REPONIVS - Repository of Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine of Serbia
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Pregled upotrebe POPs pesticida, sa akcentom na sadržaj DDT u mleku
No full textPesticidi su važan faktor u proizvodnji prehrambenih biljaka, kao i smanjenju
populacije štetnih insekata i uništavanju glodara. Lipofilni karakter većine pesticida
može dovesti do njihovog bioakomulacije u masti, što može imati štetne posledice
po zdravlje ljudi i životinja. Cilj ovoga pregled je da predstave saznanja o prisustvu
i određivanju pesticida u mleka, sa akcentom na određivanju sadržaja DDT.
Razmatraju se rezultati dobijeni pri prvim kontrolama prisustva DDT, kao i oni
najnoviji koji su dobijeni poslednjih godina upotrebom novih metoda ekstrakcije
i kontrole savremenim tehnikama. I dalje postoje izazovi u samom načinu određivanja
i razvoju jednostavnih tehnika i procedura za kontrolu. Ali su rezultati dobijeni
poslednjih godina u svim zemljama ujednačeni i slažu se da je prisustvo DDT
u mleku sve manje od prvih kontaminacija sedamdesetih godina prošloga veka.Pesticides are an important factor in the production of food plants, as well as
reducing the population of harmful insects and destroying rodents. The lipophilic
character of most pesticides can lead to their biaccumulation in fats, which can
have harmful consequences for human and animal health. The aim of this review is to present knowledge about the presence and determination of pesticides in milk, with emphasis on the determination of DDT content. The results obtained during the first controls for the presence of DDT are discussed, as well as the most recentdeveloping simple techniques and procedures for control. But the results obtained in recent years in all countries are uniform and they agree that the presence of DDT in milk is decreasing since the first contaminations in the seventies of the last century.
ones obtained in recent years using new methods of extraction and control using
modern techniques. There are still challenges in the very way of determining an
Estimation of surface water contamination by pesticides in the Kovin area, Serbia
No full textKovin is a town and a municipality located in the
South Banat District of the autonomous province
of Vojvodina, Serbia. In the industrial zone of this
city there are factories that produce alcohol and
animal yeast, pet food, cutting and finishing of
steel, production of syringes and packaging for
vaccines and medicines, as well as the largest
mushroom farm in the Balkans. In addition, 11 km
from Kovin there is a mine that extracts coal from
the bottom of a lake that is connected to the
Danube, and represents a unique underwater coal
mining in the world. Despite the mentioned
numerous activities that can have an impact on the
quality of surface waters, a systematic laboratory
monitoring of the surface waters in this area has not
been conducted so far. The present study represents
the extension of our earlier work aimed at the
preliminary characterization of the degree of
loading of surface waters with the total and
specific, most prevalent hydrocarbon polluting
substances [1]. In the current research, the aim was
investigation of the presence and concentration
level of pesticides in these surface waters
Forenzička ispitivanja u maloj praksi
No full textSudska veterinarska medicina ili veterinarska forenzika je naučna disciplina koja se bavi vezom i primenom veterinarsko-medicinskih činjenica u pravnim problemima. Osnove bilo koje forenzičke veterinarske istrage su slične onima koje su u osnovi sudske medicine kod ljudi i podrazumevaju objektivnost, pažljivo vođenje evidencije i obezbeđivanje sledljivosti dokaza. Međutim, glavna razlika leži u velikom broj vrsta životinja koje se mogu ispitivati kada je u pitanju sudska veterinarska medicina. Stoga, nije realno očekivati da bilo koji veterinar bude upućen u sve vrste. U zavisnosti od vrste životinje, koriste se različite dijagnostičke i forenzičke metode. Kada su u pitanju kućni ljubimci najčešći razlozi za forenzička ispitivanja su slučajevi nezakonitog ubijanja i zlostavljanja životinja, ujedne rane usled međusobne borbe životinja, iznenadno uginuće, kao i slučajevipostojanjaodgovornosti veterinara za stručne grešake. Tokom forenzičkog ispitivanja i prikupljanja dokaza u cilju utvrđivanja uzroka uginuća životinja najčešće korišćena metoda jeste postmortalni pregled životinje. Obdukcijom se može utvrditi uzrok uginuća, ali i potvrditi/opovrgnuti postojanje stručne greške veterinara. Osim postmortalnog pregleda, važna dodatna dijagnostička metoda jeste histopatološki pregled organa koji se koristi u svim situacijama u kojima patoanatomskim pregledom ne može sa sigurnošću da se utvrdi razlog uginuća. Kao dodatne metode, u svim slučajevimapostojanja sumnje na ubijanje životinja iz vatrenog oružja koristi se rendgensko snimanje celog tela životinje da bi se utvrdilo prisusustvo projekila, ako su u pitanju ustrelne rane. Takođe, s obzirom na česta namerna trovanja kućnih ljubimaca, hemijsko-tokiskološke analize predstavljaju neizostavnu metodu u cilju potvrde sumnje na trovanje postavljene na obdukciji. Forenzičke metode u maloj praksi mogu se koristiti i kod živih životinja u slučajevima kada postoji sumnja na zlostavljanje životinja, u situacijama procene ujednih rana, kao i kod kupoprodaje. Najčešće situacije kada je u pitanju kupoprodaja jesu postojanje sumnje na nasledne bolesti, kada se koriste DNK analize kojima se može potvrditi postojanje mutacija na genskom kodu i prisustvo različitih naslednih oboljenja. Tokom forenzičkog ispitivanja najvažnije jeste pažljivo sakupiti sve dokaze, prikupiti potreban materijal za dalje analize, izvšiti potrebna merenja, kao i napraviti fotografije i video zapise. Na kraju ispitivanja potrebno je sastaviti izveštaj
Fowl adenovirus infection - potential cause of a suppressed humoral immune response of broilers to newcastle disease vaccination
No full textFowl adenovirus infections have a significant economic impact, especially in the production of broilers. It is considered the leading cause of three syndromes: adenoviral gizzard erosions and ulcerations, inclusion body hepatitis, and hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome. A critical feature of this virus is its immunosuppressive effect, via suppressing humoral and cellular immunity.In this study, we examined the humoral immune response after administration of the Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler flocks with previously confirmed seroconversion against Fowl adenovirus. The study was conducted on 5 farms. A total of 220 chickens, five weeks of age, showing no clinical signs of the disease, were included in this study. The control group consisted of 20 chickens from a negative farm. Chickens were vaccinated with commercially available live NDV vaccines between 11 and 13 days of life. ELISA determined the presence of specific antibodies against FAdV in a total of 130/200 (65%) blood sera. Depending on the farm, seroprevalence ranged from 30-100%. The presence of specific antibodies against NDV was determined three weeks after vaccination using the hemagglutination inhibition assay. A positive hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer (>= 16) was found in 41/200 (20.5%) sera, which was significantly less compared to the control farm, where a positive HI titer was found in 20/20 (100%) sera.The results of our study indicate the immunosuppressive effect of FAdV in subclinically infected birds and highlight the need for its diagnosis, prevention, and control
Sumpor dioksid u proizvodima od mesa
No full textAditivi za hranu su supstance poznatog hemijskog sastava, koje se ne konzumiraju kao
hrana, niti su tipičan sastojak hrane, bez obzira na nutritivnu vrednost, već se dodaju hrani sa
ciljem poboljšanja tehnoloških performansi i zadržavanja određenih senzornih svojstava.
Najčešće korišćeni aditivi u prehrambenoj industriji uključuju sumpor dioksid (SO2) i sulfite (E
220 - E 228). Sumpor dioksid i njegovi derivati se dodaju u hranu sa ciljem inhibicije i kontrole
rasta mikroorganizama, sprečavanja neenzimskog posmeđivanja, inhibicije reakcija katalizovanih
enzimima i kao antioksidansi i redukcioni agensi. Štetno dejstvo sumpor-dioksida i sulfita
najčešće se povezuje sa alergijskim reakcijama na hranu, pa je potrebno potrošačima dati
informacije o njihovom prisustvu u hrani, čak i kada se nalaze u veoma malim količinama, jer i
tada postoji mogućnost alergijska reakcija nije isključena.
Ovo istraživanje je sprovedeno sa ciljem utvrđivanja količine sulfita u mesnim
proizvodima u periodu od 2019. do 2022. godine. Upoređeno je 128 uzoraka mesnih prerađevina,
od čega 53 uzorka ćevapa i 75 uzoraka mesa za roštiljanje. Posle testiranja, srednji nivoi sadržaja
sulfita izraženi u mg/kg utvrđeni su u ćevapima od 210,0 mg/kg i u mesu za roštilj od 110,6 mg/kg.
Zaključno, u većini ispitivanih mesnih proizvoda koncentracija sulfita je bila ispod utvrđenih
maksimalno dozvoljenih vrednosti prema nacionalnim i evropskim propisima
Mapping biosecurity measures applied on different animal producton systems across Europe – Progress of COST Acton BETTER
No full textBiosecurity is of paramount importance to prevent the introduction and spread of pathogens and to preserve
the animal health. The new COST Action BETTER has started in 2021, with the aim to evaluate how biosecurity
is currently used across Europe and will use participative approaches to understand motivators and barriers
for biosecurity implementation. The overall aim of the COST Action is to reduce the risk of infectious disease
introduction and spread by improving the implementation of biosecurity measures in animal production
systems.
At present, the COST Action is composed of 265 participants from 46 different countries. Within the four
different working groups, working group 1 (WG1) has the task to map how biosecurity is applies across
Europe and neighbouring countries in different animal production systems. This working group will address
the challenge of understanding how biosecurity measures are applied in the different cattle, pig and poultry
production systems across Europe in order to identify existing knowledge gaps and ways for improvement.
At the end of 2022 a data collection tool based on excel has been created to capture biosecurity practices
applied in different animal production systems (poultry, cattle and pigs). The created database is related to
biosecurity measures (mandatory by law and by other than law) and their implementation rate in different
countries. At the moment, data collection toll for terrestrial animals has been initiated and the phase of
active data collection is in progress. Besides addressing how biosecurity measures are applied in Europe and
neighbouring countries, in the frame of COST Action network, WG1 members will try to identify ways for
biosecurity improvement, especially in production systems where there is a lower level of implementation
or in settings where biosecurity is more challenging to carry out
Biosecurity measures in the control of parasitic infections of small ruminants
No full textNa osnovu istraživanja u svetu i kod nas oboljenja parazitske etiologije dominiraju kod ovaca i koza i po prevalenci i po incidenci, pra©ena su zna«ajnim morbiditetom i umerenim mortalitetom. Osnovni cilj programa kontrole parazitskih
infekcija jeste podizanje zdravstvenog statusa ovaca i koza u Republici Srbiji. Sprečavanjem pojave i širenja parazitskih infekcija preduzimanjem određenih preventivnih mera ima osnovni zadatak smanjenje prevalencije parazita, čime se postiže
da na klanice dospe što manji broj inficiranih životinja. Primena ovog integrisanog koncepta kontrole infekcije parazitima zahteva sistematsko praćenje infekcije
na pašnjacima, farmama i klanicama pre i posle primenjenih mera. Biosigurnost,
dobrobit, dobra proizvođačka praksa i analiza rizika na kritičnim kontrolnim tačkama na farmama i na pašnjacima su veoma značajani elementi za intenzivnu
proizvodnju ovaca i koza. Planska primena biosigurnosnih mera presudna je u
zaštiti zdravlja malih preživara i uspeha proizvodnje.Based on research in the world and in our country, diseases of parasitic etiology dominate in sheep and goats both in terms of prevalence and incidence, accompanied by significant morbidity and moderate mortality. The main goal of the
parasite infection control program is to raise the health status of sheep and goats
in the Republic of Serbia. By preventing the appearance and spread of parasitic
infections by taking certain preventive measures, the basic task is to reduce the
prevalence of parasites, which achieves that as few infected animals reach the
slaughterhouse as possible. The application of this integrated concept of parasite
infection control requires systematic monitoring of infection in pastures, farms
and slaughterhouses before and after the applied measures. Biosecurity, welfare,
good production practice and risk analysis at critical control points on farms and
in pastures are very important elements for intensive sheep and goat production.
Planned application of biosecurity measures is crucial in protecting the health of
small ruminants and the success of production
Excretion dynamics of arboviruses in mosquitoes and the potential use in vector competence studies and arbovirus surveillance
No full textThe increasing threat of arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus
(USUV) requires the fast and efficient surveillance of these viruses. The examination of mosquitoes
takes up an important part; however, these investigations are usually very time-consuming. An
alternative sample type for arbovirus surveillance might be mosquito excreta. In order to determine
the excretion dynamics under laboratory conditions, laboratory colonies of Aedes vexans and Culex
pipiens biotype molestus were infected with WNV, USUV or tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). After
infection, the excreta were sampled and investigated for viral RNA. Excretion of viral RNA together
with infectious blood meal could be detected up to five days after infection. Further excretion seemed
to correlate with a disseminated infection in mosquitoes, at least after USUV infection. In addition,
it could be determined that the amount of viral RNA in the excretions correlated positively with
the viral load in the mosquito bodies. Overall, this study shows that the usage of mosquito excreta
as a sample type for surveillance enables the detection of endemic viruses (WNV, USUV) as well
as non-mosquito-borne viruses (TBEV). In addition, examination of viral shedding during vector
competence studies can provide insights into the course of infection without sacrificing animals
Bacterial infections in the complex respiratory diseases of pigs
No full textПнеумоније у свињарској производњи представљају врло значајан здравствени и економски проблем. Поред биолошких агенаса за појаву оболења респираторног тракта, значајну улогу имају и неспецифични фактори, при чему се пре свега мисли на квалитет ваздуха, присуство микроорганизама и честица прашине у амбијенту у коме животиње бораве. Комплекс респираторне болести свиња (PRDC) је заједнички термин за пнеумоније свиња које имају мултифакторијалну етиологију, а не означава неки одрећени облик пнеумоније, при чему преваленца изолованих патогена варира између и унутар производних запата. Од прегледаних узорака плућа, најчешће изоловане бактеријске врсте биле су Pasteurella multocida и Actinobacillus pleuropenumoniae. Значај ових узрочника пнеумонија свиња је потврђен и ранијих година.Pneumonia in pig production represents a very significant health and economic problem. In addition to biological agents for the occurrence of respiratory tract diseases, non-specific factors also play a significant role, primarily referring to air quality, the presence of microorganisms and dust particles in the environment where animals live. Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a collective term for swine pneumonias that have a multifactorial etiology, rather than a specific form of pneumonia, with the prevalence of isolated pathogens varying between and within production herds. Of the examined lung samples, the most frequently isolated bacterial species were Pasteurella multocida and Actinobacillus pleuropenumoniae. The importance of these causative agents of swine pneumonia has been confirmed in previous years
Listeriosis - zonotic aspect
No full textListeria monocytogenes je fakultativni, intracelularni, gram-pozitivni štapić koji je odgovoran za
pojavu listerioze. Oboljenje obično nastaje konzumiranjem hrane koja je kontaminirana listerijom,
posebno mlečnih proizvoda, lisnatog povrća, ribe i mesa. Listeria se može naći u domaćinstvu, restoranima
i drugim mestima kao što su prodavnice ili fabrike za preradu hrane. Patogen je sveprisutan, jer
se može naći u zemljištu, vodi i vegetaciji kao i u digestivnom traktu ljudi.
Namirnice koje imaju najveću stopu infekcija povezanih sa L. monocytogenes uključuju: sirove klice,
nepasterizovano mleko, meki sirevi, hladno meso, hladne viršle i dimljeni morski plodovi. L. monocytogenes
raste na temperaturama frižidera, tačnije, niske temperature indukuju enzime kao što je
RNK helikaza koja poboljšava aktivnost i replikaciju L. monocytogenes na niskim temperaturama
dok sposobnost proizvodnje biofilma povećava sposobnost L. monocytogenes da preživi u teškim
uslovima. Ona takođe koristi flagele na nižim temperaturama koje joj omogućavaju da se pokreće
i uhvati za enterocite u ranoj fazi infekcije koje se gube kada je bakterija duže izložena višim temperaturama.
Ljudi koji su u najvećem riziku da budu pogođeni listeriozom su trudnice, mala deca,
odrasli stariji od 60 godina i osobe sa oslabljenim imunološkim sistemom. Praćenje smernica za
bezbednost hrane može smanjiti šansu za dobijanje i širenje listerioze.
Nadzor listerioze kod ljudi u EU se fokusira na invazivne oblike L. monocytoges infekcija, koja se
uglavnom manifestuje kao septikemija, simptomi slični gripu, meningitis ili spontani pobačaj.
Dijagnoza listerijskih infekcija kod ljudi se generalno sprovodi kultivacijom uzoraka krvi, cerebrospinalne
tečnosti i vaginalnih briseva ili detekcijom nukleinske kiseline. Prema Centru za kontrolu
bolesti (CDC), otprilike 1.600 ljudi oboli od listerioze svake godine, a oko 260 ljudi umre od te bolesti.
Bolest je najčešća kod trudnica, odojčadi, imunokompromitovanih i starijih (65 i više godina).
Trudnice su takođe izložene riziku jer mogu dobiti L. monocytogenes i preneti je na nerođeni fetus. Prema
podacima EFSA Journal u 27 država tokom 2021.godine prijaviljeno je 2.183 potvrđenih slučaja invazivne
listerioze kod ljudi u Evropi. Tokom našeg istraživanja u poslednjih pet godina ispitano je preko 5000
uzoraka. L. monoctogenes je izolovana i identifikovana u manje od 1% uzoraka i to u mesnih prerađevina
(kao npr. dimljena hamburška slanina, viršla, mortadela, dimljena roštilj kobasica), u mlečnih prerađevina
(sir), zatim uzorcima dimljenog lososa i briseva radnih površina u proizvodnim pogonima.
Naime subjekat u poslovanju hranom je u obavezi da shodno Pravilniku o opštim i posebnim uslovima
higijene hrane u bilo kojoj fazi proizvodnje, prerade i prometa (Sl.gl.RS br.72/10) i Pravilnik o
izmeni i dopuni Pravilnika o opštim i posebnim uslovima higijene hrane u bilo kojoj fazi proizvodnje,
prerade i prometa (Sl.gl.RS br.62/18) i HACCP planu vrši ispitivanje na parametre bezbednosti hrane
kojim se definiše prihvatljivost nekog proizvoda ili proizvodne partije u šta spada i L. monocytogense.Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative, intracellular, gram-positive rod which is responsible for the
occurrence of listeriosis. Illness is usually caused by eating food contaminated with listeria, especially
dairy products, leafy greens, fish and meat. Listeria can be found in households, restaurants,
and other places such as grocery stores or food processing plants. The pathogen is ubiquitous, as
it can be found in soil, water and vegetation as well as in the digestive tract of humans. Foods that
have the highest rates of L. monocytogenes related infections include: raw sprouts, unpasteurized
milk, soft cheeses, cold meats, cold hot dogs, and smoked seafood. L. monocytogenes grows at
refrigerator temperatures, specifically, low temperatures induce enzymes such as RNA helicase that
enhances the activity and replication of L. monocytogenes at low temperatures while the ability to
produce biofilms increases the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive in harsh conditions. It also
uses flagella at lower temperatures that allow it to move and latch on to enterocytes early in the
infection, which are lost when the bacterium is exposed to higher temperatures for longer.
The people most at risk of contracting listeriosis are pregnant women, young children, adults over
60, and people with weakened immune systems. Following food safety guidelines can reduce the
chance of getting and spreading listeriosis. Surveillance of human listeriosis in the EU focuses on
invasive forms of L. monocytoges infections, which mainly manifest as septicaemia, flu-like symptoms,
meningitis or abortion. Diagnosis of listeria infections in humans is generally performed by culture
of blood samples, cerebrospinal fluid, and vaginal swabs or by nucleic acid detection.
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), approximately 1,600 people contract listeriosis
each year, and about 260 people die from the disease. The disease is most common in pregnant
women, infants, the immunocompromised and the elderly (65 and older). Pregnant women are also
at risk because they can contract L. monocytogenes and pass it on to the unborn fetus.
According to EFSA Journal data, 2,183 confirmed cases of invasive listeriosis in humans were reported
in 27 countries in 2021 in Europe. During our research in the last five years, over 5000 samples were
examined. L. monoctogenes was isolated and identified in less than 1% of samples, such as meat
products (such as smoked Hamburg bacon, hot dogs, mortadella, smoked barbecue sausage),
in dairy products (cheese), then in samples of smoked salmon and swabs of working surfaces in
production facilities.
The subject in the food business is obliged to comply with the Rulebook on general and special conditions
of food hygiene in every phase of production, processing and circulation (Official Gazette of
RS No. 72/10) and the Rulebook on amendments and additions according to the Rulebook on general
and special food hygiene conditions at any stage of production, processing and circulation (Official
Gazette of RS No. 62/18) and the HACCP plan, testing of food safety parameters is carried out, which
defines the acceptability of the product or the production batch, which includes L. monocytogenes