REPONIVS - Repository of Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine of Serbia
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Assessment of biosecurity measures in the commercial (industrial) pig farms in Serbia
No full textBiosecurity measures together with the efficient on-farm management embraces all aspects of
the prevention of pathogens entering pig farms, regardless of structure and animal number. In
the present study assessment of biosecurity measures in the commercial (industrial) pig farms in
Serbia was carried out through application of the questionnaire to farm veterinarians.
To assess biosecurity in commercial (industrial) farms, a Biocheck online survey
(https://biocheckgent.com) was conducted in the ten commercial pigs farms located in the
Northern part of Serbia where industrial pig production is localized and the highest density of pig
production can be found.
The results of the external biosecurity assessment showed a mean score of 75.55%, compared to
the average in Serbia, which was 68.55%, and the global average of 73%. External biosecurity
assessment showed the lowest scores for feed, water and equipment supply (47%). The
assessment of internal biosecurity revealed a score of 54.89% compared to the national average
of 44.22% and the world average of 64.11%. Regarding internal biosecurity, the lowest
percentage score (37.22%) was confirmed for farrowing and suckling period and for finishing unit
(37.67%). The overall biosecurity score for commercial pig farms included in this study was
65.55%. The national average was 56.33%, while the global average was 68.67%.
This study showed a bit less lower level of biosecurity measures in commercial pig farms in Serbia
comparing with global average. Certainly, having in mind the different pig production systems in
Serbia, there is urgent need to improve biosecurity in industrial farms. Serbia as a Western Balkan
country, has variable pig farming system characterized by a domination of traditional family
farms, smallholdings, backyard production and semi-free and free-range. Currently, traditional
farming methods in Serbia represent a cultural identity. The biosecurity measures that could be
implemented in extisted animal production systems need to be urgently identified
Different phosphorus sources in broilers diet - utilization and environmental pollution
No full textThe current study was conducted to evaluate the digestibility of phosphorus from
monocalcium phosphate (MCP), as an inorganic P source in broilers diet, and to determine the
faecal P output. A total of 200 1-day-old (Cobb 500) broilers, both sexes, obtained from the
local hatchery, were included in the trial and divided in two groups, by one hundred birds
each. During the 42 experimental days, broilers were fed a diets which differed only in MCP
origin. Cr2O3 was added to the diets at a 0.5% level as an indigestible marker. By 10 birds
from each group were placed into individual balance cages, at day 11 and day 25, in order to
provide the collection of faeces during 5 consecutive days. Daily phosphorus intake, fecal P
output and percentage of apparent tract digestibility of P were measured, in two ages of
broilers. Determined differences have shown the influence of source on P utilization (P<0.05).
It was concluded that the P utilization was not significantly affected by the age of broilers.
Tested parameter may be used in estimation of level of P that in this way merged into the
environment. Additionally, these are valuable information for optimization of complete feed
mixture for broilers regarding P needs, which is one of the most important ways of dealing
with phosphorus pollution
Risk assessment of foot-and-mouth disease and biosecurity measures on a cattle farm in Serbia
No full textPeriodic outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the countries of the Middle East and Africa pose a
serious threat to European countries, especially the countries of the Mediterranean and the Balkan Peninsula.
Due to insufficient development of veterinary services, diagnostic capacities, and socioeconomic and political
reasons, the disease is endemic. Serbia is on a transit route between the Middle East and Central Europe and
is at risk of introducing FMD which is considered the most devastating disease in cattle production. Experience
with African swine fever outbreak in Serbia has shown that agent’s transmission through man is very likely,
that awareness raising about biosecurity measures at many stockbreeders is a slow process, and that even
apparently good biosecurity measures on farms have gaps that allow agents breakthrough in population. As
for FMD, the current epidemiological situation in the cattle population in Serbia is stable, the most common
diseases detected on farms are BVDV, BRSV and Mycoplasma bovis infections, and sporadic cases of
paratuberculosis. In such circumstances, attention to biosecurity measures among farmers and veterinarians
is declining. That fact makes farms vulnerable to introducing new infectious agents such as FMD. The main
risk factors for possible FMD outbreaks on farms are the proximity of international highways that connect the
Middle East and Central Europe in the northern part of Serbia. The lowland geographical area, occasionally
windy, allows the FMD virus to spread easily. Many farmers do not cooperate with local veterinarians, rather
they prefer to use the services of specialists who visit many farms over long distances. Biosecurity measures
on farms are at a very low level or non-existent, while dairy trucks daily entering into farms. The geopolitical
migrant crisis and the illegal traffic of migrants across state borders also pose a risk of the introduction of the
FMD virus into the country. Taking into account the mentioned risk factors, as well as the circumstance of the
constant threat of the endemic presence of FMD virus in the Middle East, it is necessary to constantly
maintain readiness and vigilance. Although the current epidemiological situation is favourable there is a need
for significant improvement of biosecurity measures on cattle farms, as well as awareness campaigns and
surveillance measures
Epizootiology of Q fever, its socioeconomic impact, and public health implications
No full textQ groznica je zoonoza rasprostranjena u celom svetu osim na Novom Zelandu,
predstavlja znaĉajan uzrok oboljevanja ljudi širom sveta. Bolest izaziva Coxiella
burnetii, intracelularna, Gram-negativna bekterija. Endemski je prisutna u
Srbiji ali uprkos ĉinjenici da je vaţna za javno zdravlje i ekonomiju stanovišta,
o njoj se malo izveštava dok je nadzor slabo razvijen. Postoji veliki broj rezervoara
u prirodi koje uglavnom ĉine sisari, ptice i krpelji. Domaći preţivari se
smatraju glavnim izvorom infekcije od kojih se moţe zaraziti veliki broj drugih
domaćina. Serološke studije koje smo sproveli pokazale su prisustvo antitela na
C. burnetii u Beogradskoj epizootiološkoj oblasti. Seroprevalencija kod goveda
na farmama je iznosila 18%, dok je u porodiĉnim gazdinstvima bila 1,5%. Kod
krava na farmama koje su pobacile prevalencija je iznoslila 49%, dok je u
porodiĉnim gazdinstvima bila 1,9%. Infekcija kod domaćih ţivotinja najĉešće
prolazi asimptomatski i obiĉno se primeti tek kada nastanu reproduktivni
poremećaji i pobaĉaji. Tokom abortusa i poroĊaja obolele ţivotinje izluĉuju u
spoljašnju sredinu veliku koliĉinu bakterija, i do 1 milijarde po gramu placente.
Pojave epidemija kod ljudi najĉešće su povezane sa klanicama i farmama sa
intenzivnim gajenjam ovaca i koza. Kliniĉki Q groznica se i kod ljudi naĉešće
javlja asimptomatska, ali i u formi nespecifiĉne groznice, atipiĉne pneumonije,
hepatitisa i endokarditisa. Pošto su kliniĉki znaci bolesti nespecifiĉni, laboratorijski
dokazi infekcije su neophodni za postavljanje taĉne dijagnoze i otpoĉinjanje
specifiĉne terapije. Bolest se leĉi upotrebom specifiĉnih antibiotika, a
kod neleĉenih pacijenata stopa smrtnosti moţe biti visoka. Q groznica se
uglavnom prenosi udisanjem kontaminiranog aerosola, kontaktom sa obolelim
ţivotinjama i kontaminiranom okolinom ili konzumiranjem zaraţenog mleka i
ţivotinjskih proizvoda. Prevencija je usmerena na izbegavanje izlaganja ljudi,
posebno riziĉnih osoba, ţivotinjama i zagaĊenoj ţivotnoj sredini. Dobrim upravljanjem
procesima na farmama sniţava se stepen kontaminacije okoline i
spreĉavaju kontakti ljudi i ţivotinja sa izvorima infekcije. Poboljšanja u
zoru i izveštavanje o infekcijama kod ţivotinja omogućava blagovremeno reagovanje
veterinarskih i zdravstevnih sluţbi, kao sastavnih delova sistema jednog
zdravlja, ĉime se postiţe veća efikasnost u kontroli i spreĉavanju nastanka Q
groznice i njenom blagovremenom leĉenju.Q fever is a zoonosis spread throughout the world except in New Zealand, and
presents a significant cause of human illness worldwide. The disease is caused
by Coxiella burnetii, an intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium. It is endemic
in Serbia, but despite the fact that it is important for public health and economy,
it is reported rarely and surveillance is poorly developed. There are numerous
reservoirs in nature, which are mainly mammals, birds and ticks. Domestic
ruminants are considered the main source of infection from which a large
number of different hosts can be infected. The serological studies we conducted
showed the presence of antibodies to C. burnetii in the Belgrade epizootic area.
Seroprevalence in cattle on intensive farms was 18%, while in family farms it
was 1.5%. In cows that aborted on farms, the prevalence was 49%, while in
family farms it was 1.9%. Infection in domestic animals is usually asymptomatic
and usually noticed only when reproductive disorders and abortions occur.
During abortion and labor, infected animals excrete large amount of bacteria
into the external environment, up to 1 billion per gram of placenta. Epidemics
in humans are most often associated with slaughterhouses and farms with
intensive breeding of sheep and goats. Clinically, Q fever is often asymptomatic
in humans, but also occures in the form of non-specific fever, atypical
pneumonia, hepatitis and endocarditis. Since the clinical signs of the disease
are nonspecific, laboratory evidence of infection is necessary to establish an
accurate diagnosis and initiate specific therapy. The disease is treated with the
use of specific antibiotics, and in untreated patients the mortality rate can be
high. Q fever is mainly transmitted by inhalation of contaminated aerosols,
contact with infected animals and contaminated environment, or by consumption
of infected milk and animal products. Prevention is directed to avoid
exposure of people, especially persons at risk, to animals and the polluted environment.
Good process management on farms lowers the level of environmental
contamination and prevents people and animals from coming into contact with
sources of infection. Improvements of the monitoring and reporting of infections
in animals enable the timely response of veterinary and health services, as
integral parts of one health system, thus achieving greater efficiency in controlling
and preventing the occurrence of Q fever and allowing the timely
treatment.Zbornik predavanj
Food loss and waste: a global problem
No full textThe world produces an enormous amount of food to sustain its population, yet a substantial portion of it goes to waste or is lost throughout the supply chain. Food loss refers to the reduction in the quantity or quality of food throughout the production, post‑harvest, and processing stages, primarily in developing countries with inadequate infrastructure and storage facilities. It is estimated that up to one‑third of all food produced globally is lost before it even reaches consumers. Food waste occurs mainly in developed countries, primarily at the consumer and retail levels. It refers to the discarding of edible food that is still fit for consumption. Addressing food waste and food loss requires a multifaceted approach involving governments, businesses, communities, and individuals. By tackling food waste and food loss on a global scale, we can work towards achieving food security, reducing environmental degradation, and fostering a more equitable and sustainable future for all
Tick fauna of sheep in east Serbia
No full textThe present study was conducted in 52 sheep flocks from the territory of east Serbia in the
period of March to November 2017, using into consideration the sesonal occurance and
prevalence of ticks. Ticks were from sheep by means lightly sprung forceps. The tick species
and sex/gender were identified by morphometric characteristics. In total, we examined 216
sheep and tick infestation was detected in 39.24% of examined animals. The most abundant
species was Ixodes ricinus found in 41.91%, followed by Dermacentor marginatus (27.91%),
Rhipicephalus bursa (10.92%), R.sanguineus (9.92%), D.recticulatus (5.51%) and
Haemaphysalis punctata (3.97%). Of the total number of collected ticks, 57.15% were
females and 42.85% were males. The population maximum for Dermacentor marginatus,
D.recticulatus and Haemaphysalis punctata occurred in April. In May was population peak
for I.ricinus and it was noted that this species started to decrease in abundance in June.
Rhipicephalus sanguineus and R.bursa reached maxima decreasing until August, and
disappearing completely in September and October. The autumn population peak in
September occurred for the I.ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus and in October for the
I.ricinus and R.bursa
Aegiptianellosis ptica
No full textRod Aegiptianella čine intraerocitni, heterokseni paraziti vodozemaca, gmizavaca i ptica a nazvana je po Egiptu gde je organizam prvi put opisan. Ovi paraziti su na osnovu svojih morfoloških i bioloških karakteristika svrstani u red Rickettsiales. Aegiptianellosis je akutna febrilna bolest koja se prenosi krpeljima, posebno vrstama Argas sp. ali takođe i pojedinim vrstama iz roda IXodidae sp., infekcija se takođe može reprodukovati inokulacijom krvi. Tetraciklini, posebno Doksicilin, efikasno kontrolišu bolest i eventualno eliminišu organizam kod hronično zaraženih ptica
Mycoplasmatic (enzootic) pneumonia of pigs as a health problem in fattening units
No full textMycopasmatic or enzootic pneumonia is the most common disease of the respiratory system under in the intensive pig production. It is clinically manifested by coughing, a chronic inflammatory process in the lungs, high morbidity and a relatively low percentage of deaths. The infection can be transmitted horizontally and vertically. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae invades the epithelial cells of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli and disrupts the function of the ciliary body. Evagination of epithelial cells occurs, so that the cleansing of the airway mucosa by the mucociliary apparatus is inhibited. As a result, bacterial complications (Pasteurella, Bordetella, Klebsiella, Actinobacillus, Hemophilus) are common.M.hyopneminia can play imortant role in PRDC. The development of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is favoured by large congregations of pigs in small spaces, inadequate environmental conditions (microclimate), parasitic infections and inadequate nutrition. Mycoplasma hyopneumonia can be a significant health problem on the fattening farm, exacerbated by the influence of non-specific factors as well as the spread of other bacterial pathogens
Molecular screening of Borrelia miyamotoi and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in ixodid ticks in urban green areas in Serbia
No full textIntroduction: Zoonotic tick-borne diseases (TBDs) represent an increasing threat in urban areas, including city parks and green recreational areas. Borrelia miyamotoi is pathogenic to humans but there is still little information about its circulation in nature and potential local impact on human health, while tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is endemic in many European countries and sporadic autochthonous cases in humans have been reported in Serbia. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of two emerging zoonotic tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) − B. miyamotoi and TBEV in urban areas in the city of Belgrade (24 localities), four localities in Eastern Serbia, one in the province of the Vojvodina.
Methods: At 29 localities, a total of 480 ticks were collected from March to June 2021, and identified to the species level by using morphological keys. DNA and RNA were extracted from individual tick samples, while for molecular detection, probe-based qPCR and nested PCR were applied.
Results: Among 480 ticks, 445 were identified as Ixodes ricinus (213 males, 176 females, 56 nymphs), 30 as Dermacentor reticulatus (18 females, 12 males), three Dermacentor marginatus females, one Haemaphysalis concinna female, and one Haemaphysalis punctata male. Using probe-based qPCR, the prevalence of B. miyamotoi in ticks was 1.04% (DNA was detected in five I. ricinus, two females and two males collected from three Belgrade localities and one male from Eastern Serbia), while sequencing was successful in samples of two I. ricinus females collected from two Belgrade localities and one male from Eastern Serbia. TBEV RNA was not detected in any sample.
Conclusions: This is the first report on the presence of the emerging zoonotic pathogen B. miyamotoi in I. ricinus ticks in urban green areas in Serbia, indicating the risk of B. miyamotoi disease. Risk areas within cities should be identified and knowledge regarding TBPs and TBDs among the general population in urban areas should be increased
Ethiniosis – a new parasitic disease in our environment
No full textMala buba košnice ili Aethina tumida se relativno skoro pojavila u patologiji pčelarske
proizvodnje. Aethina tumida je insekt iz reda Coleoptera, familije Nitidulidae i roda
Aethina. A. tumida potiče iz Afrike gde parazitira kod afričkih pčela (Apis mellifera
scutellata), koje su razvile efikasan zaštitini mehanizam prema njima. Tokom
devedesetih ona se proširila po svetu i do sada je ustanovljena subsaharskoj, centralnoj i
Južnoj Africi, severnoj Americi (SAD, Kanada),centralnoj Americi, Aziji (na Filipinima
i u Koreji), Australiji, a od 2015. i u Evropi, na jugu Italije u Kalabriji i na Siciliji.
Odrasli insekti su tamno smeđe do crne boje i dugi oko 5–6 mm. Odlični su letači i
mogu da prevale ogromne udaljenosti, do 20km godišnje.The small hive beatle or Aethina tumida appeared relatively recently in the pathology
of beekeeping. Aethina tumida is an insect of the order Coleoptera, family
Nitidulidae and genus Aethina. A. tumida comes from Africa, where it parasitizes
African bees (Apis mellifera scutellata), which have developed an effective
protection mechanism against them. During the nineties, it spread around the world
and until now it has been established in sub-Saharan, central and South Africa, North
America (USA, Canada), Central America, Asia (in the Philippines and Korea),
Australia, and since 2015 in Europe, in the south of Italy in Calabria and Sicily.
Adult insects are dark brown to black in color and about 5–6 mm long. They are
excellent flyers and can cover huge distances, up to 20km per year.Beograd, 15.01.2023