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Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Clinical Mastitis Cases on Simmental Farms in the Mačva Region (Serbia)
No full textThe battle against mastitis remains an enduring challenge in contemporary animal
farming. This paper presents the frequency of bacterial pathogens isolated from milk
samples collected on 3 farms with a previous history of clinical mastitis in the Mačva
region during the year 2022. A total of 77 Simmental cows were enrolled in the study,
ranging from the first to sixth lactation and managed in a tie-stall system. The results
obtained indicate that the frequency of clinical mastitis in the animals considered was
16.9%. Of a total of 13 pathogenic isolates with clinically present mastitis,
Staphylococcus aureus was recorded in 5 (38.4%), Streptococcus uberis in 3 (23.1%),
Escherichia coli in 2 (15.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae in 2 (15.4%), and Streptococcus
dysagalactiae in 1 (7.7%). Notably, the largest number of clinical mastitis cases (namely
8, or 61.5%) was recorded during the winter period. Both cases of mastitis caused by K.
pneumoniae were detected in the summer, the occurrence of which was implicated in
changes in the bedding straw. According to the stage of lactation, the highest frequency of
mastitis was found in the early stage of lactation totaling 8 cases (61.5%), followed by 4
(30.8%) in the middle phase of lactation, and only 1 (7.7%) in the late stage of lactation.
The causative agents of the Streptococcus genus showed susceptibility to β lactamates in
all the cases, whereas all of the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were found resistant
to ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid
Mosquito control in Serbia: knowledge-based approach and possibilities for use of novel technologies
No full textKomarci (Diptera: Culicidae) su prepoznati kao globalni problem po zdravlje
ljudi i životinja, ekonomiju i održivi razvoj. Komarci ometaju ljudsku delatnost što
može negativno uticati na kvalitet života. U Srbiji postoji veliki diverzitet autohtonih
vrsta komaraca kojima za razvoj pogoduje umerena klima i obilje vodenih
staništa, ali i neadekvatno održavane vodene površine kako u ruralnim tako i u
urbanim sredinama. Invazivne vrste kao što je azijski tigrasti komarac, Aedes albopictus
Skuse, 1895, ali i autohtona vrsta Culex pipiens Linneaus, 1758 uspešno
se razmnožavaju čak i u posudama malih dimenzija u kojima se akumuliše voda.
Imajući u vidu biologiju ovih vrsta mnogi prirodni i veštački recipijenti vode u
urbanim sredinama predstavljaju potencijalna razvojna staništa ovih vrsta što
značajno otežava njihovo suzbijanje. Srbija je danas endemsko područje za zoonotske
flaviviruse, pre svega virus Zapadnog Nila (West Nile virus – WNV) i Usutu
virus čiji su glavni (ali ne i jedini prenosioci) u Evropi komarci vrste Cx. pipiens.
Prilikom procene rizika za širenje uzročnika bolesti bitno je identifikovati prisutne
vrste komaraca na datom području, a potom i njihove biotipove. Dobro poznavanje
biologije komaraca je osnova za procenu rizika i za donošenje odluka o
njihovom suzbijanju. Za procenu rizika posebno su značajne determinante kapaciteta
vektora i to brojnost populacije komaraca i njihova vektorska kompetentnost.
Eksperimentalno je potvrđeno da Ae. albopictus prenosi WNV. Bez obzira na
manju efikasnost transmisije u odnosu na Cx. pipiens, njihova velika brojnost daje
doprinos u širenju WNV. Uspešno dugogodišnje širenje areala rasprostiranja azijskog
tigrastog komarca u Srbiji kao i adaptiranost na umereni klimat u kome ova vrsta prezimljava, otežava kontrolu pojave i širenja WNV. Korišćenjem naučnog
pristupa u kontroli vektora i primenom savremenih metoda kao odgovor na precizno
identifikovan problem u sredini gde se vrši suzbijanje komaraca, racionalizuje
se potrošnja sredstava za ovu namenu. Niska efikasnost konvencionalnih mera
suzbijanja kao rezultat komplikovane biologije navedenih vrsta, zahteva uvođenje
novih efikasnijih metoda. Savremene metode suzbijanja larvi komaraca mogu
ograničiti njihovu populaciju čak i u sredinama gde primena insekticida nije dozvoljena,
kao što su zaštićena područja prirodnih vrednosti. Primena tehnike sterilnih
insekata (Sterile Insect Technique-SIT) uspešno dovodi do smanjenja broja
pojedinih vektorskih vrsta, kao npr. vrste Ae. albopictus. Kao poseban problem je
identifikovana rezistencija komaraca na insekticide, te su potrebne nove metode i
pristupi u suzbijanju komaraca.Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are recognized as a global problem for human
and animal health, the economy, and sustainable development. Mosquitoes disrupt
human activities, which can significantly negatively impact quality of life
and economy. Serbia has a large diversity of indigenous mosquito species that
thrive in a moderate climate and abundant water habitats, as well as inadequately
maintained water surfaces in both rural and urban areas. Invasive species such
as the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895), as well as the indigenous
species Culex pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758), successfully breed even in small
containers where water accumulates. Considering the biology of these species,
many natural and artificial water recipients in urban areas represent potential
developmental habitats for these species, significantly complicating their control.
Serbia is now an endemic area for zoonotic flaviviruses, primarily the West Nile
virus (WNV) and Usutu virus, whose main (but not only) vectors in Europe are
mosquitoes of the species Culex pipiens. When assessing the risk of disease spread,
it is essential to identify the present mosquito species in a given area, and then
their biotypes. A good understanding of mosquito biology is the basis for risk assessment
and decision-making regarding their control. Determinants of vector
capacity, such as mosquito population abundance and vector competence, are
particularly important in risk assessment. It has been experimentally confirmed
that Ae. albopictus transmits WNV. Despite its lower transmission efficiency compared
to Cx. pipiens, their high abundance contributes to the spread of WNV. The
expansion of areas where the Asian tiger mosquito is present in Serbia in a stable
population that overwinters is significant for controlling the occurrence and
spread of WNV. By using a scientific approach to vector control and implementing
modern methods in response to precisely identified problems in environments
where mosquito control is carried out, the expenditure for this purpose is rationalized.
The low efficiency of conventional mosquito control measures, resulting
from the complicated biology of the mentioned species, necessitates the introduction
of new, more effective methods. Modern methods of mosquito larvae control
can limit their population even in environments where the use of insecticides is not permitted, such as protected areas of natural value. The application of sterile
insect technique (SIT) successfully reduces the number of, for example, Aedes albopictus
species. Resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides has been identified as a
particular problem, requiring new methods and approaches to mosquito control.Zbornik radov
Assessment of risk factors for spreading of African swine fever in backyard pig holdings in the Belgrade city area
No full textAfrican swine fever (ASF) was first detected in Serbia in 2019 in the city Belgrade. The first outbreak was resolved by
implementing a stamping out policy. The second occurrence was recorded in June of 2023. Within a wave of ASF spread
westward in the county included more infected holdings. In this investigation, we assessed the main epidemiological risk
factors for ASF persistence and in the Belgrade area.
In total 89 backyard pig holdings were visited and epidemiological investigations were carried out using questionnaires.
All the investigated pig units were backyards or just a few small-scale farms.Proceeding
Program preventivnih i biosigurnosnih mera u kontroli infektivnog bronhitisa u intenzivnoj proizvodnji brojlerskih pilića
No full textInfektivni bronhitis (IB) je akutno, visoko kontagiozno, multisistemsko oboljenje
živine, koje dovodi do značajnih ekonomskih gubitaka u intenzivnoj proizvodnji.
Uzročnik ovog oboljenja je virus, koji je svrstan u porodicu Coronaviridae, rod
Gammacoronavirus, red Nidovirales. U svetu je poznato oko 30 serotipova virusa IB
koji se međusobno razlikuju u virulenciji ili patogenosti za organe respiratornog
sistema, bubrege ili jajovod. Virus je podložan čestim genetskim promenama, što
dovodi do kontinuirane pojave novih sojeva sa povećanom virulencijom, različitim
tropizmom i širenjem uzročnika na novog domaćina. Virus se prenosi respiratornim
sekretima i fecesom zaraženih jedinki. Kontaminirani objekti i oprema mogu pomoći
u prenošenju, šireći virus iz jednog jata u drugo. U ovom istraživanju, ispitivali smo
povezanost pojave IB i biosigurnosnog plana na farmi brojlerskih pilića sa ciljem da
se identifikuju potencijalni, mogući putevi unošenja i širenja virusa. Farma ima
kapacitet za smeštaj 96000 pilića u turnusu, raspoređenih u četiri objekta. Starost
objekata na farmi je 3 godine. Prema imunoprofilaktičkom programu farme, pilići se
vakcinišu prvog dana života sa dve vrste žive vakcine (klasičan i varijantni soj). U dva
objekta, tokom dva sukcesivna turnusa, uočen je pojačani mortalitet (preko 11%),
dok je serološkim ispitivanjem uzorka krvi utvrđena visoka srednja vrednost titra
antitela usmerenih protiv virusa IB, koja ukazuje da su jedinke bile u kontaktu sa
divljim sojem virusa. Patomorfološkim pregledom leševa pilića drugog turnusa
utvrđene su sledeće promene: kataralno hemoragični traheitis, hiperemija pluća,
fibrinozni perikarditis i perihepatitis, adhezivni aerosakulitis, splenomegalija i
tačkasta krvarenja po slezini, hepatomegalija, nefromegalija, dilatacija žlezdanog
dela želuca, pododermatitis, hemoragije ileocekalnih tonzila i ascites. Procenom
biosigurnosnih mera na farmi utvrđeni su nedostaci u merama za spoljašnju
biosigurnost (ukrštanje čistih i prljavih puteva, menadžment razređivanja jata,
protokol za zaposlena lica i posetioce, postupci za uklanjanje leševa i stajnjaka), kao i
merama koje se odnose na unutrašnju biosigurnost (imunoprofilaktiči program,
gustina naseljenosti, prisustvo različitih uzrasnih kategorija pilića na istoj lokaciji).
Utvrđeni nedostaci u biosigurnosnom programu, kao i izbor vakcina koji nije
zasnovan na saznanju o najzastupljenijim serotipovima u lokalnom području, doveli
su do izbijanja bolesti usled unošenja divljih sojeva virusa. Glavni pristup kontrole IB
je upotreba živih i inaktivisanih vakcina. Međutim, nijedna vakcina ne može da stvori
potpunu zaštitu ukoliko se ne obezbedi pravilna primena biosigurnosnih mera
Evaluation of the effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the conception rate after the first artificial insemination in Holstein Friesian dairy cows with subclinical endometritis : YSC 4
No full textGenesis of subclinical endometritis (SCE) is complex. The main
driving mechanism of SCE on reproductive performance is persistent
inflammation. The therapy has not yet been established. We
tested the hypothesis that the application of cyclooxygenase inhibitors
would mitigate uterine inflammation due to SCE and lead to an improvement in conception rates after the first artificial insemination
(AI) in the treated groups. This study included 120 Holstein
Friesian dairy cows 21–93 days in milk (DIM). At 21–32 DIM, cervicovaginal
mucus was assessed using Metricheck®. Additionally,
cytological samples were provided by using the novel catheter
Cytoprint AI®. SCE- positive cows (>18% polymorphonuclear cells
[PMN]) were divided into three homogenous groups, according
to the percentage of PMN. Oestrus was induced. The RIM ( n = 19)
group was administered carprofen (1.4 mg/kg b.w, s.c.) at the time of
AI and 72 h subsequently. The KEL ( n = 22) group was administered
ketoprofen (3 mg/kg b.w, i.m.) at AI, followed by doses 24 and 48 h
afterwards. The CON ( n = 17) group, the control, received a saline
solution. Diagnosis of pregnancy was conducted using ultrasound
34–36 days after AI. Fisher ' s exact test showed no significant differences
between groups (CON, KEL and RIM). The conception rate in
the CON group was 23.53%, which was slightly higher compared to
15.79% in the RIM group. Conversely, animals treated with KEL had
a higher conception rate, 36.36%. The application of carprofen led to
a slightly lower conception rate after the first AI. Though not significant,
the administration of ketoprofen showed a higher conception
rate than in the control group. Further research into ketoprofen ' s
effects and optimization of its administration protocol may result in
considerable findings.Special Issue: Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction (ESDAR), 12–14 September 2024, Belgrade, Serbi
Health status and biosecurity of Holstein-Friesian cows
No full textThis article provides an overview of project researches related to breeding diseases of cows. The
overview of biosecurity measures aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases in cow
herds is given.Intensive cattle breeding includesseries of technological procedures that should
enable continuous production and optimal use of production capacities, while preserving the
health and well-being of the animals on the farm. In high-milk cows, metabolic disorders such as
ketosis, fatty liver syndrome, puerperal paresis, rumen acidosis, and laminitis are the results of
the influence of many factors, such as unbalanced diet, poor posture and care. Prophylaxis of
metabolic disorders is carried out by proper nutrition, which should be coordinated according to
the production-reproductive phase and genetic potential while controlling the health of the cows.
Biosecurity, well-being, good production practice and risk analysis in critical control points are
very important elements in intensive cattle production. The planned application of biosecurity
measures is crucial in protecting the health of cattle, when it comes to breeding diseases of
bacterial and viral etiology. The recommendation is to constantly build the awareness of
employees about the real need to protect production as a whole, that there is an active attitude
towards existing threats and that measures taken represent the key to success in designing and
preparing biosecurity plans for each specific situation, namely a farm of high milk production in
cows
Clinical endometritis in cows: correlation of body condition, quality of vaginal mucus, lactation, daily milk production and the percentage of polymorphonuclear cells in the cytological smear of the endometrium
No full textThis study aimed to determine the correlation between body condition score,
production parameters (lactation and daily milk production), vaginal mucus quality and
the percentage of polymorphonuclear cells from cytological smears originating from
the uterus of dairy cows diagnosed with clinical endometritis. The study included 14
Holstein-Friesian cows in the first and second lactation. Assessment of the quality of
vaginal mucus was performed using the Metricheck® instrument. Cytological smears
from the uterus were sampled using the Cytoprint AI® catheter. Evaluation of the
quality of vaginal mucus and sampling of the cytological smear from the uterus was
performed on the 25th and 26th days of lactation. The results of this study indicated
that there was no significant correlation between the percentage of polymorphonuclear
cells and milk yield or lactation. However, a significant negative correlation was found
between body condition score and vaginal mucus quality, suggesting that cows with
higher body condition scores have a lower risk of developing clinical endometritis. The
results of this study are in line with the existing literature suggesting that body
condition scores can serve as an indicator of the degree of risk for the development of
clinical endometritis.Related to a Serbian-language version of the following article: https://reponivs.nivs.rs/handle/123456789/115
Dirofilaria sp. and Blood Meal Analysis in Mosquitoes Collected in Vojvodina and Maˇcva, and the First Report of Setaria tundra (Issaitshikoff & Rajewskaya, 1928) in Serbia
No full textDirofilaria immitis and D. repens are the two most widespread and important species
of mosquito-borne nematodes, posing a significant threat to veterinary health and particularly
affecting canines and felines. While D. immitis causes cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis, D. repens causes
subcutaneous infections in dogs and other carnivores. Despite the extensive knowledge on these
parasites, little is known about their natural vectors in Serbia. The parasite Setaria tundra, known to
infect deer, has not yet been detected in Serbia but has been documented in neighboring countries.
Thus, the aim of this study was to (i) further map out Dirofilaria sp. hotspots in the Vojvodina
Province and detect S. tundra for the first time, (ii) detect positive mosquito species that can provide
insights into how the nematodes spread in Serbia, and (iii) analyze the blood-fed female mosquitoes
of species found to be infected, in order to identify the potential source of parasite infection. A total of
2902 female mosquitoes were collected across 73 locations during 2021 and 2022. Molecular biology
methods, based on conventional PCR, were used to analyze non-blood-fed (2521 specimens) and
blood-fed (381 specimens) female mosquitos, in order to detect filarial nematode presence and identify
blood-meal sources, respectively. When the parasite genome was detected, the amplicon (cox1 gene,
650 bp fragment) was sent for Sanger sequencing, further confirming the presence of nematodes and
species assignation. D. immitis was detected in three Culex pipiens mosquitoes collected in Zrenjanin
(August 2021) and Glogonj and Svetozar Miletić (both in July 2021). Additionally, Setaria tundra was
detected in Aedes vexans collected in Iđoš (mid-August 2021) and Aedes caspius, which was collected in Mali Iđoš (end of July 2021). This work identifies two new locations where D. immitis occurs
in Vojvodina, and is the first report of S. tundra in Serbian territory. Blood-meal analysis provided
insights into the preferences of mosquitoes that were positive for Dirofilaria sp. and S. tundra
Presence of Mycoplasma bovis in Bulk Tank Milk and Associated Risk Factor Analysis in Serbian Dairy Farms
No full textMycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is a significant pathogen responsible for highly transmissible mastitis in cattle globally. It primarily spreads through colostrum, milk, and semen. Cows with persistent infections act as carriers, intermittently releasing the pathogen, making their milk a pivotal factor in infection transmission. Given the limited seroprevalence surveys in Serbia, this study aimed to detect M. bovis presence in bulk tank milk (BTM), determine route shedding, and evaluate infection risks. BTM samples were collected from 115 dairy farms across Serbia, with M. bovis DNA detected in 11 out of the 115 samples by real-time PCR. Additionally, M. bovis was detected in 1.30% of nasal swabs sampled from apparently healthy animals. A univariate analysis of the risk factors associated with M. bovis presence in the BTM samples revealed correlations with factors such as the breed, farm seropositivity, pre-milking and post-milking disinfection practices, farm type, cow population, milk yield, number of cows in the BTM samples, and parity. Seropositive farms exhibited the highest likelihood of M. bovis presence in milk. Moreover, pre- and post-milking disinfection practices and highly productive cows yielding over 8000 L of milk were identified as risk factors for PCR-positive BTM. In a multivariable mixed regression analysis, a risk factor for the presence of M. bovis infection in the BTM sample was the Holstein breed. These findings underscore a relatively high prevalence of M. bovis in BTM within Serbian dairy farms, suggesting a potential risk for M. bovis spreading through milk and oral route of calves’ infection.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/4/30
African swine fever - epizootiological situation in the Belgrade city area in the period from 2019 to 2023
No full textАфричка куга свиња (АКС) је први пут потврђена на територији Републике
Србије у јулу 2019. године, код домаћих свиња на епизоотиолошком подручју
Града Београда. Епизоотиолошким увиђајем је установљено да је неодговорно
понашање људи довело до уноса вируса из околних земаља и ширења заразе. У
првом таласу регистрована су жаришта у три насељена места, а применом
законом прописаних мера, болест је стављена под контролу и одјављена
децембра 2019. године. Упркос поновном уносу вируса из околних земаља и
ширењу заразе у популацијама дивљих и домаћих свиња у североисточним,
централним, источним и јужним деловима земље, ситуација на територији
епизоотиолошког подручја Града Београда у периоду од 2020. до 2022. године
је била стабилна. Поновно избијање заразе десило се 9. јуна 2023. године када
је болест потврђена код угинуле дивље свиње пронађене у ловишту
"Панчевачки рит", на територији општине Палилула. Већ 12. јуна потврђен је и
први случај код екстензивно узгајаних домаћих свиња у насљеном месту
Крњача. Зараза је убрзо потврђена и код дивљих свиња суседног ловишта "Рит"
и домаћих свиња других насељених места општине Палилула (Бесни Фок,
Дунавац, Јабучки Рит, Ковилово, Падинска Скела, Борча, Овча, Сланци, Велико
Село, Вишњица). У периоду од 9. јуна до 5. августа болест је потврђена на 157
газдинстава, односно код 223 домаће и код 110 дивљих свиња, те је посумњано
да су активности људи уз неадекватне биосигурносне мере на газдинствима
допринеле настанку епизоотије. Током јула и августа 2023. године зараза је
потврђена и код дивљих и домаћих свиња на територијама општина Земун,
Гроцка, Чукарица и Обреновац, где је регистровано 34 позитивна газдинстава и
једно ловиште. Од 26. септембра до 28. децембра није било нових случајева
заразе на епизоотиолошком подручју Града Београда, те је зараза одјављена 26.
децембра, односно 3 месеца после последњег потврђеног случаја АКС.African swine fever (ASF) was first confirmed in the Republic of Serbia in July 2019,
in domestic pigs settled within the Belgrade epizootiology area. Through an
epizootiological investigation, it was concluded that the outbreak was a result of
irresponsible human behaviour which led to the introduction of the virus from
surrounding countries and its further spread. In the first wave, three outbreaks were
detected in three villages and by implementing regulatory measures for disease
control, the infection was successfully resolved in December 2019. Although the virus
re-entered from neighboring countries and spread across the northeast, central,
eastern, and southern regions, there were no new disease outbreaks in the Belgrade
epizootiological unit during the 2020-2022 period. Despite efforts to control the
infection, the disease reappeared in June 2023, spreading rapidly among wild boars
and domestic pigs in various settlements and hunting grounds of Palilula municipality.
During the two-month period, the disease was confirmed on 157 holdings,
respectively in 223 domestic pigs and 110 wild boars, implying the significance of
human behaviour and poor biosecurity measures on the epizootic spread of the
disease. During July and August 2023, the infection was confirmed in wild boars and
domestic pigs in the municipalities Zemun, Grocka, Čukarica, and Obrenovac, where
34 holdings and one hunting ground were declared positive. From September 26th to
December 28th, there were no new cases of infection in the Belgrade epizootiology
area, and the infection was resolved on December 26th, i.e. 3 months after the last
confirmed case of ASF.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj