REPONIVS - Repository of Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine of Serbia
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Ekstezivan uzgoj živine - najčešća oboljenja i izazovi
No full textEkstenzivan način uzgoja živine čini jedan od najvažnijih izvora hrane za domaćinstva u ruralnim sredinama. U urbanim sredinama savremeni način života doveo je do sve većeg interesovanja i potrebe ljudi da kupuju proizvode poreklom od živine koja se uzgaja na ovaj način.
Ekstenzivan način uzgoja ima svoje prednosti, ali i mane. Mane ovog načina gajenja su povezane sa povećanim rizikom od unosa i širenja patogenih mikroorganizama koji mogu ugroziti zdravlje jedinki koje se tu uzgajaju, i zdravlje ljudi koji brinu o njima i ljudi koji konzumiraju njihove proizvode. U ekstenzivnom uzgoju mnoge zarazne bolesti su uobičajene i mogu se nekontrolisano širiti. Bolesti živine gajene u ekstenzivnom uzgoju mogu biti bakterijske, virusne, gljivične ili parazitske etiologije. „Dvorišna živina" može biti izvor antimikrobne rezistencije i nekoliko važnih zoonotskih patogena, uključujući Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., i Escherichia coli.
Prva linija odbrane od patogenih mikroorganizama u svakoj proizvodnji životinja su biosigurnosne mere.
U slučaju ekstenzivnog uzgoja, neophodno je pre svega razumeti postojeća znanja i navike farmera, a zatim ukazati na mere koje oni u svom domaćinstvu mogu preduzeti kako bi prevenirali pojavu različitih oboljenja. Da bi bile održive, te mere moraju biti fleksibilne i prilagodljive
Genetic variability of African Swine Fever virus in Serbia
No full textAfrička kuga svinja (AKS) je virusno hemoragično oboljenje domaćih i divljih svinja visokog stepena letaliteta, koje uzrokuje enormne ekonomske gubitke u industriji svinja. Uzročnik afričke kuge je istoimeni virus, jedini pripadnik familije Asfarviride i roda Asfivirus (Alonso i sar., 2018). Bolest je prvi put zabeležena u Srbiji 2019. godine u populaciji domaćih svinja, a od 2020. godine i u populaciji divljih svinja. Od tada do danas broj svinja je smanjen za 7% što je više od prosečnog pada broja svinja u Evropi od 4%. Genom virusa AKS je dvolančana linearna DNK dužine 170-190 kbp u zavisnosti od genotipa, podgenotipa i broja ponavljajućih segmenata i kodira sintezu 170 virusnih proteina (Blome i sar., 2020). Održavanje virusa u prirodi zavisi od faktora sredine, prisustva prijemčivih jedinki (divljih svinja) i otpornosti virusa. Jedan od ključnih uslova za održavanje i cirkulaciju virusa je i visoka prevalencija infekcije kod domaćih svinja (>5%) jer se na taj način omogućava prelivanje infekcije na divlje svinje i zatvaranje kruga prenošenja (Aguilar-Vega i sar., 2023). Letalitet kod divljih svinja inficiranih visoko virulentnim sojem iznosi 100%. Virus ostaje infektivan 3 meseca u leševima divljih svinja koje, ukoliko nisu uklonjene, dugotrajno predstavljaju izvor infekcije. Brzina širenja infekcije u populaciji divljih svinja u Evropi iznosi 4-17 km godišnje (Anette i sar., 2020). Širenje AKS na veće razdaljine uslovljeno je antropogenim faktorom. Čovek kontaktom sa zaraženim ili uginulim divljim svinjama, hranjenjem svinja kontaminiranim proizvodima animalnog porekla, transportom zaraženih domaćih svinja iz jednog područija u drugo predstavlja mehanički vektor za širenje virusa. Na afričkom kontinentu zabeležena su 24 genotipa virusa koja cirkulišu između populacija bradavičastih svinja, mekih krpelja iz roda Ornithodorus spp. i domaćih svinja. Van Afrike zabeleženi su samo genotip I i genotip II virusa AKS. Za trenutnu epizootiju odgovoran je genotip II virusa. Autori Gallardo i sar. (2023) su na osnovu analize genoma virusa AKS zabaležili 24 genogrupe u okviru genotipa II virusa na tlu Evrope. Na osnovu analize B646L i E183L gena opisan je jedan genotip virusa (genotip II). Daljom analizom B602L gena definisana su dva podgenotipa (CVR1 i 2) sa većim brojem varijacija koje zavise od broja tačkastih mutacija. Na osnovu analize intergenskog segmenta (I73L - I329L), mogu se opisati četiri podgenotipa (I-IV) (Gallardo i sar., 2023). Laboratorijska dijagnostika afričke kuge se vrši primenom molekularnih metoda. Cilj ovog rada je bila analiza cikulišućih sojeva virusa AKS u Srbiji. Trijažna testiranja su vršena real-time PCR testom. Dok je dalja analiza vršena primenom klasičnog PCR testa i Sanger sekvenciranja. Za detaljnu karakterizaciju lokalnih sojeva virusa AKS odabrano je 95 uzoraka poreklom od domacih i divljih svinja obolelih od AKS u periodu od 2019-2023 godine. Amplifikovana su i sekvencirana četiri segmenta virusnog genoma (B646L, E183L, B602L i intergenski region između I73L - I329L). Na osnovu analize ovih delova genoma utvrđeno je prisustvo više različitih sojeva virusa u Srbiji. Istovremena cirkulacija nekoliko sojeva može biti posledica spontanih mutacija ili reintrodukcije virusa iz drugih zaraženih područja. Utvrđivanje promena u genskom materijalu smatraju se veoma značajnim informacijama jer mogu ukazivati na adaptaciju virusa i modifikaciju virulentnosti. Praćenje promena u genomu virusa, porsedno daje uvid u strukturu virusnih proteina. Dugotrajna cirkulacija virusa u populaciji divljih svinja može dovesti do pojave srednje i niskovirulentnih sojeva što predstavlja izazov za eradikaciju bolesti. Kod domaćih svinja, srednje i niskovirulentni sojevi mogu izazvati atipične kliničke znakove i produženi tok bolesti što otežava postavljanje sumnje, odlaže dijagnostiku i povećava rizik od širenja bolesti. Potencijalne promene u konzerviranom delu genoma mogu otežati dijagnostiku virusa. Stoga su izolacija i genska karakterizacija virusa afričke kuge svinja od izuzetnog značaja za razumevanje epizootiologije ove bolesti. Poznavanje genskih karakteristika lokalnih sojeva virusa omogućava praćenje njihovog evolutivnog razvoja i identifikaciju novih sojeva. Na osnovu ovih podataka treba vršiti procenu efikasnosti preduzetih mera za suzbijanje i kontrolu bolesti. Usled nedostatka komercijalno dostupne vackcine, primena rigoroznih biosigurnostih mera je od najvećeg značaja za sprečavanje unosa uzročnika u populaciju domaćih svinja. Stroge kontrole na granicama su neophodne radi sprečavanja reintrodukcije virusa iz drugih zaraženih područija, kao i brza reakcija u aktivnim žarištima radi sprečavanja daljeg širenja bolesti i većih ekonomskih gubitaka.African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly lethal viral hemorrhagic disease affecting domestic and wild pigs, causing significant economic losses in the swine industry. The causative agent of ASF is a virus of the Asfarviridae family and Asfivirus genus (Alonso et al., 2018). The disease was first recorded in Serbia in 2019 in domestic pig populations, and since 2020, it has also been found in wild pig populations. Since then, the number of pigs has decreased by 7%, which is higher than the average decline in pig numbers in Europe (4%). The genome of the ASF virus is a double-stranded linear DNA, ranging from 170-190 kbp in length, depending on the genotype, subgenotype, and number of repetitive segments, encoding the synthesis of 170 viral proteins (Blome et al., 2020). The maintenance of the virus in the environment depends on environmental factors, the presence of susceptible individuals (wild pigs), and the virus's ability to survive in that environment. A key condition for the maintenance and circulation of the virus is a high prevalence of infection in domestic pigs (>5%), as it enables the spill-over of infection to wild pigs, completing the transmission cycle (Aguilar-Vega et al., 2023). The case fatality rate in wild pigs infected with highly virulent strains is 100%. The virus remains infectious for 3 months in carcasses of wild pigs, which, if not removed, serve as a long-term source of infection. The spread of infection in the wild pig population in Europe is estimated at 4-17 km per year, with anthropogenic factors playing a significant role in long-distance transmission (Anette et al., 2020). Human contact with infected or dead wild pigs, feeding pigs with contaminated animal-derived products, and the transport of infected domestic pigs from one area to another act as mechanical vectors for virus spread. In Africa, 24 genotypes of the virus have been recorded, circulating among populations of bush pigs, soft ticks of the Ornithodorus spp. genus, and domestic pigs. Outside of Africa, only genotype I and genotype II of the ASF virus have been identified. The current epidemic is caused by the genotype II virus. Based on the genome analysis of the ASF virus Gallardo et al. (2023), identified 24 genogroups within the genotype II virus in Europe. From the analysis of the B646L and E183L genes, one virus strain (genotype II) was described. Further analysis of the B602L gene defined two subgenotypes (CVR1 and 2) with a higher number of variations depending on the number of point mutations. Based on the analysis of the intergenic segment (I73L - I329L), four subgenotypes (I-IV) can be described (Gallardo et al., 2023). Laboratory diagnostics of African Swine Fever are conducted using molecular methods. The aim of this study was to analyze circulating strains of ASF virus in Serbia. Screening tests were performed using real-time PCR, while further analysis was conducted using conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing. For a detailed characterization of local strains of ASF virus, 95 samples from diseased domestic and wild pigs with ASF between 2019 and 2023 were selected. Four segments of the viral genome (B646L, E183L, B602L, and the intergenic region between I73L - I329L) were amplified and sequenced. Based on the analysis of these genome segments, the presence of multiple different strains of the virus was identified in Serbia. Simultaneous circulation of several strains may result from spontaneous mutations or virus reintroduction from other infected areas. Determining changes in the genetic material is considered highly significant as they can indicate virus adaptation and modification of virulence. Monitoring changes in the virus genome provides insight into the structure of viral proteins. Prolonged circulation of the virus in the wild pig population can lead to the emergence of moderately and low-virulent strains, posing challenges for disease eradication. In domestic pigs, these strains can cause atypical clinical signs and prolonged disease courses, complicating suspicion, delaying diagnosis, and increasing the risk of disease spread. Potential changes in conserved regions of the genome can hinder virus diagnostics. Therefore, the isolation and genetic characterization of ASF virus strains are of utmost importance for understanding the epizootiology of this disease. Knowledge of the genetic characteristics of local virus strains allows for monitoring their evolutionary development and identification of new strains. Based on these data, an assessment of the effectiveness of control measures should be conducted. Due to the lack of commercially available vaccines, the implementation of rigorous biosecurity measures is of paramount importance to prevent the introduction of the pathogen into the domestic pig population. Strict controls at borders are necessary to prevent the reintroduction of the virus from other infected areas, along with swift responses in active outbreak areas to prevent further disease spread and mitigate significant economic losses
The emerging disease wild boar paratyphoid caused by Salmonella Choleresuis
No full textPojava i prva izolacija etiološkog agensa svinjskog paratifusa: Salmonella
enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf u Srbiji uznemirava
opštu struĉnu javnost. Bolest je za sada izolovana kod domaćih svinja
koje se dovode u vezu sa uveţenim grlima, meĊutim epizootiološki znaĉaj ove
bolesti upućuje na divlje svinje. Populacija divljih svinja je ĉesto opisana kao
domaćin silvatiĉnog ciklusa kruţenja ove bakterije, a od 2022. godine izolovana
je u Švedskoj na severu Evrope.
Bakterija Salmonella Choleraesuis je fakultativno intracelularni patogen prilagoĊen
svinjama, ali je zabeleţen kod ljudi i predstavlja zoonotski agens.
Paratifus svinja se odlikuje sa kliniĉkim karakteristikama enterokolitisa i septikemije
ali su promene na plućima karakteristiĉne za ovaj serovar. Tokom 1950-
ih i 1960-ih, S. Choleraesuis je opisana kao dominantan serovar kod svinja
širom sveta i još uvek je veoma ĉest u Severnoj Americi i Aziji, a reĊe se otkriva
u Australiji i zapadnoj Evropi. Za nas je interesantno što su meĊu sluĉajevima
prijavljenim u Evropi izolati divljih svinja iz Rumunije. Uprkos niskoj prevalenciji
kod svinja i ogromnim problemima sa drugim infekcijama, S. Choleraesuis
postaje sve zastupljenija kod divljih svinja iz Evrope.Finding and the first isolation of the etiological agent of swine paratyphoid:
Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf in
Serbia disturbed the animal protection professional public. For now, the
disease is isolated in domestic pigs, which are associated with imported
animals, however, the epizootiological importance of this disease points to wild
pigs. The population of wild boars in the Cental Europe is often described as
the host of the sylvatic circulation cycle of these bacteria, and since 2022 it has
been isolated in Sweden in the northern part of Europe.
Bacteria Salmonella Choleraesuis is a facultative intracellular pathogen adapted
to pigs, but has been reported in humans and is a zoonotic agent. Swine
paratyphoid is characterized by clinical features of enterocolitis and septicemia,
but lung changes are characteristic of this serovar. In the 1950s and
1960s, S. Choleraesuis was described as the dominant serovar in pigs worldwide
and is still very common in North America and Asia, and less commonly
detected in Australia and Western Europe. It is interesting for us that among the
cases reported in Europe are isolates from Romania. Despite its low prevalence
in pigs and huge problems with other infections, S. Choleraesuis is becoming
more prevalent in wild boars from Europe.Zbornik predavanj
Occurence of cyathostominosis in domestic mountain horses in Serbia
No full textCyathostomin parasites, also often referred to as small strongyles, are ubiquitous in grazing horses across the world, and the subfamily comprises 50 species within 14 different genera. Small strongyles make up over 95% of all horse worm infections. In Europe most abundat species are Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cylicostephanus longibursatus. Clinically healthy horses can harbor cyathostomin burdens ranging from a few thousand to more than a million worms. As a result, cyathostomins are discussed as a biologically uniform group in regard to pathogenicity and anthelmintic resistance. Small strongyles have a direct lifecycle. Adult worms reside in the large intestine and produce eggs that pass out in the manure. These eggs hatch into larvae on the pasture, where they develop through larval stages to become infective larvae (L3). This can take as little as two weeks during warm, damp weather, however larvae can survive on pasture for up to 6 months. Horses will ingest larvae from pasture. The L3 larvae then invade the wall of the ileum and large intestine before developing into L4 larvae, which leave the intestinal wall and become adults in the gut lumen. Adult worms feed on the mucosa of the intestine wall. Occasionally larvae will encyst in the intestine wall at L3 stage. Mass emergences of L4 larvae can occur, which leads to either acute or chronic inflammatory disease that can resemble colic. This is known as larval cyathostomosis. In order to better understand the bidiversity of endoparasites in domestic mountain horses kept freely on mountain pastures, in last few years was examined the biodiversity of endoparasites in the population of domestic mountain horses in Serbia. During examination cyathostomınosıs ere established at 33.33% of examined animals. Most adult horses carry small strongyle burdens without any obvious signs of ill health
Occurrence, distribution pattern and origin of saturated hydrocarbons in the river marina sediments of the Kovin Dunavac (Kovin, Serbia)
No full textThe Kovin Dunavac is a1800 m long arm of the Danube river in the vicinity of Kovin,
a small city in eastern Serbia. The Kovin Dunavac marina is used by the local population as
a natural shelter for smaller river crafts. In our previous research, the sediments from this
locality were investigated for a possible contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs)[1]. The results revealed multiple sources of these contaminants in the sediments of
this marina. Accordingly, it was concluded that the dominant pollution sources of the
sediment in the KovinDunavac were petrogenic (diesel vehicular source) and pyrogenic
(grass, wood, and coal combustion).
The aim of our present research is investigation of the occurrence, distribution pattern
and origin of saturated hydrocarbons in the river marina sediments of the Kovin Dunavac
near Kovin, Serbia.Poster prezentacij
The importance of wax moths in the pathology of bees
No full textWax moths are often found in hives in temperate climates and there are two types of wax
moth in Europe. Both moths belong to family Pyralidae. Galleria mellonella, the greater wax
moth or honeycomb moth is found throughout the world. G. mellonella eggs are laid in the
spring, and they have four life stages. Males are able to generate ultrasonic sound pulses,
which, along with pheromones, are used in mating. The lesser wax moth (Achroia grisella) is
a small moth. Because lesser wax moths eat unoccupied honey bee combs, they are
considered pests to bees and beekeepers. However, unoccupied combs can harbor harmful
pathogens that inflict damage to neighboring insects. Wax moths do not attack the bees
directly, but feed on the shed exoskeletons of bee larvae and pollen that is found in dark brood
comb, which was used by the bees to hold the developing bees. Their full development to
adults requires access to used brood comb or brood cell cleanings—these contain protein
essential for the larval development, in the form of brood cocoons. The destruction of the
comb will spill or contaminate stored honey and may kill bee larvae. When honey supers are
stored for the winter in a mild climate, or in heated storage, the wax moth larvae can destroy
portions of the comb, though they will not fully develop. Damaged comb may be scraped out
and replaced by the bees. Wax moth larvae and eggs are killed by freezing, so storage in
unheated sheds or barns in higher latitudes is the only control necessary
Seroloska ispitivanja influence kod razlicitih uzrasnih kategorija svinja uzgajanih na komercijalnim farmama
No full textInfluenca svinja predstavlja veoma važan zdravstvni i ekonomski problem u
komercijalnom uzgoju svinja. U etiologiji respiratornih oboljenja do kojih dovode dominiraju tri podtipa virusa influence tipa A - H1N1, H1N2 i H3N2, različitih genetskih i antigenskih karakteristika (Detmer, 2017). Iako u neimunom zapatu influenca može ostvariti visok morbiditet (i do 100%), mortalitet je uglavnom nizak (manji od 1%) i zavisi od soja virusa i prisustva drugih infekcija u zapatu (Van Reeth i sar., 2012, Zell i sar., 2013). Kao posledica cirkulacije virusa na
farmi dolazi do direktnih, i mnogo značajnijih, indirektnih gubitaka koji se ogledaju u smanjenju dnevnog prirasta, povećanju utroška hrane za kilogram prirasta, produžetku tova i dr. (Došen i sar., 2008). Na ekonomičnost proizvodnje najznačajnije utiče smanjenje dnevnog prirasta (Calderón Díaz i sar., 2020), a Haden i sar., 2012, su ustanovili da gubici po grlu u slučaju monoinfekcije virusom influence iznose 3,23$. Pored direktnih i indirektnih gubitaka u
proizvodnji, cirkulacija virusa influence u populacijama svinja predstavlja i problem od javnog značaja zbog zoonotskog potencijala koji ovi virusi poseduju i mogućih uzrokovanja oboljenja ljudi. Posle pandemije 2009. godine za koju je utvrđeno da je nastala prilagođavanjem i širenjem reasortiranog virusa svinja u humanoj populaciji (Smith i sar., 2009) opisani su mnogobrojni slučajevi oboljenja ljudi nastali prenošenjem virusa sa svinja na ljude (Hennig i sar., 2022). Iako
su to najčešće incidentni slučajevi oboljenja, a tek u nekoliko navrata oboljenje manje grupe ljudi (Hennig i sar., 2022), potencijal za prenos svinjskih virusa u humanu populaciju je evidentan, što upućuje na neophodnost praćenja raširenosti ove infekcije u zapatima svinja primenom kliničke opservacije i laboratorijskih ispitivanja obolelih.
Cirkulaciju virusa i stepen raširenosti infekcije u jednom zapatu svinja u kome se ne primenjuje vakcinacija kao mera kontrole, najlakše i najekonomičnije je utvrditi primenom laboratorijskog ispitivanja prisustva specifičnih antitela protiv virusa influence tipa A. Imunološki odgovor u vidu sinteze antitela je detektabilan već trećeg dana od nastanka infekcije (Lee i sar., 1995), pri čemu pik dostiže obično između 14. i 21. dana (Radojičić i sar., 2011). Nakon primarne infekcije nastali imunitet je dugotrajan i pruža zaštitu od infekcije istim ili drugim antigeno
sličnim sojem (Van Reeth i sar., 2012). Humoralni imunološki odgovor se ogleda u sintezi specifičnih antitela protiv hemaglutinina, neuraminidaze, nukleoproteina i matriks proteina virusa (Wright i sar., 2007), a laboratorijske metode koje se koriste za njihovu detekciju su imunoenzimski testovi (ELISA), virus neutralizacioni test (VNT) i inhibibicija hemaglutinacije (IHA) (Detmer i sar., 2013). Za testiranje velikog broja uzoraka seruma koje za cilj ima utvrđivanje seroprevalencije u jednom zapatu najpogodnije je koristiti ELISA test, dok se titar
antitela kod pojedinačnih životinja kao i podtip cirkulišućih virusa utvrđuju primenom VNT ili IHA. S' obzirom na činjenicu da je cirkulacija virusa influence tipa A potvrđena na većini velikih komercijalnih farmi u Srbiji (Maksimović Zorić i sar., 2020), izvršeno je ispitivanje seroprevalencije u različitim uzrasnim kategorijama i serotipizacija cirkulišućih virusa
Factors affecting the efficacy and effectiveness of vaccines in veterinary medicine
No full textGodinama se vode rasprave o pravilnoj upotrebi i razlici u definiciji izraza
efikasnost i efektivnost vakcina. Dok prva podrazumeva procenu uspešnosti
vakcine u kontrolisanim (laboratorijskim) uslovima, efektivnost vakcine se
odnosi na procenu uspešnosti vakcinacije u terenskim nekontrolisanim
uslovima nakon njene primene. Postoji čitav niz faktora koji utiču na
efikasnost i efektivnost vakcine i oni se mogu svrstati u minimalno osam
grupa. Iako efikasnost i efektivnost vakcine nisu uvek upravno srazmerni na
oba parametra mogu uticati osobine same vakcine, način primene,
karakteristike primaoca, vreme aplikacije u odnosu na pacijenta i okruženje,
prisustvo patogena u prirodi, genetski diverzitet specifičnog patogena,
način procene direktnih i indirektnih ciljeva vakcinacije kao i primenjeni
dizajn obrade podataka sa parametrima koji se prate u cilju finalne procene
efikasnosti i efektivnosti vakcine. Različiti uticaji i kombinacija više
faktora može dovesti do značajnih razlika i skoro potpunog dispariteta
efektivnosti i već dokazane visoke efikasnosti registrovanih vakcina kako
u humanoj tako i u veterinarskoj medicini. Naš cilj je da razmotrimo što veći
broj faktora, značaj i način njihovog uticaja na efikasnost i efektivnost
vakcine u slučajevima „lege artis“ primene u skladu sa uputstvom već
registrovanih vakcina za upotrebu u veterinarskoj medicini.For years there have been discussions about the correct use and difference in definition
of the terms efficacy and effectiveness of vaccines. While the first implies the
evaluation of the success of the vaccine in controlled (laboratory) conditions, the
effectiveness of the vaccine refers to the evaluation of the success of the vaccine in
uncontrolled field conditions after its application. There are a number of factors that
affect the effectiveness and efficacy of a vaccine, and they can be classified into at
least eight groups. Although the efficacy and effectiveness of a vaccine are not always
directly proportional, both assessments can be influenced by the characteristics of the
vaccine model, vaccine application, characteristics of the recipient, time of application
in relation to the patient and the environment, the presence of pathogens in nature, the
genetic diversity of specific pathogens, the way of assessing direct and indirect targets
of vaccination as well as applied data processing design with parameters monitored
for final assessment of vaccine efficacy and effectiveness. The different influence and
combination of several factors can lead to significant differences in the assessment of
vaccine effectiveness and an almost complete discrepancy between effectiveness and
already proven high efficacy of registered vaccines, in human and veterinary medicine
as well. Our goal is to consider as many factors as possible that constantly affect the
efficacy and effectiveness of the vaccine in a positive and negative sense, in cases of
“lege artis” application according to instruction for use of already registered vaccines
in veterinary medicine
Sheep dicrocoeliosis in east and south Serbia
No full textU periodu od 2004. do 2018. godine istraživanjem smo obuhvatili
područje Beograda, Podunavski, Braničevski, Zaječarski, Pirotski (Stara Planina) i
delom Toplički okrug. Ukupno je pregledano 370 stada ovaca i preko 2 500 životinja.
U tom periodu je, metodom slučajnih uzoraka, prikupljan materijal koji je pregledan
standardnim parazitološkim metodama sedimentacije i flotacije, a patološke promene
su praćene na liniji klanja i kod uginulih životinja. Tokom ovih istraživanja, dikrocelioza
je ustanovljena u procentu od 12,30 na području Beograda, od 24,37 do 43,72 procenata
na području Braničevskog, Zaječarskog i Topličkog okruga i od 56,41 do 78,67
procenata u području Podunavskog i Pirotskog okruga.In the period 2004-2018, our research covered the area of Belgrade,
Podunavski, Braničevski, Zaječarski, Pirotski (Stara Planina) and part of Toplički district.
In total, 370 flocks of sheep and over 2 500 animals were examined. During that
period, random samples were collected and examined using standard parasitological
methods of sedimentation and flotation, and pathological changes were monitored
at the slaughter line and at necrosy of dead animals. Total of 43,72% in the area of
Braničevski, Zaječarski and Toplički districts, up to 56,41% to 78,67% in the area of Podunavski
and Pirotski districts were affected
Detection and phylogenetic analysis of the Tegument protein gene of malignant catarrhal fever virus from clinical cases of cattle and sheep in the Central Balkan region
No full textThis study aimed to describe the clinical course of SA-MCF and the duration of
viremia in surviving cattle and to perform the phylogenetic analysis of the tegument
protein gene of OvHV-2 in cattle in the Central Balkan. A farm housing two heifers
and 7 sheep with a confirmed SA-MCF case were selected for the investigation. For
the estimation of the length of viremia and the virus shedding, the animals were
sampled repeatedly, weekly for two months. For the phylogenetic analysis, a
retrospective study was performed on 21 samples from cattle, and 7 samples from
sheep, from the Central Balkan. In the blood samples of the survived heifer, the
OvHV-2 genome was detected until week 7, in corneal swabs, the OvHV-2 genome
was detected until week 6, and in nasal swabs until week two of the study. A
retrospective study revealed that out of 21 tested cattle, OvHV–2 was detected in 15
(71.4%), and out of 7 tested sheep, three (42.9%) were positive. The sequenced
samples show the highest percentage of similarity with the strains from Brasil
KJ658293.1 (100%) and Germany HM216475.1 (100%).. Since there is a variety of
different clinical signs similar to other notifiable diseases such as BVD, IBR, and
FMD, there is a clear benefit in including SA-MCF in the differential diagnosis in
cattle. As mixed farming in the Central Balkan is practiced, implementing SA-MCF
monitoring in passive surveillance would allow a better understanding of the
disease, ascertaining its prevalence and could provide new information regarding
SA-MCF epidemiology