirmed in wild boar. Thenceforth, ASF has been continuously reported in both wild and domestic pigs. The outbreaks in domestic pigs could not be linked directly to wild boars, even though wild boars were endemically infected, and reservoirs for ASF. This study aimed to investigate outbreaks and routes of transmission in domestic pigs in a region of central Serbia where no outbreaks in wild boar were reported. Fourteen outbreaks of ASF on backyard farms with low biosecurity were traced back, and no connection to wild boar was found. The epidemic investigation covered 2094 holdings, with 24,368 pigs, out of which 1882 were tested for ASF. In surrounding hunting grounds, field searches were conducted. Dead wild boars were found, and 138 hunted wild boars were negative for ASFV. It was concluded that outbreaks in 2021 were provoked by the illegal trade of live animals and pig products. Even though infective pressure from wild boars is assumed, no positive cases have been found, while the ASFV spreads within the domestic swine population evidenced in four recent outbreaks in 2022
Clinical and pathological characteristics of Streptococcus suis infections in pigs
No full textStreptokokone infekcije svinja se pojavljuju u svim zemljama sa intenzivnom svinjarskom
proizvodnjom, a izazivaju ih patogene streptokoke različitih serogrupa. Nekoliko vrsta
streptokoka je ustanovljeno kod svinja, od kojih su neki komensali, a neki patogeni. Najznačajnija
i najrasprostranjenija streptokoka svinja je Streptococcus suis (S. suis), uzročnik septikemičnog
oboljenja ili promena lokalizovanih u organima kod prasadi na sisi, prasadi stare 5 do 10 nedelja
i starijih kategorija svinja uključujući i nazimice, krmače i nerastove. Streptococcus suis je
inkapsulirana Gram-pozitivna koka, svrstana u grupu D prema Lancefield klasifikaciji. Do danas
je utvrđeno 35 kapsluarnih serotiova S. suis, koji se međusobno razlikuju po patogenosti. Većina
sojeva S. suis izolovanih od obolelih svinja pripada serotipovima 1-9, pri čemu je serotip 2
najprevalentniji i najvirulentniji serotip u većini evroazijskih zemalja. Streptokoke mogu na
različite načine da dospeju u organizam životinja. Glavna „ulazna vrata“ infekcije kod prasadi na
sisi predstavlja pupak, kratko posle poroda, ledirana gingiva ili otvorena pulpa kod korekcije zuba,
abrazije kože na ekstremitetima kod neadekvatnih podova, a naročito kada je kod krmača prisutan
MMA sindrom odnosno sindrom postpartalne disgalakcije. Takođe, i lezije kod kupiranja repa i
kastracije muške prasadi mogu predstavljati atrijum za infekciju. Kod latentno inficiranih krmača,
streptokoke naseljavaju tonzile pa se pretpostavlja da se u ovakvim slučajevima prasad mogu
inficirati preko respiratornog sistema. Ako se prasad inficiraju od latentno inficiranih krmača do
ekspresije bolesti dolazi posle imunosupresije.
Prateći zdravstveno stanje svinja u velikim aglomeracijama nam je omogućilo da na celovit način
pratimo oboljenja streptokokne etiologije koja se pojavljuju u više kliničkih i patomorfoloških
oblika. Tako, streptokokna infekcija kod prasadi na sisi i zalučene prasadi se manifestuje kao
streptokokna septikemija novorođene prasadi, streptokokna septikemija prasadi stare 2-3 nedelje,
zatim kao artritis, osteomijelitis, endokarditis, apostematozni miokarditis, meningoencefalitis,
cefalocervikalni limfadenitis, supkutani periartikularni absces, pneumonija i zapaljenje srednjeg
uva. Od oblika streptokokne infekcije kod prasadi na sisi najfrekentnije se javljaju streptokokna
septikemija i artritisi, a kod prasadi iz odgoja meningo-encefalitisi, endokarditis, pneumonija i
zapaljenje srednjeg uva. Vrlo retko smo imali priliku da detektujemo i cefalo-cervikalni
limfadenitis i periartikularne apcese. Kod krmača, streptokoke su bile odgovorne za razvoj
mastitisa, endometritisa i pojavu abortusa. Najfrekventnije izolovani serotip S. suis u našem
istraživanju je bio serotip 2 (45%), a pored njega detektovani su i serotipovi ½ (17%), 1 (13%), 4
(7%), 7 (6%), 9 (5%), 5 (4%) i serotip 3 (3%), kao i veći broj izolata koje nismo mogli tipizirati.
Streptokokna infekcija svinja predstavlja ozbiljan i značajan zdravstveni problem u većim
aglomeracijama, a karakterišu je različiti putevi infekcije kao i polimorfizom u izražavanju.Streptococcal infections of pigs occur in all countries with intensive pig production, and
are caused by pathogenic streptococci of different serogroups. Several species of streptococci have
been found in pigs, some of which are commensal and some are pathogenic. Streptococcus suis
(S. Suis) is one of the most important and widespread pathogens of pigs causing septicemic disease
or localized lesions in different organs in suckling piglets, 5- to 10-week-old piglets, and older
categories of pigs including gilts, sows, and boars. Streptococcus suis is an encapsulated Grampositive cocci, classified in group D according to the Lancefield classification. A total of 35 S.
suis capsular serotypes have been identified to date, which differ in pathogenicity. Most S. suis
strains isolated from diseased pigs belong to serotypes 1-9, with serotype 2 being the most
prevalent and virulent serotype in most eurasian countries. Streptococci can enter into the body in
different ways. The main portals of infection in suckling piglets are umbilical infections shortly
after birth, gum lesions or exposed dental pulp made during tooth cutting, skin injuries on the
extremities caused by abrasive floors, especially when MMA or postpartum dysgalactia syndrome
is present in sows. Castration and tail docking wounds can also be an portals for infection. In
latently infected sows, streptococci inhabit the tonsils, thus it is assumed that piglets can be
infected through the respiratory system. In cases of infection of piglets from latently infected
sows, the disease occur in piglets after immunosuppression.
Monitoring the health status of pigs in large agglomerations allowed us, to comprehensively
survey of clinical, pathomorphological and etiological features of streptococcal diseases. Thus,
septicemia of newborn piglets, septicemia of 2-3 week old piglets, arthritis, osteomyelitis,
endocarditis, apostematous myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, cephalocervical lymphadenitis,
subcutaneous periarticular abscess, pneumonia and otitis media, were the most severe
manifestation of the disease. The septicemia and arthritis were the most common forms of the
streptococcal disease in suckling piglets, while meningo-encephalitis, endocarditis, pneumonia
and otitis media were the most common streptococcal diseases in weaned piglets. Cephalocervical lymphadenitis and periarticular abscesses were relativly sparsely detected. The most frequently isolated serotype S. suis was serotype 2 (45%), in addition, serotypes ½ (17%), 1 (13%), 4 (7%), 7 (6%), 9 (5%), 5 (4%) and 3 (3%) were also detected, as well as a larger number of isolates that we could not type. Streptococcal infection represents severe and significant health
problem in large pig agglomerations, and is characterized by different routes of infection as well
as polymorphism in expression
Biosecurity measures in extensive domestic pig production units
No full textBiosigurnosne mere u ekstenzivnoj proizvodnji svinja obuhvataju sve postupke,
čijom primenom se umanjuje rizik od unošenja i/ili širenja bolesti svinja
različite etiologije. Primenom biosigurnosnih mera u ekstenzivnoj
proizvodnji direktno i indirektno štitimo populaciju domaćih svinja na
komercijalnim farmama (intenzivna proizvodnja) u Republici Srbiji. U radu
su prikazani rezultati epizootiološkog nadzora i biosigurnosne kontrole u
ekstenzivnim proizvodnim sistemima domaćih svinja (seoska gazdinstva,
porodične farme, uzgoj domaćih svinja na otvorenom). Analizom je obuhvaćen
južnobački i Sremski okrug na teritoriji Vojvodine. Postignuti rezultati
ukazuju da kada se razmatra lokalitet naseljenog mesta (sela), sa
epizootiološkog aspekta treba sagledati i neposredno okruženje i
komunikaciju sa okolnim naseljenim mestima kao i teritoriju otvorenih
lovišta. Sa aspekta implementacije spoljašnjih mere biosigurnosti u
ekstenzivnim proizvodnim sistemima, od značaja je postojanje celovite ograde
u cilju ograničavanja kretanja i potencijalnog kontakta sa jedinkama iz
susednih seoskih gazdinstava. Neohodna je kontinuirana edukacija vlasnika
koji su u isto vreme i lovci, u cilju da se trupovi izlovljenih divljih svinja
ne obrađuju u krugu seoskog gazdinstva. Poseban epizootiološki problem je
kulturološki i sociološki fenomen klanja svinja u seoskim gazdistvima kao
i tehnika prirodnog pripusta, sa nerastom iz drugog gazdinstva ili sela. I
posle višegodišnje kampanje koja se sprovodi na teritoriji države, i dalje je
problem sagledavanja značaja primene osnovnih higijenskih mera
(dezinfeckiona barijera, čista obuća i odeća, pranje ruku), pre ostvarivanja
direktnog kontakta sa domaćim svinjama. Stoga, neohodna je i dalje stalna
komunikacija i saradnja između lokalnih veterinara, epizootiologa i držaoca
kao put do uspeha u kontroli i unapređenju biosigurnosti.Biosecurity measures in extensive domestic pig production include application of
different procedures, which reduces the risk of introduction and/or spread of pig
diseases of different etiologist. By applying biosecurity measures in extensive
production, we directly and indirectly protect the population of domestic pigs on
commercial farms (intensive production) in the Republic of Serbia. The paper presents
the results of epizootiological surveillance and biosecurity control in extensive
domestic pig’s production systems (backyards, family farms, free-range). The
presented analysis includes South Bačka and Srem district in Vojvodina Province.
The achieved results indicate that when considering the village locality, from the
epizootiological aspect, the immediate environment and communication with
surrounding villages, as well as the territory of open hunting grounds, should be
considered. From the aspect of implementing external biosecurity measures in
extensive production systems, it is important to have a complete fence in order to limit
movement and potential contact with domestics from neighboring backyards.
Continuous education of pig owners who are at the same time hunters is necessary, in
order to prevent the carcasses of hunted wild boars from being processed within the
backyards. A special epizootiological problem is the cultural and sociological
phenomenon of slaughtering pigs in backyards, as well as the natural breeding, with
breeding domestic boars from another backyard or village. Even after a multi-year
campaign carried out on the country territory, there is still a problem of understanding
the importance of applying basic hygiene measures (disinfection barrier, clean shoes
and clothes, washing hands), before making direct contact with domestic pigs.
Therefore, constant communication and cooperation between local veterinarians,
epizootiologists and farmers/pig owners is further necessary to success in controlling
and improving biosecurity
Simultaneous coinfections with West Nile virus and Usutu virus in Culex pipiens and Aedes vexans mosquitoes
No full textThe mosquito-borne zoonotic flaviviruses West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are endemic in many European countries and emerged in Germany in recent years. Due to the increasing overlap of their distribution areas and their similar epidemiology, coinfections of WNV and USUV are possible. Indeed, coinfections in vertebrate hosts as a rare event have already been reported from some countries including Germany. However, it is largely unknown whether and to what extent coinfections could affect the vector competence of mosquitoes for WNV and USUV. For this purpose, the mosquito species Culex pipiens biotype pipiens, Culex pipiens biotype molestus, and Aedes vexans were orally infected in mono- and simultaneous coinfections with German strains of WNV and USUV. Mosquitoes were incubated for 14 days at 26°C, 85% relative humidity, and a 16 : 8 light-dark photocycle, before they were dissected and forced to salivate. The results showed a decrease in USUV susceptibility in Culex pipiens biotype pipiens, an increase in USUV susceptibility in Aedes vexans, and no obvious interaction between both viruses in Culex pipiens biotype molestus. Vector competence for WNV appeared to be unaffected by a simultaneous occurrence of USUV in all tested mosquito species. Coinfections with both viruses were only found in Culex mosquitoes, and cotransmission of WNV and USUV was observed in Culex pipiens biotype molestus. Overall, our results show that viral interactions between WNV and USUV vary between mosquito species, and that the interaction mainly occurs during infection and replication in the mosquito midgut. The results of this study confirm that to fully understand the interaction between WNV and USUV, studies with various mosquito species are necessary. In addition, we found that even mosquito species with a low susceptibility to both viruses, such as Ae. vexans, can play a role in their transmission in areas with cocirculation
Rotaviruses diarrhea in calves before and after vaccination – experience
No full textДијареје код новорођених телади стварају велике проблеме стварајући велике економске губитке. Вирусни узрочници дијареја Корона и Рота вирус у првим данима живота доводе до тешких дијареја које се могу завршити угинућем телади. Вируси Рота и Корона отварају врата за секударне бактеријске узрочнике компликујући клиничку слику дијареје. У овом раду је приказан случај дијареја код телади проузроковани Рота вирусима и резултат вакцинације након случаја. Фарми 22 краве, сименталске расе током Јула 2022. године забележена су угинућа код 3 телета, старости од 5 до 12 дана, Поред примењене адекватне терапије, телад су брзо угињавала. Клиничка слика код оболелих телади је била акутног тока, изразитим профузним садржајем, са присутном дехидратацијом, апатијом. Поред тога, као значајан предиспонирајући фактор настанка дијареја јесте и топлотни стрес, где су дневне температуре се кретале и до 40 ℃. За дијагностичко испитивање узети су ректални брисеви од оболелих телади. Присуство Рота вируса у испитујућим брисевима потврђено је PCR методом. Због присутног проблема на фарми извршена је вакцинације свих гравидних крава у периоду 4-12 недеља пре очекиваног термина тељења комерцијално доступном вакцином. Применом вакцинације крава у периоду засушења 4-12 недеље пре очекиваног тељења против Kорона и Рота вируса постиже се адекватна пасивнa заштитa код новорођених телади. Резултати вакцинације високо стеоних крава огледа кроз смањење појаве дијареја, смањење стопе угинућа, смањење трошкова лечења, као и смањене употребе антибиотика као најважнијег задатка у спречавања даљег раста антимикробне резистенције. Најважнији закључак из овог случаја је да појаве нових случајева дијареја ниje забележенo, значајно је смањена употреба антибиотика код телади који потичу од вакцинисаних крава, и у каснијим фазама одгоја таква телад су много мање имали здравствених проблема.Diarrhea in newborn calves creates major problems, creating major economic losses. Viral causes of diarrhea Corona and Rota virus in the first days of life lead to severe diarrhea that can end in the death of calves. Rota and Corona viruses open the door for secondary bacterial agents, complicating the clinical picture of diarrhea. This paper presents a case of diarrhea in calves caused by Rota viruses and the result of vaccination after the case. On the farm of 20 cows, the Simmental breed, in July 2022, the deaths of 3 calves, aged from 5 to 12 days, were recorded. Despite the applied adequate therapy, the calves died quickly. The clinical picture in the affected calves was acute, with marked profuse content, with dehydration and apathy present. In addition, as a significant predisposing factor for the occurrence of diarrhea is heat stress, where daily temperatures ranged up to 40 ℃. Rectal swabs from sick calves were taken for diagnostic testing. The presence of Rotavirus in the test swabs was confirmed by the PCR method. Due to the current problem on the farm, all pregnant cows were vaccinated in the period 4-12 weeks before the expected calving date with a commercially available vaccine. Vaccination of cows during the drying period 4-12 weeks before the expected calving against Corona and Rotavirus achieves adequate passive immune protection in newborn calves. The results of vaccination of highly pregnant cows are reflected in the reduction of diarrhea, the reduction of death rates, the reduction of treatment costs, as well as the reduced use of antibiotics is the most important task in preventing the further growth of antimicrobial resistance. The most important conclusion from this case is that no new cases of diarrhea were recorded, the use of antibiotics in calves from vaccinated cows was significantly reduced, and in the later stages of rearing such calves had much fewer health problems
Wild animals as an important epizootological link
No full textПокривајући значајан сегмент ветеринарске медицине, поље рада епизоотиологије се бави поремећајем здравља, производних карактеристика и добробити у популацијама животињских врста као и факторима који утичу на ове поремећаје. Отуда се главни смер епизоотиолошких истраживања односи на ове поремећаје у популацијама оних животињских врста које су економски значајне или које имају одређену социјалну компоненту. Досадашња искуства, заснована на посматрању епизоотиологије економски значајних заразних болести или зооноза, указују да је практично немогуће разумети, а са тиме и сузбијати, контролисати и искорењивати епизоотије (и епидемије), а да се епизоотиолошка истраживања не односе и на дивље животиње. Штавише, познавањем начина трансмисије појединих заразних болести у популацијама дивљих животиња и спровођењем мера сузбијања, контроле и ерадикације, у неким случајевима је могуће у потпуности уклонити ризик по здравље домаћих животиња и људи. Некада, као у случају лептоспирозе, а услед „више силе“ (мочваре, баре и мање стајаће воде), мере имају ограничени ефекат. Међутим, у случају беснила орална вакцинација пре свега лисица, условила је прекид у епизоотиолошком ланцу тј. трансмисији од резервоара до домаћих животиња и људи. У раду се разматрају елементи у саставу три основне епизоотиолошке компоненте (пријемчива врста, узрочни фактор и фактор средине), који се односе на популацију дивљих животиња, а у одржавању и трансмисији најзначајнијих заразних болести у региону, бактеријске (лептоспироза, туларемија, пастерелоза, туберкулоза, бруцелоза, антракс, црвени ветар, листериоза, Q грозница) и вирусне (беснило, авијарна инфлуенца, Афричка и класична куга свиња, Morbus Aujeszky, штенећак, панлеукопенија мачака) етиологије.Covering a significant segment of veterinary medicine, the field of epizootiology deals with disorders of health, production characteristics and welfare in populations of animal species as well as the factors that influence these disorders. Hence, the main direction of epizootiology research refers to these disorders in the populations of those animal species that are economically significant or that have a certain social component. Previous experiences, based on the observation of the epizootiology of economically significant infectious diseases or zoonoses, indicate that it is practically impossible to understand, and therefore suppress, control and eradicate epizootics (and epidemics), without epizootic studies also referring to wild animals. Moreover, by knowing the way of transmission of certain infectious diseases in wild animal populations and implementing suppression, control and eradication measures, in some cases it is possible to completely remove the risk to the health of domestic animals and humans. Sometimes, as in the case of leptospirosis, and due to "Force Majeure" (swamps, ponds and small stagnant water), the measures have a limited effect. However, in the case of rabies, oral vaccination, primarily of foxes, caused a break in the epizootiological chain, i.e. transmission from reservoirs to domestic animals and humans. The study discusses the elements in the composition of three basic epizootiological components (susceptible species, causative factor and environmental factor), which affect the population of wild animals, and in the maintenance and transmission of the most important infectious diseases in the region, bacterial (leptospirosis, tularemia, pasteurellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, anthrax, erysipelas, listeriosis, Q fever) and viral (rabies, avian influenza, African and classical swine fever, Morbus Aujszky, distemper, feline panleukopenia) etiologies
Intestinal endoparasitism in wild cat (Felis silvestris) from Banat area (Romania)
No full textThe wild cat (Felis silvestris), spread in Romania from the Danube Delta to the mountain range
is present in the Banat area, on the hunting ground that can be contaminated with different stage
developmental forms of parasites, some of them having real zoonotic potential. The wild cat is an
animal protected by the Romanian law of protection animals.
Coprological samples from 88 wild cats from 16 hunting grounds, as well as the gastrointestinal tract
collected from six wild cats cadavers and the molecular characterization of the cestodes identifi ed
in their intestines, allowed us to establish intestinal parasitic fauna. During coprological examination
Isospora oocysts, tapeworm eggs, eggs of Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma spp. and Capillaria spp
were found. At the same time, the form of genera Mesocestoides, Taenia, Toxocara/Toxascaris and
Ancylostoma were identifi ed at necropsy. Further polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identifi cation
revealed the species of Taenia taenieformis, and Mesocestoides litteratus, the latter providing a
zoonotic potential.
This study, the fi rst in the western part of the country (Banat area, Timis County), provides information
about the parasitic fauna of wild cats and underlines the importance of the human contamination risk
Pojava avijarnog encefalomijelitisa kod brojlerskih pilića
No full textAvijarni encefalomijelitis (AE) je oboljenje uzrokovano neurotropnim virusom koje se kod mladih pilića manifestuje kao ataksija i tremor, naročito glave i vrata, pa se naziva još i Epidemični tremor. Ataksija i slabost dalje napreduju do pareze i paralize nogu kod starjih pilića. Kod nosilja dovodi do prolaznog pada nosivosti kao i do smanjenog izleganja pilića usled kasne embrionalne smrtnosti. Infekcija se prenosi horizontalnim i vertikalnim putem. Jedini vid zaštite je imunizacija roditeljskih koka i komercijalnih nosilja pre pronošenja.
Tokom ovog ispitivanja bilo je obuhvaćeno šest komercijalnih farmi brojlerskih pilića sa različitih lokaliteta za koje se sumnjalo da imaju avijarni encefalomijelitis i svi su poticali od istog matičnog jata. Pilići su bili u starosti od jednog do 42 dana. Na tri farme sa jednodnevnim brojlerima nije bilo kliničkih znakova bolesti, na tri farme gde su brojleri bili u starosti 21, 40 i 42 dana starosti uočeni su klinički znaci bolesti koji su uključivali depresiju, ataksiju, bočno ležanje, pareze i paralize nogu. Za serološku dijagnostiku prisustva specifičnih antitela protiv virusa AE uzorci krvnih seruma su ispitani ELISA testom. Rezultati seroloških ispitivanja kod jednodnevnih pilića su pokazali odsustvo maternalnih antitela. Kod pilića starosti 42 dana svi serumi su imali povišene vrednosti titra antitela (100%), kod pilića starosti 40 dana kod 50% seruma ustanovljene su povišene vrednosti, dok su kod pilića starosti 21 dan svi serumi bili pozitivni (100%) sa značajno većim vrednostima titrova u odnosu na druge dve pozitivne farme
Haemolactia in dairy cows
No full textHemolaktija je klinički znak, koji označava prisustvo krvi u mleku. Dovodi do
pojave ekonomskih gubitaka zbog odbacivanja mleka i terapije obolelih krava.
Uobičajeni razlozi za nastanak hemolaktije su trauma vimena, ruptura krvnih sudova,
krvarenje usled dijapedeze, infektivna bolest (leptospiroza), trombocitopenija,
dijapedeza usled hiperemije posle porođaja, deficit vitamina. Patofiziologija
procesa i tačan uzrok njegovog nastanka nisu utvrđeni. Hemolaktija se može javiti
u bilo kojoj fazi laktacije, a najveći problem javljaju u prvim danima laktacije.
Prisustvo krvi u mleku narušava kvalitet kolostruma, što je od značaja za novorođenu
telad. Cilj ovog rada bio je da ukaže na pojavu hemolaktije kod mlečnih krava.
Dugotrajno praćenje pojave hemolaktije ukazuje da se može javiti u bilo kojoj
fazi laktacije, pretežno u prvih 100 dana laktacije. Trajanje hemolaktije zavisi od
inteziteta kliničkog skora. Postoje brojni protokoli za kontrolu i skraćivanje trajanja
hemolaktije. Terapija hemolaktije zasniva se na primeni rastvora kalcijuma, vitamina
K, antikoagulansa, vazokonstriktora, vitamina C.Haemolactia is clinical sign, that marks the presence of blood in milk. It leads
to the occurrence of economic losses due to the rejection of milk and therapy-affected
cows. The common reasons for the occurrence of haemolactia are trauma
udder, rupture blood vessels, haemorrhage due to diapedesis, infectious disease
(leptospirosis), thrombocytopenia, diapedesis due to hyperemia after parturition,
deficiency vitamins. The pathophysiology of the process and the exact cause of
its occurrence have not been established. Hemolactia can occur at any stage of
lactation, with the biggest problem being the first days of lactation, when it usually
occurs. The presence of blood in milk impairs the quality of colostrum, which is
important for newborn calves. The aim of this work was to indicate the occurrence
of haemolactia in dairy cows. Long-term follow-up of the occurrence of hemolactia
indicates that it can occur at any stage of lactation, predominantly in the first 100
days. The duration of haemolactia depends on the clinical score of haemolactia.
There are numerous protocols for controlling and shortening the duration of haemolactia.
Therapy of haemolactia is based on the administration of calcium solutions,
vitamin K, anticoagulants, vasoconstrictors, vitamin C