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Backyard poultry in Serbia: diseases and biosecurity
No full textDue to the increasing demand for poultry products from traditional farming systems, the growing
trend for keeping chickens in alternative production systems has also been observed worldwide.
Different types of extensive systems such are organic production, low-input production systems,
and free-range systems have experienced significant growth in response to this trend in our
country. The Government of the Republic of Serbia, within the framework of the Program for the
Preservation of Autochthonous Genotypes, supports the development of extensive rearing
systems for poultry in the form of significant annual subsidies. We have three types of backyard
farming systems: permanent confinement, free-range, and mixed confinement. Mixed
confinement is the most frequent system and implies, the birds scavenge freely in the courtyard
of the farmer’s house during the day, and at night they are kept in an improvised house (hennery
or chicken coop). These rearing systems often consist of free, native, unselected breeds of various
ages, mixed with different poultry/bird species in the flocks. They are less standardized than
intensive-rearing systems. In addition, not enough attention is paid to the need to protect
backyard poultry. Most of these birds are kept outdoors where the birds forage around the house
or in the backyard during the day. Access to the outdoors brings poultry into contact with wild
birds and other animals that can carry various diseases. The results from our laboratories showed
that due to poor or absent disease control strategies and inadequate hygiene, in the last 7 years,
the most frequent cause of outbreaks and high mortalities of backyard poultry in Serbia were
pathogens such as bacteria (E. coli, Clostridium perfringens), viruses (Marek's disease virus, Avian
leucosis virus), fungi (Aspergillus spp.) and parasites (Ascaridia galli, Eimeria spp, Dermanyssus
gallinae). Vaccination against Marek's disease virus is not legally binding; therefore, this disease
was found as a cause of death in 41,61% of backyard poultry. Infrastructure prevents the
implementation of adequate biosecurity measures and lacks a vaccination strategy against
infectious diseases. Since the emergence of HPAI subtype H5N8 infection in Serbia was recorded
in wild birds, backyard poultry is at a higher risk of HPAI infection, especially those near large stillwater surfaces. Farmers should be trained and advised to set external and internal biosecurity
measures that are financially, and technically feasible, and acceptable.Tirana, Albania, 20th and 21st of June 202
The importance of biosecurity assessment on the broiler farms
No full textBiosigurnost podrazumeva primenu određenih preventivnih mera na farmi u
cilju smanjenja mogućnosti unošenja i širenja patogenih mikroorganizama. Biosigurnost može biti spoljašnja (eksterna) i unutrašnja (interna). Procena biosigurnosti predstavlja kvalitativno ili kvantitativno određivanje nivoa biosigurnosti na
farmama. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na dve brojlerske farme na kojima je procena nivoa biosigurnosti sprovedena upotrebom on-lajn upitnika – Biocheck.Ugent.
Ukupna ocena biosigurnosti na farmi 1 bila je viša za 22% u odnosu na ocenu za
farmu 2. Ocena eksterne biosigurnosti na farmi 1 je za 27% viša u odnosu na ocenu za farmu 2, dok su se ocene za internu biosigurnost razlikovale za 8%. Takođe,
utvrđno je da su ocena eksterne biosigurnosti, kao i ukupna ocena za biosigurnosne mere koje se sprovode na farmi 2, niže u odnosu na svetski prosek dobijen iz
baze podataka Biochek.UGent-a. Dobijene ocene za potkategorije, razlikovale su
se između farmi. Najniže ocene za eksternu biosigurnost dobile su potkategorije
„uklanjanje stajnjaka i leševa” (5/100), „snabdevanje hranom i vodom” (36/100) i
„depopulacija pilića” (51/100), a za internu potkategoriju „čišćenje i dezinfekcija”
(37/100). Sistem za procenu implentiranih biosigurnosnih mera može se posmatrati kao vredan instrument za praćenje nivoa biosigurnosti. Periodična procena
biosigurnosti na brojlerskim farmama na nivou cele zemlje, omogućila bi mapiranje farmi prema nivou biosigurnosti i prema riziku od izbijanja određene bolesti.Biosecurity implies the application of certain preventive measures on the farm
in order to reduce the possibility of the introduction and spread of pathogenic
microorganisms. Biosecurity can be external and internal. Biosecurity assessment
is a qualitative or quantitative determination of the level of biosecurity on farms.
The study was conducted on two broiler farms where the biosecurity assessment
was carried out using an online questionnaire – Biocheck.Ugent. The overall biosecurity score on farm 1 was 22% higher than that for farm 2. The external biosecurity score on farm 1 was 27% higher than that for farm 2, while the internal
biosecurity score differed by 8%. The external biosecurity score on farm 2 was
lower than the internal biosecurity score. Also, it was determined that the external
biosecurity, as well as the overall biosecurity implemented on farm 2, had a lower
score compared to the world average score obtained from Biochek.UGent database. Scores obtained for subcategories differed between farms. The lowest scores
for external biosecurity were for the subcategories ”manure and carcass removal” (5/100), ”food and water supply” (36/100), and ”depopulation” (51/100), and
for the internal subcategory ”cleaning and disinfection” (37/100). The system for
evaluating of implemented biosecurity measures can be seen as a valuable instrument for monitoring the level of biosecurity. A periodic assessment of biosecurity
on broiler farms at the country level would enable the mapping of farms according to the level of biosecurity and according to the risk of the outbreak of a certain
disease
Biosecurity in aquaculture
No full textČesta pojava bolesti predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih prepreka u obezbeđivanju daljeg rasta i održivosti akvakulture, pa su svi učsnici u akvakulturi postali
svesni koliko je proizvodnja ranjiva na namerno ili nenamerno unošenje bolesti i
značaj posledica širenja bolesti na proizvodnju i promet proizvoda akvakulture.
Shodno tome, više zaraznih bolesti je identifikovano kao prioritet za delovanje na
nacionalnom, regionalnom ili međunarodnom nivou. Iz tog razloga, brojne države su razvile i nacionalne biosigurnosne strategije u akvakulturi. Podsticaj za
sprovođenje nacionalnih programa biosigurnosti u akvakulturi je i međunarodna
obaveza države da dokaže da je implementirala biosigurnosne strategije koje su
efikasne u sprečavanju pojave, kontroli i iskorenjivanju bolesti u akvakulturi i da
su ribe i njihovi proizvodi koji potiču iz akvakulture slobodne od određenih bolesti
ili patogena. Kontrola zdravlja riba u akvakulturi Srbije se vrši na osnovu nacionalnog zakonodavstva u koje su implementirani zahtevi Svetske organizacije za
zaštitu zdravlja životinja. U ovom radu je dat pregled implementacije koncepta
biosigurnosti u slatkovodnoj akvakulturi u Republici Srbiji i susednim zemljama.Frequent occurrence of diseases represents one of the most signiϔicant obstacles
in ensuring the further growth and sustainability of aquaculture, and all participants in aquaculture production have become aware of production vulnerability
to the intentional or unintentional introduction of diseases and the importance of
the consequences of the spread of diseases on the production and trade of aquaculture products. Consequently, several infectious diseases have been identiϔied as
priorities for action at the national, regional or international level. For this reason,
numerous countries have developed national biosecurity strategies in aquaculture.
The incentive for the implementation of national biosecurity programs in aquaculture is the international obligation of the state to prove that it has implemented biosecurity strategies that are effective in preventing the occurrence, control and
eradication of diseases in aquaculture and that ϔish and their products originating
from aquaculture are free from certain diseases or pathogens. Fish health control
in Serbian aquaculture is carried out on the basis of national legislation, which has
implemented the requirements of the World Organization for the Protection of Animal Health. This paper provides an overview of the implementation of the concept
of biosecurity in freshwater aquaculture in the Republic of Serbia and neighboring
countries
Babesiosis, ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis of dogs in the central municipalities of Belgrade established during 2021
No full textТоком 2021.годинепрегледана је крв од 317 паса са симптомима који су указивали на присуство бабезиозе, ерлихиозе и анаплазмозе. Сумња на болест се постављала на основу клиничке слике и налаза крпеља Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor marginatus и D.rectиculatus. Дијагноза ерлихиозе и анаплазмозе се постављала применом IDEXX 4Dx Plus Test и налазом узрочника у крвним размазима а бабезиоза налазом узрпчника у крвним размазима периферне крви бојеном по Гиемси. Крвни паразити су установљени код 8 1 , 7 6 % суспектних животиња. B.canis је установљена у 75.74% a B.gibsoni у 1 1 . 8 5 % , ерлихиоза у 4 . 1 1 % и анаплазмоза у 3 , 7 1 % . Бабезиоза је постала најчешће обољење паса а карактерише га висока телесна температура, иктерус, хематурија, инапетенца и апатија. Угинућа су могућа код паса свих узраста, мада у већини случајева болест протиче акутно. Ово оболење је задњих деценија година у експанзији на подручју Београда. Климатске промене настале у задњој деценији утицале су да ове инфекције изгубе свој уобичајени сезонски карактер тако да се срећу током целе година али ипак и даље остаје највећа преваленца током пролећног и јесењег пика бројности популације крпеља. Први случај ерлхиозе паса на подручју Београда забележен је током 2002.године Ерлихиоза је оболење паса и људи узроковано са Erhrlichia canis и E. ewingi. Инкубација траје до 20 дана. Оболење почиње темпаратуром и хематуријом без цијанозе. Остали симптоми су слабост, кашаљ, отежано дисање, замор, упала плућа, константна грозница, артритис, саливација из њушке или очију, депресија и губитак тежине. У хематолошком налазу карактеристична је тромбоцитопенија. У крвном размазу узрочнике налазимо у моноцитима. Анаплазмозмоза је такође зооноза узрокована са Anaplasma phagocytophilum и A.platys. Оболење је у Београду први пут регистровано 2 0 1 1 . Најчешћи клинички знаци који се примећују код анаплазмозе укључују бол у зглобовима, грозницу, летаргију и анорексију. Прегледом крвне слике уочили смо смањење тромбоцита код 4 пса, па сматрамо да се у тим случајевима радило о инфекцији сa A.platis.During 2021, the blood of 317 dogs with symptoms that indicated the presence of babesiosis, ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis was examined. Suspicion of the disease is established on the basis of the clinical picture and the findings of ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor marginatus and D.recticulatus. The diagnosis of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis was made using the IDEXX 4Dx Plus Test and the finding of the causative agent in blood smears, and babesiosis by the finding of the causative agent in blood smears of peripheral blood stained by Giemsa. Blood parasites were found in 81.76% of suspected animals. B.canis was found in 75.74% and B.gibsoni in 11.85%, ehrlichiosis in 4.11% and anaplasmosis in 3.71%. Babesiosis has become the most common disease in dogs and is characterized by high body temperature, icterus, hematuria, inappetence and apathy. Deaths are possible in dogs of all ages, although in most cases the disease is acute. This disease has been expanding in the area of Belgrade for the past decades. Climatic changes in the last decade have caused these infections to lose their usual seasonal character, so that they occur throughout the year, but the highest prevalence remains during the spring and autumn peak of the tick population. The first case of ehrlichiosis in dogs in the Belgrade area was recorded in 2002. Ehrlichiosis is a disease of dogs and humans caused by Ehrlichia canis and E. ewingi. Incubation lasts up to 20 days. The disease begins with temperature and hematuria without cyanosis. Other symptoms include weakness, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, pneumonia, constant fever, arthritis, salivation from the nose or eyes, depression and weight loss. In the hematological findings, thrombocytopenia is characteristic. In the blood smear, we find the causative agents in monocytes. Anaplasmosis is also a zoonosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum and A.platys. The disease was first registered in Belgrade in 2011. The most common clinical signs observed in anaplasmosis include joint pain, fever, lethargy, and anorexia. By examining the blood count, we observed a decrease in platelets in 4 dogs, so we are of the opinion that in those cases it was an infection with A.platys
Application of lab ferment (chymosin) in the therapy of neonatal calves diarrhea
No full textNeonatalne dijareje teladi predstavljaju veoma značajan problem
koji u govedarskoj proizvodnji nanosi velike gubitke. Infektivna etiologija dijareja,
pre svega virusa Corona i Rota, otvaraju vrata enteropatogenim bakterijama izazivajući
atrofiju crevnih resica, oštećenje i citolizu enterocita, posledično dovodeći do
pojave maldigestije i malresopcije. Dijareje teladi su praćene profuznim sadržajem iz
creva, apatijom i dehidratacijom koje, komplikovane sekudarnom bakterijskom infekcijom,
mogu dovesti i do letalnog ishoda. Nastanku dijareja doprinosi nagomilavanje
osmotskih aktivnih materija zbog nemogućnosti razlaganja himusa u lumenu creva.
Usled inflamatornih procesa u digestivnom traktu, dolazi do poremećaja u procesu varenja
mleka i proizvodnje lab fermeta (himozina). Nesvareno mleko narušava osmotsku
koncentraciju u crevima što prouzrokuje transudaciju tečnosti u lumen i povećanje
zapremine tečnog sadržaja. On se ubrzano izbacuje što je klinički manifestovano pojavom
dijareje. Cilj ovog rada je prikaže efekte peroralne upotrebe 20% rastvora lab fermenta
(himozina) kao potpore u terapiji dijareja kod novorođene teladi. Lab ferment
u sirištu teleta ima ulogu u procesu formiranja gruša i postepenoj proteolizi, a samim
tim učestvuje u regulaciji osmotskog pritiska u crevima. Peroralnim davanjem 20% rastvora
lab fermenta, teladima koja imaju očuvan apetit, potpomaže se proces varenja
mleka i formiranja gruša. Zavisno od inteziteta dijareje, pored nadoknade tečnosti i antibiotske
terapije, upotreba 20% rastvora lab-fermenta je bila veoma uspešna u bržem
i efikasnijem uspostavljanju normalne konzistencije crevnog sadržaja. Takođe je zapaženo
da samostalna upotreba lab fermenta kod dijareja nastalih usled presisavanja teladi,
dovodi do skraćivanja njihovog trajanja.Neonatal diarrhea in calves is a very significant problem that causes
large losses in cattle production. Infectious etiology of diarrhea, primarily Corona and
Rota viruses, open the door to enteropathogenic bacteria, causing atrophy of intestinal
villi, damage and cytolysis of enterocytes, consequently leading to mal - digestion and
mal - absorption. Diarrhea in calves is accompanied by profuse contents from the intestines,
apathy and dehydration, which, complicated by secondary bacterial infection,
can lead to a fatal outcome. The accumulation of osmotic active substances contributes
to the occurrence of diarrhea due to the impossibility of breaking down the chyme
in the intestinal lumen. Due to inflammatory processes in the digestive tract, there is a
disturbance in the process of milk digestion and the production of lab fermet (chymosin).
Undigested milk disrupts the osmotic concentration in the intestine, which causes
transudation of fluid into the lumen and an increase in the volume of the fluid content.
It is excreted rapidly, which is clinically manifested by the appearance of diarrhea.
The aim of this paper is to show the effects of oral use of a 20% solution of lab ferment
(chymosin) as a support in the treatment of diarrhea in newborn calves. Lab ferment
in calf rennet plays a role in the process of curd formation and gradual proteolysis, and
thus participates in the regulation of osmotic pressure in the intestines. By orally giving
a 20% solution of lab ferment to calves that have a preserved appetite, the process of
milk digestion and curd formation is supported. Depending on the intensity of the diarrhea,
in addition to fluid replacement and antibiotic therapy, the use of a 20% lab-ferment
solution was very successful in establishing the normal consistency of the intestinal
contents, faster and more efficiently. It has also been noted that the independent use
of lab ferment in diarrhea, caused by sucking calves leads to a shortening of the disease
Cellular co-infections of West Nile virus and Usutu virus influence virus growth kinetics
No full textThe mosquito-borne flaviviruses West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) pose a significant threat to the health of humans and animals. Both viruses co-circulate in numerous European countries including Germany. Due to their overlapping host and vector ranges, there is a high risk of co-infections. However, it is largely unknown if WNV and USUV interact and how this might influence their epidemiology. Therefore, in-vitro infection experiments in mammalian (Vero B4), goose (GN-R) and mosquito cell lines (C6/36, CT) were performed to investigate potential effects of co-infections in vectors and vertebrate hosts. The growth kinetics of German and other European WNV and USUV strains were determined and compared. Subsequently, simultaneous co-infections were performed with selected WNV and USUV strains. The results show that the growth of USUV was suppressed by WNV in all cell lines. This effect was independent of the virus lineage but depended on the set WNV titre. The replication of WNV also decreased in co-infection scenarios on vertebrate cells. Overall, co-infections might lead to a decreased growth of USUV in mosquitoes and of both viruses in vertebrate hosts. These interactions can strongly affect the epidemiology of USUV and WNV in areas where they co-circulate
Strategija određivanja faktora obrade u kontroli hrane animalnog porekla na prisustvo rezidua pesticida
No full textPrisustvo pesticida u sirovim proizvodima je samo jedan od aspekata kontrole
bezbednosti hrane. Većina hrane podleže termičkoj obradi i industrijkoj preradi koja
utiče na svojstva proizvoda i dovodi do potrebe za razmatranjem proračuna faktora
obrade. Fizičko-hemijske promene kao što su stabilnost, isparljivosti i afinitet prema
lipidnoj frakciji utiču na raspodelu i ponašanje pesticida tokom procesa prerade. Zbog
izostavljenih definisanih vrednosti za prerađene prehrambene proizvode u primeni
mogu biti faktori obrade, koji najčešće uključuju procese sušenja. Poteškoće i
složenosti u tumačenju prisustva ostataka pesticida u prerađenoj hrani dovode do
situacije da se kontrola često zanemaruje. Uredbom Evropske komisije (EC) br.
396/2005 za kodni broj 1300000, odnosno za prerađenu hranu, nisu definisane
maksimalno dozvoljene vrednosti, tako da su u ovom radu dati primeri proračuna
faktora obrade kod prerađene hrane kao što je mleko u prahu i fermentisani proizvodi
od mleka sa dodatkom voća. Prerada proizvoda može imati uticaja na promenu
koncentracije prisutnih rezidua u finalnom proizvodu, odnosno može imati uticaja na
povećanje ili smanjenje količine prisutnih pesticida. Procesi obrade uključuju
tretmane pranja, kao i termičku obradu (kuvanje, pasterizaciju, sterilizaciju), sušenje
itd.Referat po poziv
Monitoring of sulfites in kebabs and grilled meat
No full textFood additives are substances of known chemical composition, which are not consumed
as food, nor are they a typical ingredient of food, regardless of nutritional value, but are
added to food with the purpose of improving technological performance and retaining certain
sensory properties. Additives widely used in the food industry include sulfur dioxide
(SO2) and sulfites (E 220 – E 228). Sulfur dioxide and its derivatives are added to food
with the purpose of inhibiting and controlling the growth of microorganisms, preventing
non‑enzymatic browning, inhibiting reactions catalyzed by enzymes, and as antioxidants
and reducing agents. The harmful effects of sulfur dioxide and sulfites are most often associated
with allergic reactions from food, so it is necessary to provide consumers with
information about their presence in food, even when they are found in very small amounts,
because even then the possibility of an allergic reaction is not excluded. This research was
conducted with the aim of determining the amount of sulfites in meat products in the period
from 2019 to 2022. Altogether, 128 meat product samples were analyzed of which 53 were
kebabs and 75 were meat for grilling. After testing, the mean levels of sulfur dioxide and
sulfites in positive samples expressed in mg/kg were 210.0 mg/kg in kebabs and 110.6 mg/
kg in meat for grilling. In conclusion, in most of the tested meat products, the sulfite concentration
was below the established maximum permissible values according to national
and European regulations.Special Issue dedicated to 62nd International Meat Industry Conference : Exploring Current Challenges and Future Perspectives in Food and Nutritio
Entomophagy — a novel option in animal and human nutrition
No full textEntomophagy is not a new phenomenon in the world. Moreover, it is a traditional diet in a
large part of the planet. However, in the European framework it belongs to the category of
novel food and although the topic is often debated, it represents a growing choice in human
and animal nutrition. Edible insects have the potential to serve as a healthy, sustainable alternative
to animal protein sources due to their valuable nutritional composition. They may have
superior health benefits based on high levels of essential amino acids, omega-3 and omega-6
fatty acids, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, fibre and antioxidants. They could offer a myriad of environmental
benefits, including overall reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and reduced
use of agricultural land and water. Future research should aim to understand the beneficial
effects of whole insects or insect isolates compared to traditional foods of animal and plant
origin. Although insects have the potential to be used as meat substitutes or dietary supplements,
leading to benefits for human health and the environment, this paper does not aim to
ultimately propagate their use, but to point out their advantages and qualities, as well as potential
dangers and risks, and finally to present ways of placing insects on the European market.Predavanje po pozivu održano na "62nd International Meat Industry Conference (MEATCON2023), October 01st-04th, 2023, Kopaonik", objavljeno u naučom časopisu organizatora konferencije kao pregledni ra
Mastitisi kod koza
No full textMastitisi su zapaljenski procesi u mlečnoj žlezdi prouzrokovani mikroorganizmima i predstavljaju bolest sa posledično velikim ekonomskim štetama zbog smanjenja količine i kvaliteta mleka, troškova lečenja i odbacivanja mleka tokom lečenja. Mastitisi i etiologija mastitisa kod koza su u osnovi slični kao kod krava. Mogu da se pojave u akutnom ili perakutnom obliku sa teškim opštim stanjem praćenim mortalitetom i supkliničkom obliku bez simptoma i uginuća, ali sa održavanjem infekcije u vimenu i kliconoštvom u stadu. Koagulaza negativne stafilokoke (KNS) imaju najveću prevalenciju i mogu izazvati perzistentne infekcije, praćene povećanjem broja somatskih ćelija u mleku i slabo izraženim oblikom sa rekurentnim kliničkim epizodama. Incidencija intaramamarnih infekcija kod koza izazvanih sa Staphylococcus aureus je niska (<5%), ali može da rezultira perzistentnim infekcijama, koje ne daju odgovor na terapiju. Infekcije izazvane streptokokama mogu da budu suppkliničke i kliničke i češće se pojavljaju kod goveda. Bakterija Streptococcus agalactiae, nije čest uzročnik mastitisa kod koza. Kao kod krava i kod koza, gram‑negativni mikroorganizmi izazivaju interminentne infekcije. Infekcija sa bakterijom Trueperella pyogenes može da izazove multiple nodularne apscese u vimenu koza. Kontagiznu agalakciju izazivaju Mycoplasma agalactiae, a poslednjih godina i M. mycoides capri. U manjem broju slučajeva se dijagnostikuju M. capricolum capricolum i M. putrefaciens. Ovo oboljenje, pored mastitisa, prate artritisi i respiratorni poremećaji. U dijagnostici mastitisa je vrlo bitna diferencijalna dijagnoza zbog toga što i pri infekciji kozijim artritis i encefalitis virusom (CAEV) mogu nastati indurativne lezije u vimenu. Dijagnostika, praćenje i lečenje bakterijskih mastitisa koza su slični kao kod krava. Praćenje broja somatskih ćelija u dijagnostičke svrhe je otežano zbog teškog razlikovanja inficiranih od neinficiranih životinja, posebno u kasnom stadijumu laktacije. Ovo se pripisuje većem broju epitelnih ćelija u mleku koza u odnosu na mleko krava. Smatra se da je 1 000 000 ćelija/ml mleka koza uobičajen broj ćelija pred kraj laktacije. Cilj ovog rada je da se ukaže na značaj mastitisa kod koza, njihovu pravilnu dijagnostiku i lečenje. Higijena držanja i muže, kao i poseban odnos prema lečenju su ključni za prevenciju mastitisa kod koza