REPONIVS - Repository of Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine of Serbia
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A new concern: MABR – mycotoxin-induced antibiotic resistance
No full textThe presence of mycotoxins in food and feed represents one of the major safety concerns today, comparable in significance and worldwide prevalence to antimicrobial resistance. Recently, there has been increased attention to the interconnectedness of these two issues, with growing acknowledgment and reduced skepticism regarding such connections. Firstly, both mycotoxins and certain antibiotics are produced by fungi, blurring the distinction between them, as many mycotoxins possess antibacterial properties. Beyond their shared origin, they also exhibit similarities in other characteristics (biosynthesis, structures, genetic composition, and roles within the producing organism's life cycle). Moreover, induction of similar resistance mechanisms in bacteria, supports the notion that antimicrobial resistance caused by mycotoxins is plausible. The inevitable presence of mycotoxins in animal feed, often in trace amounts, mimics the exposure of commensal bacteria in domestic animals to low-level antibiotic growth promoters. Chronic sub-dosing of antibiotics in animals is a recognized contributor to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in humans. Another connection between mycotoxins and antibiotics regarding antimicrobial resistance is that bacteria resistant to mycotoxins could transfer resistant genes to other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. Equally significant is the detrimental impact of both mycotoxins and antibiotics on animal gut microbiota, leading to dysbiosis. Clinically, misdiagnosing mycotoxicosis—diseases caused by mycotoxins that are not treatable with antibiotics—can result in inappropriate and unwarranted antibiotic therapy, exacerbating antimicrobial resistance. Failure to recognize mycotoxins as the primary cause of clinical or production issues in livestock often leads to misguided treatment approaches. Considering these points, it is imperative to conduct further research on mycotoxin-induced antibiotic resistance (MABR), particularly regarding the types of mycotoxins, bacterial species involved, potential combinations of exposures, etc. This issue should not be overlooked and warrants greater attention and investigation.Book of Abstracts and Conference Proceeding
Laboratory biosafety and biosecurity
No full textLaboratorijska biosigurnost i biobezbednost su osnovne prakse upravljanja biorizikom koje bi trebalo da se primenjuju u svim laboratorijama za biološka istraživanja. Iako su odvojeni koncepti, važno je prepoznati da su oba komplementarna i da dele zajednički cilj: da laboratorija, zajednica i okruženje budu bezbedni i zaštićeni. Kada se razmatraju mere biosigurnosti i biobezbednosti koje se praktikuju u laboratoriji, lako se može videti da sprovođenje određenih aktivnosti bezbednosti pokriva neke aspekte biosigurnosti, dok primena nekih principa i praksi biosigurnosti pojačava biološku bezbednost. Definicija laboratorijske biološke bezbednosti SZO je „principi zadržavanja, tehnologije i prakse koje se primenjuju da bi se sprečilo nenamerno izlaganje patogenima i toksinima, ili njihovo slučajno oslobađanje.” SZO je prvi put predstavila principe laboratorijske biološke bezbednosti 1983. godine prvim izdanjem svog priručnika o laboratorijskoj biološkoj bezbednosti. Laboratorijska biobezbednost je noviji koncept i mnogo je manje poznat mnogim laboratorijama širom sveta. Naime, izraz „biosigurnost” za one u intenzivnom stočarsvu odnosi se na zaštitu životinja od mikrobne kontaminacije. Laboratorijska biobezbednost, kako je definisala SZO, je „zaštita, kontrola i odgovornost unutar laboratorija, kako bi se sprečio njihov neovlašć eni pristup, gubitak, krađa, zloupotreba, preusmeravanje ili namerno oslobađanje”. Alternativno se opisuje kao skup praksi za smanjenje rizika od namerne infekcije kao rezultat zle namere. Oba koncepta imaju zajednički cilj očuvanja bezbednosti ljudi, zajednice i okoline kroz primenu odgovarajućih praksi, tehnologija i procedura u laboratorijama za biološka istraživanja. Implementacija pravilnih mera biosigurnosti i biobezbednosti ključna je za očuvanje integriteta istraživanja, sprečavanje neželjenih incidenata i obezbeđivanje sigurnog okruženja za sve uključene strane.Laboratory biosafety and biosecurity are basic biorisk management practices that should be implemented in all biological research laboratories. Although they are separate concepts, it is important to recognize that both are complementary and share a common goal: to keep the laboratory, community, and environment safe and secure. When considering biosecurity and biosecurity measures practiced in the laboratory, it is easy to see that implementing certain biosecurity activities covers some aspects of biosecurity. In contrast, the application of some biosecurity principles and practices improves biosecurity. The WHO deinition of laboratory biosafety is “the principles of containment, technology, and practices applied to prevent inadvertent exposure to, or accidental release of, pathogens and toxins”. WHO irst introduced the principles of laboratory biosafety in 1983 with the irst edition of its manual on laboratory biosafety. Laboratory biosafety is a newer concept and is much less familiar to many laboratories around the world. Namely, the term “biosecurity” for those in intensive animal husbandry refers to protecting animals from microbial contamination. Laboratory biosecurity, as deined by the WHO, is “the protection, control, and responsibility within the laboratory to prevent their unauthorized access, loss, theft, misuse, diversion or intentional release”. Alternatively, it is described as a set of practices to reduce the risk of intentional infection due to malicious intent. Both concepts have in common the preservation of the safety of people, the community, and the environment through the application of appropriate practices, technologies, and procedures in biological research laboratories. Implementing appropriate biosafety and biosecurity measures is critical to preserving research integrity, preventing negative incidents, and ensuring a safe environment for all parties involved.Zbornik radov
Salmonella, bezbednost hrane i antimikrobna rezistencija
No full textSalmoneloza je široko prepoznata kao jedan od vodećih uzroka akutnog bakterijskog
gastroenteritisa kod ljudi širom sveta, a nastaje konzumiranjem proizvoda životinjskog
porekla, naročito živinskog i svinjskog mesa. Tipični simptomi uključuju gastrointestinalne
tegobe koje mogu trajati od 2 do 7 dana, pri čemu intenzitet simptoma može varirati. Kontrola
salmoneloze zahteva dvostruki pristup: smanjenje prevalencije kod životinja i zaštitu od
infekcije kod ljudi. Ovo se postiže različitim strategijama koje obuhvataju zdravlje životinja,
biološku sigurnost hrane i mere higijene u proizvodnji i rukovanju hranom. Pravilno rukovanje
hranom, sprečavanje kontaminacije i adekvatno termičko obradjivanje su ključni koraci u
smanjenju rizika od infekcije salmonelom. To zahteva sveobuhvatan pristup na nivou farmi,
proizvodnje, distribucije i kod potrošača. Kontrola salmoneloze zahteva integrisani pristup koji
obuhvata sve aspekte lanca ishrane i javnog zdravlja, uključujući saradnju između veterinarske
medicine, humanog zdravstva, poljoprivrede i prehrambene industrije. Razumevanje
epidemiologije salmoneloze ključno je za efikasnu kontrolu bolesti. Praćenje trendova u pojavi
i identifikacija faktora rizika pomažu u usmeravanju preventivnih i kontrolnih mera. Kao i kod
mnogih bakterijskih infekcija, antimikrobna rezistencija predstavlja značajan izazov u lečenju
salmoneloze. Stoga je praćenje i upravljanje rezistencijom ključno za održavanje efikasnosti
terapije.Zbornik radov
Neglect of disinfection in the cheese production process
No full textMleko i mlečni proizvodi su namirnice koje su svakodnevno prisutne u ishrani
ljudi. Stoga je jako bitna njihova bezbednost i higijena procesa proizvodnje. Mleko
i mlečni proizvodi, pa samim tim i sir, nisu sterilni jer oni sadrže brojne korisne mikroorganizme
koji povoljno utiču na digestivni trakt i na zdravlje čoveka u celini.
Sir je namirnica koja je zbog svog sastava pogodna za razvoj mikroorganizama,
kako ovih korisnih tako i patogenih. Različiti patogeni mikroorganizmi (npr. Escherichia
coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus) su izolovani iz sira
i mogu da predstavljaju opasnost po zdravlje čoveka. Bakterija E. coli se izdvaja
svojim značajem. Nalaz ove bakterije može se javiti primarno i sekundarno. Primarno,
preko mleka obolelih krava, a sekundarno nepoštovanjem principa dobre
proizvođačke prakse i neadekvatnih higijenskih uslova. Takođe, nalaz E. coli može
biti indikator fekalnog zagađenja u procesima muže, transporta, prerade, pakovanja
ili skladištenja sireva. Tokom perioda 2023. primećena je pojava povećanog
broja E. coli u 4 različite mlekare. Kako se radi o raznovrsnom mikroorganizmu
koji može poticati iz raznovrsnih izvora, naknadno je testirano po 10 uzoraka različitih
sireva. Ustanovljeno je da je problem nastao usled neadekvatnog sprovođenja
pranja i dezinfekcije pri muži na jednoj farmi, a ostale tri su imale problem u
pogonu za preradu mleka. Preduzete su mere detaljnog pranja i dezinfekcije celog
pogona za preradu, posuda i tankova, kao i obuka radnika o što boljem održavanju
higijene u toku muže i celog proizvodnog procesa. Zaključak koji se nameće je
da je dobra procesna higijena od njive do trpeze uslovljena adekvatnim izborom
i sprovođenjem mera dezinfekcije. Zanemarivanje dezinfekcije u cilju kratkoročne
uštede ili zanemarivanje obuke radnika koji preuzimaju pozicije u proizvodnji
stalno ili privremeno (zamena kolege pri bolovanju, odmoru i sl.) vodi u porast
ekonomske štete, potrebe za dijagnostikom i utvrđivanjem problematične pozicije, sanacijom izvora kontaminacije, uništavanjem ili obradom higijenski neadekvatnih
proizvoda, a u krajnjem slučaju nezadovoljstvu potrošača i smanjenom učešću
na tržištu.Milk and milk products are foods that are present in people’s diet every day.
Therefore, their safety and hygiene during the production process is very important.
Milk and dairy products, and therefore cheese, are not sterile because they
contain numerous useful microorganisms that have a beneficial effect on the digestive
tract and human health as a whole. Cheese is a foodstuff that, due to its
composition, is suitable for the development of microorganisms, both beneficial
and pathogenic. Various pathogenic microorganisms (eg Escherichia coli, Listeria
monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus) have been isolated from cheese and can
pose a danger to human health. The bacterium E. coli stands out for its importance.
The finding of this bacterium can occur primarily and secondarily. Primarily,
through the milk of sick cows, and secondarily through non-compliance with
the principles of good production practices and inadequate hygienic conditions.
Also, the finding of E. coli can be an indicator of fecal pollution in the processes of
milking, transport, processing, packaging or storage of cheeses. During the period
of 2023, an increased number of E. coli was observed in 4 different dairies. As it is a
diverse microorganism that can originate from diverse sources, 10 samples of different
cheeses were subsequently tested. It was established that the problem arose
due to inadequate implementation of washing and disinfection during milking on
one farm, and the other three had a problem in the milk processing plant. Measures
of detailed washing and disinfection of the entire processing plant, vessels
and tanks were taken, as well as training of workers on the best possible maintenance
of hygiene during milking and the entire production process. The conclusion
that emerges is that good process hygiene from the field to the table is conditioned
by the adequate selection and implementation of disinfection measures. Neglecting
disinfection for the purpose of short-term savings or neglecting the training of
workers who take over positions in production permanently or temporarily (replacing
a colleague during illness, vacation, etc.) leads to an increase in economic
damage, the need for diagnostics and determination of the problematic position,
remediation of the source of contamination, destruction or processing hygienically
inadequate products, and in the last case consumer dissatisfaction and reduced
participation in the market.Zbornik radov
Procena javno-zdravstvenog rizika u pogledu prisustva aflatoksina m1 u mleku za potrošače u Srbiji
No full textAflatoksini su grupa mikotoksina koje proizvode gljivice iz roda Aspergillus, koje se
obično nalaze u poljoprivrednim proizvodima. Aflatoksini mogu imati kancerogene,
mutagene, teratogene i imunosupresivne efekte na ljude i životinje. Aflatoksin B1
(AFB1) je najtoksičniji tip aflatoksina u prirodi u poređenju sa ostalim, kao što su
AFB2, AFG1 i AFG2. Aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) je hidroksilisani produkt AFB1, koji
izlučuje putem mleka.
Cilj ove studije bio je da se proceni nivo aflatoksina M1 (AFM1) u mleku (sirovo i
termički obrađeno mleko), i odredi broj uzoraka koji premašuju zakonski propisanu
granicu u Republici Srbiji od 0,25 ng/kg. Studija je obuhvatila ispitivanje 8079
uzoraka mleka iz četiri veterinarska specijalistička instituta (VSI) koji su primljeni po
zahtevu radi ispitivanja na prisustvo AFM1 u periodu od 2019. do 2023. godine. Nivo
AFM1 u uzorcima meren je tehnikom imunoenzimskog testa (ELISA). AFM1 je
detektovan u 415 (5,14%) uzoraka. Najveći broj pozitivnih uzoraka zabeležen je u
VSI Sombor (340 uzoraka, 5,96%), zatim u VSI Šabac (34 uzorka, 5,80%), VSI
Jagodina (6 uzoraka, 2,76%) i VSI Zrenjanin (35 uzoraka, 2,23%) u odnosu na broj
ispitanih uzoraka. Konzumacija kravljeg mleka koje sadrži AFM1 iznad propisanih
granica može predstavljati zdravstveni rizik za ljude različitih starosnih grupa.Referat po poziv
Trichinella infection in Serbia: advancements, risks, and the path to safe consumption
No full textIn Serbia, Trichinellosis remains one of the most important food-borne zoonotic diseases. Advances in pork production systems, control measures, the artificial digestion method and Trichinella Proficiency tests have effectively climate farm pork as a source of trichinellosis. Epidemiological data from the last decades show notable decrease in both human cases and infected animals. Over the years, pork has been the primary source of trichinellosis in Serbia, often associated with family outbreaks. The main risk of infection now arises from consumption of untested backyard pork. When pigs are raised without compliance with hygienic standards and veterinary testing are lacking it increases the likelihood that meat and meat products are potential sources of Trichinella infection. In most numbers of outbreaks in Serbia T. spiralis were the theological agent of infection. According to epidemiological data it is important that consumers of backyard pigs and wild game meat should be educated about risk associated with consumption of untested meat. Control of Trichinella testing QA system in veterinary subjects and regular participation in proficiency tests are essential for ensuring safe food consumers. Furthemore, full integration of veterinary and public health efforts, following the One Health concept, is imperative for effective control measures.The XIV European Multicolloquium of Parasitology Wrocław, Poland August 26–30, 2024 : Abstract
West Nile Virus and the birds of prey from Romania a new approach on the biodiversity conservation
No full textWest Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus with a zoonotic character that affects
a wide range of bird species, including birds of prey such as hawks, eagles, and owls. Birds are the
primary reservoir for WNV, and birds of prey are particularly vulnerable due to their predatory
behavior, which may expose them to infected prey species like songbirds or other small animals that
carry the virus. In birds of prey, the clinical manifestations of WNV infection can vary from mild or
asymptomatic to severe, with symptoms such as weakness, disorientation, inability to fly, and
neurological deficits. Some birds may succumb to the infection, especially juvenile or
immunocompromised individuals, while others may recover. The susceptibility to WNV makes them
useful for monitoring the spread of the virus across regions. However, they do not typically serve as
major amplifiers of the virus, compared to some passerine birds, which tend to have higher viremia
levels. The spread of WNV among birds of prey raises ecological and conservation concerns,
particularly for endangered or vulnerable raptor species. Monitoring WNV outbreaks and managing
mosquito populations in wildlife rehabilitation centers and conservation areas are critical strategies to
reduce the impact of the virus on raptor populations. Additionally, studying the virus’s effects on
these predators provides insight into broader ecosystem health. The study aims at analyzing the
current situation and findings regarding the WNV infection in birds of prey in Romania.Congress progra
The transmission routes of African swine fever during an outbreak in Serbia July–August 2023: African swine fever virus detections in environmental samples and insects
No full textAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic pigs and
wild boar (Sus scrofa) caused by an arbovirus- African swine fever virus (ASFV),
which is classified into the family Asfarviridae. Even though the main transmission
route of ASFV is direct contact between animals and carcasses releasing ASFV into
the environment, the role of other transmission routes such as via environmental
contamination or insects remains in great part unclear. During an epidemic f ASF
in Serbia in 2023, environmental samples (soil, feed, water and swabs from the
pig barns), and insects [resulting in collection of adult and/or larval stages of nonbiting
flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae and Muscidae)] were collected in four locations
in South Banat district of Serbia. To assess the possibility that insects carry the
ASFV in infected courtyards, sticky fly traps and open Petri dishes containing meat
mixed with humid cotton wads were offered in three locations during the five
days of the experiment in the Belgrade area. Furthermore, to confirm the role of
flies in ASF in mechanical transmission pathway in Serbia, L2 and L3 larvae of flies
(Lucilia sericata Meigan, 1826; Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus, 1758) were collected
from the pig carcasses from infected farms, bred to adults in the Laboratory
and an ASFV spiked meat meal was placed into cages with three-day-old flies
(n = 52) to estimate positivity of flies and duration of mechanical transmission of
ASFV. The results from the environmental samples showed no positive ASFV DNA
detection, the same was true for the samples from meat-based traps and sticky
fly traps, while ASFV DNA was detected in three samples containing eggs, L1 and
L3 fly larvae collected from carcasses and adult flies (L. sericata). In experimental
conditions, only one S. calcitrans fly tested positive on day 1 post-infection. The
results implicate the possible role of Lucilia sp. flies in the mechanical transmission
of ASFV as well as S. calcitrans in Serbia during an outbreak, while ASFV DNA was
not detected in environmental samples in this study
Performance of 5 commercial ELISA kits for the detection of antibody to bovine leukemia virus
No full textTo prevent significant economic losses, some countries have successfully eradicated enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection. In Serbia, efforts to eliminate EBL commenced in the late 1990s. Recognizing the disparities in test selection among laboratories and variations in quality, we evaluated the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of commercial ELISAs using field samples in Serbia. Using 5 commercial ELISA kits, we tested 138 cattle serum samples, submitted for confirmatory testing between 2020 and 2023, along with 100 serum samples from BLVnegative herds. We found 100% agreement of the ID Screen BLV Competition (IDvet), Svanovir BLV gp51-Ab (Svanova), and INgezim BLV Compac 2.0 (Ingenasa) ELISAs. We observed 93% agreement comparing these 3 kits to the Bovine Leukemia Virus Antibody test kit (VMRD). Agreements of 92% and 88.4% were determined between Idexx and IDvet, Svanova, and Ingenasa kits, and between Idexx and VMRD kits, respectively.Breef repor
Evaluation of five ELISA kits for the serological diagnostics of enzootic bovine leukosis
No full textEnzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle, presented worldwide. It is caused by bovine leukemia
virus (BLV), closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus. Although the disease is usually asymptomatic, persistent lymphocytosis present
in 30% of infected leads to various clinical outcomes (Aida et al., 2013). EBL is commonly diagnosed using serological tests.
Discrepancies between different tests araise concerns, specifically in a term of false negative results. As National Reference Laboratory
for EBL in Serbia we aimed to compare performances of five commercially available ELISA kits.EAVLD 2024: 7th Congress of the European Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Padua, Ital