REPONIVS - Repository of Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine of Serbia
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Detection of animal origin ingredients in feed - why and now?
No full textSastojci životinjskog porekla u hrani za životinje predstavljaju
idealan izvor esencijalnih aminokiselina. Međutim, sa izbijanjem bovine
spongiformne encefalopatije, njihova upotreba se u ishrani farmskih
životinja zabranjuje ili stavlja pod strogu kontrolu. U Srbiji 2006.
godine počinje redovan monitoring hrane za životinje metodom klasične
svetlosne mikroskopije propisan Pravilnikom o utvrđivanju Programa
mera zdravstvene zaštite životinja. Prema trenutno važećem
Pravilniku o utvrđivanju mera ranog otkrivanja i dijagnostike zarazne
bolesti transmisivnih spongioformnih encefalopatija (Sl.glasnik 96/10,
33/16,54/19), kod farmskih životinja je dozvoljena upotreba ribljeg
brašna u ishrani svinja i živine, kao i u zamenama mleka za telad. U
akvakulturi se koriste i hraniva poreklom od kopnenih vrsta životinja,
izuzev od preživara, a za određivanje vrste životinja primenjuje se real
time PCR metoda.
Jedno od najracionalnijih rešenja za korišćenje sporednih proizvoda
animalnog porekla je njihovo ponovno uključivanje u lanac
ishrane. Zato je u Evropskoj uniji od 2021. godine dozvoljena upotreba
sastojaka poreklom od svinja u obrocima za živinu i poreklom od
živine u obrocima za svinje. Insekti kao izvor proteina postaju takođe
sve aktuelnija tema. Sve protokole i metode kontrole propisuje EU Referentna
laboratorija za animalne proteine u hrani za životinje, sa ciljem
zadovoljenja zahteva bezbednosti, ali i ispitivanja autentičnosti i
deklaracija i otkrivanja prevarnih radnji.Ingredients of animal origin in feed represent an ideal source of essential amino acids.
However, with the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, their use is prohibited,
or placed under strict control. In Serbia, regular monitoring of animal feed began in 2006,
using the method of classical light microscopy. It is prescribed by the regulation on the
“Program of Animal Health Protection Measures.”
According to the current regulation on the “Measures for Early Detection and Diagnosis
of the Infectious Disease of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies” (Official Gazette
96/10, 33/16, 54/19), the use of fish meal for farm animals is allowed in the diet of pigs
and poultry, as well as in milk substitutes, for calves. In aquaculture, feeds originating from
terrestrial animal species are also used, except from ruminants, and the real time PCR
method is used to detect the animal species.
One of the most rational solutions for using by-products of animal origin is their
re-inclusion in the food chain. That’s why in the European Union, from 2021, the use of
ingredients of pig origin in poultry rations and of poultry origin in pig rations is allowed.
Insects as a source of protein are also becoming an increasing topic. All protocols and control methods are prescribed by the EU Reference Laboratory for Animal Proteins in
Feedingstuffs, with the aim of meeting safety requirements, but also testing the authenticity
and declarations and detecting fraudulent actions
Produced radionuclides in foods of animal origin 2016- 2022
No full textThe very rapid development of nuclear sciences, and especially nuclear technology, has made livestock production, as an extremely important source of food for human consumption, significantly and very harmfully endanger the health and life of people, and even their offspring. The constant increase in total radioactivity in the biosphere is mostly caused by the increase in artificial radioactivity. This especially applies to the biological cycle: air-land-water-forage-animals-food of animal and animal origin and the final consumer - Man. That is why knowledge of the distribution of natural and artificial radionuclides forms the basis on which the radiation safety criteria of the entire biosphere are built. Since 1986, the laboratory LABRAH - laboratory for radiation hygiene, at the Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, has been continuously performing gamma spectrometric measurements of foodstuffs of animal origin. By identifying biologically significant radionuclides and determining activity levels - the possibility of radiation hygiene assessment of their utility value is created. In the period from 2016-2022. over 4000 samples of products of animal origin were measured, the values of which are within the prescribed limits. Milk and milk products, fish and several samples of meat and meat products had a slightly higher activity, but still below the prescribed limits prescribed by our rulebook. The occurrence of nuclear accidents in Chernobyl and Fukushima, which caused a major environmental disaster, stand as a warning but also an imperative that we should regularly implement RH control so that the food safety of our population is at a high level
Značaj preventivnih mera u suzbijanju nozemoze pčela
No full textNosemosis is one of the most dangerous diseases of adult bees, widespread
in beekeeping all over the world. This is a disease whose clinical symptoms
are observed at a late stage, therefore beekeepers do not notice it in time,
and its consequences are drastic for the survival of the bee colony, which is
why many call it the "silent killer of bee colonies". As with other diseases,
prevention plays a significant role in the suppression and eradication of this
dangerous disease of the adult bee population. It is recommended to choose
a suitable place for the apiary (dry, sunny terrain) and that there is plenty of pollen and nectar in the area during spring and summer. Renewing the comb
and removing the old, dark comb from the hive, as well as permanent
disinfection, are extremely important. Weakened and infected societies must
never merge with healthy societies because this will only lead to the spread
of disease.Nozemoza je jedno od najopasnijih oboljenja odraslih pčela raširena u pčelarstvu širom sveta. Ovo je bolest čiji se klinički simptomi uočavaju u kasnoj fazi, stoga je pčelari ne uoče na vreme,a njene posledice su drastične po opstanak pčelinje zajednice, zbog čega je mnogi nazivaju "tihi ubica pčelinjih zajednica". Kao i kod drugih oboljenja preventiva ima značajnu ulogu u suzbijanju i eradikacije ove opasne bolesti odrasle populacije pčela. Preporučuje se izbor pogodnog mesta za pčelinjak (suv, osunčan teren) i da u okolini u toku proleća i leta ima dosta polena i nektara. Obnova saća i uklanjanje starog, tamnog saća iz košnice, kao i permanentna dezinfekcija su od izuzetne važnosti. Oslabljena i zaražena društva se nikada ne smeju spajati sa zdravim društvima jer će to samo dovesti do širenja bolesti
Pčelarenje i zaštita bilja
No full textPesticides used for crop protection can have an indirect effect on target and
non-target organisms and are considered to be one of the main causes of
insect decline.Insects may come into touch with polluted surfaces, products,
or eating or drinking from contaminated sources.Pesticide residues collected
over bee plants thus they accumulate in the larvae and inside the hive. Also,
the consequence of the accumulation of pesticides in bees can be their
presence in bee products. Bee exposure pesticide residues can have similar
long-term effects on their cognitive capacities, their behavior and fitness.
Bee poisoning is often associated with exposure to pesticides. Bees can be
exposed to toxic compounds through contaminated flowers, direct contact
with the poison or contact with residues. Dusting crops during the flowering
period can increase the risk of pesticide poisoning for bees. Rapeseed plants
are very attractive to beneficial insects, especially honey bees (Apis
mellifera L.).Pesticidi koji se koriste za zaštitu useva mogu imati indirektan uticaj na ciljne i neciljne organizme i smatraju se jednim od glavnih uzroka opadanja broja insekata.Insekti mogu doći u dodir sa zagađenim površinama, proizvodima ili jesti ili piti iz kontaminiranih izvora.Ostaci pesticida se sakupljaju preko pčelinjih biljaka i tako se akumuliraju u larvama i unutar košnice. Takođe, posledica akomulacije pesticida u pčelama može biti prisustvo i u pčelinjim proizvodima. Izloženost pčela ostacima pesticida može imati slične dugoročne efekte na njihov kognitivni kapaciteti, njihovo ponašanje i kondiciju. Trovanje pčela je često povezano sa izlaganjem pesticidima. Pčele mogu biti izložene toksičnim jedinjenjima kroz kontaminirano cveće, direktan kontakt sa otrovom ili kontakt sa ostacima. Zaprašivanje useva tokom perioda cvetanja može povećati rizik od trovanja pesticidima za pčela. Biljke uljane repice su veoma privlačne za korisne insekte, posebno za medonosne pčele (Apis mellifera L.)
Molecular characterization of Canine parvovirus type 2 from diarrheic dogs in Serbia from 2008 to 2020
No full textCanine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is the causal agent of canine parvovirosis an infectious disease with the high fatality rate among dogs. However, in Serbia, it has never been investigated thoroughly. This study was conducted on samples collected from dogs with diarrhea in anamnesis, submitted for various reasons to the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, and stored in the sample bank. In total, 50 rectal swab samples were collected from the period 2008 to 2020, and consequently tested. Out of 50 rectal swab samples, the CPV-2 genome was detected in 14 (28%). This retrospective study showed the presence of three different subtypes of CPV-2 in diarrheic dogs during the last 12 years in Serbia. CPV-2a was the most prevalent subtype (60%) followed by CPV-2b (30%), and CPV-2c (10%). Interestingly, CPV-2a had been the predominantly detected subtype up until 2018. Nevertheless in 2019, there was the first detected occurrence of the CPV-2b, followed by the first detection of the CPV-2c in 2020. This study reports the evidence and distribution of CPV-2 from 2008 to 2020, providing new information about the presence of virus strains in Serbia
Akutni goveđi mastitis izazvan bakterijom Klebsiella pneumoniae – prikaz slučaja
No full textTh is case report describes the acute mastitis with signs of endotoxemia
in the 32-month-old Simmental cow, antimicrobial susceptibility of
Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a milk sample, and demonstrates the
eff ectiveness of the applied therapy. Case presentation included the cowlying
syndrome together with the presence of clinical signs of endotoxemia
accompanied by milk discoloration and “clots” formation. Bacteriology
fi nding of the K. pneumoniae and antibiogram pointed that the isolate was
sensitive to ceft riaxone, and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, while resistant
to amoxicillin, gentamicin, ampicillin, ceft iofur, and cephalexin. Th e selection
of treatment options came from the availability of an adequate route
of administration, urgency for treatment, and lack of time for assessment
of other body functions. Th e therapy by ceft riaxone at an intravenous dose
rate of 8mg/kg with adequate supportive therapy NSAID, vitamin C, and
correction dehydration showed a successful eff ect in life-saving procedures.
Th e outcome of K. pneumoniae mastitis with endotoxemia did not aff ect the
outcome of pregnancy.Ovaj prikaz slučaja opisuje slučaj akutnog mastitisa sa znacima endotoksemije
kod krave simentalske rase, stare 32 meseca, antimikrobnu
osetljivost K. pneumoniae izolovanu iz uzorka mleka i prikaz primenjene
terapije. Prikaz slučaja je uključivao prisustvo sindroma ležeće krave sa
prisustvom kliničkih znakova endotoksemije praćene promenom boje
mleka i prisutnim ugrušcima mleka. Bakteriološki nalaz K. pneumoniae i
antibiogram pokazali su da je izolat osetljiv na ceft riakson i trimetoprim/
sulfametoksazol, dok je otporan na amoksicilin, gentamicin, ampicillin,
ceft iofur i cefaleksin. Izbor opcije za lečenje je proizašao iz dostupnosti,
hitnosti lečenja i nedostatka vremena za procenu ostalih telesnih funkcija.
Primena ceft riaksona u intravenskoj dozi od 8 mg/kg uz adekvatnu suportivnu
terapiju NSAIL, vitamin C i korekciju dehidracije pokazala je uspešan
efekat u lečenju mastitisa. Ishod mastitisa K. pneumoniae nije uticao na
ishod graviditeta
Protein sequence featuresof H1N1 swine influenza A virusesdetected on commercial swine farms in Serbia
No full textSwine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) are characterised by high mutation rates and zoonotic and pandemicpotential. In order to draw conclusions about virulence in swine and pathogenicity to humans, we examined the existenceof molecular markers and accessory proteins, cross-reactivity with vaccine strains, and resistance to antiviral drugs in five strainsof H1N1 swIAVs. Material and Methods: Amino acid (AA) sequences of five previously genetically characterised swIAVs wereanalysed in MEGA 7.0 software and the Influenza Research Database. Results: Amino acid analysis revealed three virus strainswith 590S/591R polymorphism and T271A substitution within basic polymerase 2 (PB2) AA chains, which cause enhanced virusreplication in mammalian cells. The other two strains possessed D701N and R251K substitutions within PB2 and synthesised PB1-F2protein, which are the factors of increased polymerase activity and virulence in swine. All strains synthesised PB1-N40, PA-N155,PA-N182, and PA-X proteins responsible for enhanced replication in mammalian cells and downregulation of the immune responseof the host. Mutations detected within haemagglutinin antigenic sites imply the antigenic drift of the five analysed viruses in relationto the vaccine strains. All viruses show susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors and baloxavir marboxil, which is important insituations of incidental human infections. Conclusion: The detection of virulence markers and accessory proteins in the analysedviruses suggests their higher propensity for replication in mammalian cells, increased virulence, and potential for transmission tohumans, and implies compromised efficacy of influenza vaccines
Adverse effects of wet distillers grains with solubles (wdgs) in the diet of dairy cows
No full textCorn wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) included up to 25% in the diet of 16 Simmental dairy cows, 27 to 72 months old, during three weeks, negatively affected rumen function monitored by non-invasive parameters, such as fecal consistency, and also influenced milk quality by reducing milk fat content. Dry distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) are currently the most attractive by-product of the bioethanol industry due to the possibility of application in the diet of various animal species, whereas WDGS is often more locally available and financially affordable; however, there is little data in the literature indicating potential negative consequences of its use. Therefore, this report aims to point out, based on a practical example, the possible problems of its application in the diet of dairy cows as the most metabolically sensitive category, as well as to demonstrate steps to prevent and/or mitigate eventual errors
Health condition of broiler breeder during quarantine
No full textDa bi se sprečilo unošenje zaraznih bolesti u zemlju obavezno je uvezene
životinje staviti u karantin radi utvrđivanja zdravstvenog stanja i
sprovođenja određenih preventivnih i kontrolnih mera. Predmet ispitivanja
u ovom radu je bilo jednodnevno roditeljsko jato teškog hibrida gde je Naučni
institut za veterinarstvo Srbije, Beograd, vršio epizootiološki nadzor,
klinička i dijagnostička ispitivanja. Nadzor u karantinu je trajao 21 dan.
Uzorkovani su leševi uginulih pilića u transportu, prvog, drugog i trećeg
dana starosti, a za serološka ispitivanja je uzorkovana krv. Patoanatomskim
pregledom uginulih pilića ustanovljene su promene u vidu omfalitisa,
fibrinoznog perikarditisa i perihepatitisa. Bakteriološkim ispitivanjem
promenjenih organa utvrđeno je prisustvo bakterije E. coli, dok je mikološkim
ispitivanjem utvrđeno prisustvo plesni Aspergillus flavus i Mucor spp.
Serološkim ispitivanjem krvi na bolesti predviđene Rešenjem o karantinu
nije bilo odstupanja od referentnih vrednosti. Tokom nadzora utvrđeno je
uginuće pilića koje je u prvoj nedelji starosti iznosilo za petliće 9,1 % i za
kokice 7,8 %, u drugoj nedelji 9,1 % i 8 %, dok je u trećoj nedelji utvrđeno
uginuće od 10,5 % i 8,3%, respektivno. Infekcija bakterijom E. coli može
nastati još u valjaoniku iz kontaminiranih jaja, kao i usled odložene
resorpcije žumancetne kese. Infekcija jednodnevnih pilića plesnima
Aspergillus flavus najčešće nastaje udisanjem velikog broja spora tokom
izleganja. Spore najčešće dospevaju u inkubator preko kontaminiranih jaja
ili ulaznog vazduha. Procenat uginulih pilića u prvoj nedelji predstavlja
dobar pokazatelj kvaliteta pilića, a stopa motraliteta do 1 % se smatra
idealnom. Istraživanja pokazuju da je E. coli uzročnik u oko 70% slučajeva
uginuća tokom prve nedelje. Utvrđivanje uzroka uginuća je ključno za izbor
mera kontrole infektivnog uzročnika u jatu, kao i za dalje rukovođenje
proizvodnjom.In order to prevent the introduction of infectious diseases into the country it is
mandatory to place the imported animals in quarantine in order to determine their
health status and implement certain preventive and control measures. The subject of
investigation in this paper was a one-day-old broiler breeder chick where the
Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Belgrade, performed
epizootiological surveillance and clinical and diagnostic tests. Surveillance in
quarantine lasted 21 days. The carcasses of chickens that died in transport were
sampled on the first, second, and third days of age, and blood was sampled for
serological tests. Pathoanatomical examination of the dead chickens revealed changes
in the form of omphalitis, fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis. Bacteriological
examination of the changed organs revealed the presence of bacteria E. coli, while
mycological examination revealed the presence of moulds Aspergillus flavus and
Mucor spp. There were no deviations from the reference values in the serological
examination of blood for the diseases provided for in the Decision on Quarantine.
During the monitoring, the death of chickens was determined, which in the first week
of age was for cockerels at 9.1% and pullets at 7.8%, in the second week 9.1% and
8%, while in the third week, the death rate of 10.5% and 8.3% were determined,
respectively. Infection with E. coli bacteria can occur in the hatchery from
contaminated eggs and due to delayed resorption of the yolk sac. Infection of day-old
chicks with Aspergillus flavus mould most often occurs by inhaling a large number of
spores during hatching. Spores most often reach the hatchery via contaminated eggs
or incoming air. The percentage of dead chickens in the first week is a good indicator
of the quality of the chickens, and a mortality rate of up to 1% is considered ideal.
Research shows that E. coli is the cause of about 70% of deaths during the first week.
Determining the cause of death is crucial for choosing measures to control the further
spread of the causative agent in the flock, flock management, and production
African swine fever – the main biosecurity challenges identified in backyards pig production (Serbia)
No full textAfrican swine fever (ASF) is currently the most important viral disease affecting domestic pig
production worldwide. The first case of ASF in Serbia was confirmed in 2019 in a backyards
domestic pig population. From the first case it was clear that the observed epidemiological ASF
pattern is associated with the backyards where keeping represents an important meat source
and traditional heritage. Backyards are considered particularly susceptible to ASF introduction
and are of interest in disease prevention and control. The most important biosecurity challenges
related to the domestic pig backyard production in Serbia were analyzed in the period 2020-2022.
In Serbia, more than 50% of the domestic pig production is located in sector with low biosecurity
measures. Rearing backyard pigs is a common, traditional practice in country rural areas.
However, beside personal consumption, backyards can be also the commercial. For that reason,
one the main characteristic of backyards is existence of breeding animals and natural mating
practice in the villages. The mixed backyard systems are common, with different livestock and
agricultural cropping systems. Home-slaughtering represent a type of a cultural and sociological
phenomenon. Backyard pig production is oriented frequently also on different meat product
specialties, as additional income and tradition in some provinces. In Serbia, swill-feeding is
forbidden by the law but it is quite challenging for the control in distant, rural areas. Today,
traditional, culture-related aspects were found to be very important obstacles in ASF control. The
identified risky human-related activities in the villages need to be strictly addressed in the future
in order to prevent further ASF spread in pig production sector. By applying biosecurity measures
in extensive production, we protect the population of domestic pigs on commercial farms
(intensive production) in the countryTirana, Albania, 20th and 21st June 202