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Detection of Echinococcus spp. in Condemned Livers
No full textEchinococcosis, a parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus spp. tapeworms, poses a significant public health concern in Europe, but remains under-reported in both humans and animals. Post-mortem examination of slaughtered livestock offers a valuable opportunity for early detection and surveillance of parasitic infections, including echinococcosis, in meat intended for human consumption. In this study, liver samples exhibiting pathological changes were collected from two abattoirs in Serbia. A total of 31 livers—22 from pigs, 7 from lambs, and 2 from bullocks—were analysed microscopically, and molecularly using PCR, to detect Echinococcus spp. DNA. The parasite was detected in three pig livers, and three distinct species were identified: E. granulosus, E. canadensis, and E. multilocularis. Although the sample size was relatively small, the detection of multiple Echinococcus species in pigs suggests a potential role of these animals in the parasite’s transmission cycle within Serbia. These findings underscore the ongoing importance of comprehensive meat inspection protocols in abattoirs for zoonotic disease surveillance. They also highlight the need for expanded surveillance efforts and enhanced diagnostic procedures, particularly speciation of the tapeworm, to improve early detection and control of Echinococcus infections at the abattoir level.The paper was presented at the 63rd International Meat Industry Conference “Food for Thought: Innovations in Food and Nutrition” ‒ Zlatibor, October 05th-08th 202
Patološke promene na koži svinja: klinički značaj i dijagnostički aspekti
No full textPatološke lezije na koži mogu biti posledica primarnog oboljenja kože ili klinička
manifestacija sistemske bolesti. Tako na primer, postoje primarne bolesti kože, kod kojih
uglavnom nema patoloških promena na unutrašnjim organima. U takve bolesti ubrajamo:
nekrozu ušne školjke kod svinja, pitiriasis rosea, boginje svinja i dr. Primarne bolesti kože
mogu biti bakterijske, virusne, gljivične, parazitske etiologije, genetske ili idiopatske. Postoje
sistemske bolesti koje zahvataju jedan ili više organskih sistema, a koje se mogu manifestovati
promenama na koži u koje ubrajamo klasičnu kugu svinja, crveni vetar, dermatitis nefropatija
sindrom svinja (PDNS) i dr. U ovom radu dat je pregled različitih oboljenja koja se manifestuju
patološkim promenama na koži i ukazano je na mogućnosti diferencijalne dijagnostike.Zbornik radov
Food safety issues related to antibiotic residues in aquaculture
No full textAquaculture is a rapidly expanding food industry sector and one of the most sustainable sources of animal protein. Similar to agriculture, aquaculture is believed to use a lot of antimicrobials, which are among the most well-known and frequent chemical contaminants that find their way into the environment and consequently the food chain. The present work aims to provide an overview on the application, residues, regulations, possible health risks to humans associated with antibiotics used in aquacultureand some recommendations.Book of abstracts and conference proceeding
Role of metabolic stressors in the development of subclinical endometritis in cows
No full textPeriod involucije materice je rizičan period i podudara se sa periodom
prilagođavanja organizma na novu laktaciju. Fluktuacije i disbalansi pojedinih
metaboličkih parametara, smanjena osetljivost perifernih tkiva na insulin,
hipoglikemija i povećana glikoliza mogu katalizovati nastanak supkliničkog
endometritisa (SCE). Supklinički endometritis se odlikuje nepostojanjem klinički
vidljivih znakova bolesti. Jedini znak da zapaljenje postoji je povećan broj
polimorfonuklearnih ćelija (PMN) u citološkom preparatu dobijenom brisom
endometrijuma. Kod krava sa SCE zapažen je disbalans pojedinih makroelemenata,
indikatora energetskog metabolizma i parametara koji ukazuju na oštećenje jetre.
Naime, ustanovljeno je da dostupnost kalcijuma (Ca) u prvih 3 dana nakon teljenja
ima ključnu ulogu u prevenciji nastanka oboljenja materice. Optimalne količine Ca
doprinose očuvanju imunološkog integriteta a tim i regulaciji miometrijalnih
kontrakcija koje za cilj imaju blagovremeno odlubljivanje posteljice i eliminaciju
lohija. Kalcijum ima i neizostavnu ulogu u regulaciji migracije i baktericidne
sposobnosti PMN. Funkcionalna sposobnost PMN zavisi od intracelularnih depoa
glikogena. U ovoj proizvodno-reproduktivnoj fazi homeoretskim mehanizmima
glukoza se preraspoređuje u mlečnu žlezdu, što umanjuje koncentraciju glukoze u
sistemskoj cirkulaciji. Na ovaj način PMN bivaju izloženi smanjenim koncentacijama
glukoze sa jedne strane, dok su sa druge strane izloženi visokim koncentracijama
lipida i medijatora zapaljenja što rezultuje disfunkcijom PMN pre nego što se nađu u
materici. Visoke koncentracije β-hidroksibuterne kiseline (BHBA) i neesterifikovanih
masnih kiselina (NEFA) negativno utiču na funkcionalnu sposobnost PMN redukujući
sposobnost fagocitoze, apoptoze, nekroze i hemotaksične sposobnosti PMN.
Mineralni, metabolički i energetski bioprodukti predstavljaju faktore rizika za
nastanak bolesti reproduktivnog trakta. Međutim, metabolički stres može biti
pokrenut i u peripartalnom periodu što krave može učiniti još podložnijim za
nastanak SCE. Cilj ovog rada je da se sagledaju veze između određenih metaboličkih
parametara poput makroelemenata i parametara energetskog metabolizma koji
ukazuju na oštećenje jetre, i njihovu povezanost sa nastankom SCE.The involution period is a vital stage that corresponds with the body's
adaptation to new lactation. Fluctuations and imbalances in certain metabolic
parameters, lower insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, hypoglycemia, and
increased glycolysis can contribute to the establishment of subclinical endometritis
(SCE). SCE is distinguished by the absence of clinically evident illness symptoms; the
sole indicator of inflammation is an increase in polymorphonuclear cells count
(PMNs) in cytological samples collected from endometrial swabs. In cows with SCE,
imbalances in certain macroelements, indicators of energy metabolism, and values
indicating liver injury have been found. Specifically, the availability of calcium (Ca) in
the first three days postpartum plays a crucial role in preventing uterine diseases.
Optimal Ca levels help maintain immunological integrity and regulate myometrial
contractions, which are essential for timely placental detachment and lochia
elimination. Ca deficiency can result in placental retention and the development of
putrefactive processes, creating a favorable medium for the growth of potentially
pathogenic bacteria, particularly anaerobes. Calcium also plays an indispensable role
in regulating PMN migration and bactericidal capacity. The functional ability of PMN
depends on intracellular glycogen stores. During this production-reproductive
phase, homeoretic mechanisms redirect glucose to the mammary gland, reducing
glucose concentration in the systemic circulation. Consequently, PMN are exposed to
decreased glucose levels while simultaneously being subjected to high
concentrations of lipids and inflammatory mediators, leading to PMN dysfunction
before they reach the uterus. High concentrations of β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA)
and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) negatively affect PMN functionality, reducing
their phagocytic, apoptotic, necrotic, and chemotactic capabilities. Mineral,
metabolic, and energy by-products are risk factors for reproductive tract diseases.
However, metabolic stress can also be triggered in the peripartum period, making
cows more susceptible to developing SCE.Referat po poziv
Biosecurity for better aquaculture
No full textEnsuring biosecurity in aquaculture is crucial for improving the health, sustainability, and productivity
of aquatic farming systems. COSTBETTER investigates comprehensive biosecurity measures and their
impact on enhancing aquaculture practices. Effective biosecurity in aquaculture prevents the spread of
diseases among farmed fish, shellfish, and other aquatic organisms, protecting not only the farmed
species but also wild populations. By implementing rigorous biosecurity protocols, farms can minimize
the risk of disease outbreaks, reduce economic losses, and promote environmental sustainability.
Moreover, biosecurity in aquaculture contributes to food safety and security by ensuring that aquatic
products are healthy and free from pathogens, thus supporting the overall growth and resilience of the
aquaculture industry. WG1: Mapping Biosecurity Measures Applied on Farms and Transport Across
Europe examine how biosecurity measures are implemented across Europe and neighboring countries,
with a focus on identifying areas for improvement. This will be particularly important for production
systems with lower levels of implementation or where biosecurity is more challenging to enforce. WG2:
Scaling-Up the Knowledge and Experience of Stakeholders and the General Public aims to enhance the
knowledge and experience of various stakeholders. This effort is crucial, as any training or
communication strategies for end-users should be informed not only by scientific evidence but also by
an understanding of stakeholder behavior. WG3: Methods for Evaluation of Biosecurity and Benefits
of Its Implementation focus on identifying and comparing the existing methods used to evaluate
biosecurity. Current methodologies are varied and have not been comprehensively compared. These
methods can serve as educational tools, help develop skills in risk-based prioritization, and provide
quantitative goals and benchmarks for farms. WG4: Training and Dissemination aims to increase the
number of professionals, such as veterinarians and farmers, trained in biosecurity. It will also develop
guidelines and best practices for effective communication strategies tailored to different stakeholders.
This is a significant challenge due to the current lack of formal education on biosecurity. The World
Animal Biosecurity Association (WABA) is currently a project with the goal of formal establishment
by the end of 2024. WABA mission is to be a recognized reference on animal biosecurity by promoting
the creation and transfer of knowledge, advancing the science and practice of animal infectious disease
prevention and control, and enhancing sustainable animal, environmental, and public health.Book of abstract
Impact of packaging conditions on quality and safety of cooked sausages
No full textImproving the shelf life is one of the major challenges in meat industry, due its role in meat safety, but
equally from environmental and financial point of view. In this study, the effects of vacuum packaging
conditions on the microbial and sensory analysis were determined during storage at 4±1°C of cooked
sausages of poultry meat. Poultry sausages were obtained from local producer, samples were taken from
three different consecutive batches. Poultry sausages were packed in vacuum (VP) and in air permeable
packaging (AP). Analysеs were performed at 1st, 5th, 15th, 30th day of shelf life. Chemical composition
and change in pH value during storage were determined. Protein content in the examined samples was
(15.70±0.18%) in line with the applicable legal regulation (>12%). Total fat content was at the level of
12.30%. Decrease of pH during storage is noticed in examined sausages, with the statistical significance
after 15 days of storage (P<0.05) in AP sausages. Comparative microbial analysis showed a significant
effect of package conditions on total microbial count (p < 0.05). Number of mesophilic aerobic,
psychrotrophs and yeasts and molds in AP sausages exceeds the sausages stored in vacuum packaging.
On the other hand, increased lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count was determined in VP sausages. LAB
count was at the level of 0.8±0.18 log cfu/g on the 1st day, and increased to 2.1± 1.14 log cfu/g in AP
on the 15th day, and 4.11±0.88 log cfu/g in VP at 30th day of storage. Salmonella spp. and Escherichia
coli were not detected in the examined samples. Changes in sensory parameters during storage were
determined. The overall acceptability is based on the evaluation of organoleptic properties, colour and
aroma of poultry sausages. Statistical significance in overall acceptability was determined after 15th and
30th day of examination, for AP and VP group of samples, respectively. Based on results of this study
we can assess that vacuum packed extended shelf life of cooked poultry sausages from 15th to 30th days
of storage period at 4±1°C.Book of abstract
Development and Evaluation of a Candidate Inactivated Vaccine Against Bluetongue Virus Serotype 4 (BTV4)
No full textObjectives: Although bluetongue is not a contagious disease, it is easily transmitted and
spread by appropriate insect vectors, causing great economic damage. Climate change has led to the
fact that vectors and diseases have spread to the top of Northern Europe, causing great economic
losses in livestock production. An even greater problem is controlling the disease, because numerous
species of domestic and wild ruminants are susceptible to bluetongue. The most effective tool against
bluetongue disease is vaccination. Methods: Our goal was to carry out laboratory tests of the starting
material and the finished product of the candidate inactivated vaccine against BTV4, and to comment
on the obtained laboratory results and the results of previously performed clinical studies. There is
no ideal vaccine against the bluetongue virus (BTV) due to the serotype diversity of its strains. Thus,
there is a need for a vaccine for at least 24 clinically significant serotypes. Sometimes, it is difficult
to obtain the desired amount of vaccine against a defined serotype on the market, and this has led
to the need for a new vaccine against bluetongue disease. In this study, we tested an experimental
inactivated vaccine against BTV4. The master seed BTV4 was examined and characterized by
sequencing. Results: The candidate BTV4 vaccine induced the onset of immunity at the latest at day
21 after the application of the first dose in more than 80% of the vaccinated individuals, while the
ELISA test detected specific antibodies against BTV for more than a year. Along with our laboratory
results, the preliminary results of safety and efficacy trials are also presented. Conclusions: The side
effects of this inactivated BTV4 vaccine are within the limits of permissible local reactions without
generalized changes in the health status, while the serology and challenge test leads to the conclusion
that this vaccine against BTV4 protects a high percentage of vaccinated individuals against BTV4 or
causes a significant reduction in the intensity and duration of the clinical signs in the vaccinated sheep.
Based on the trial results, the new vaccine has given encouraging results in terms of quality, safety,
and preliminary efficacy tests. Thus, we believe that a new vaccine against BTV is on the horizon
Antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas spp. isolates from milk
No full textThe genus Pseudomonas is one of the most diverse bacterial genera, containing ubiquitous and metabolically versatile bacteria. Considering its complexity, the antimicrobial resistance problem must be discussed multidisciplinary. In accordance with the "One Health" approach it is not wise to separate the antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas spp. from its biology and milk hygiene/technological problems which it can cause. Pseudomonas members are psychotrophic Gram negative rods, adapted to various conditions and therefore are found in a wide range of niches, such as soil, water, plants, animal tissues, foods, etc., thanks to their complex enzymatic systems. Due to their simple nutritional requirements and rapid growth, they have the ability to survive under a variety of environmental conditions and are frequently implicated in the degradation and spoilage of a wide range of foods. Pseudomonas spp. produce extracellular proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes during their growth in raw milk and these enzymes remain active after pasteurisation, reducing the quality of stored pasteurised milk, even though the bacteria have been destroyed. The presence of Pseudomonas spp. in refrigerated raw milk is most likely due to contamination during and/or after milking, with the milking equipment usually being responsible for the greatest contamination, since they are not considered to be a major component of the microbiota of the bovine udder. Pseudomonas spp. occasionally cause mastitis in dairy cattle. Infections may be epidemic, sporadic, or endemic within a herd. Epidemics of Pseudomonas mastitis have been associated with contaminated wash hoses and water supplies. Water tanks, hoses, and pipeline connectors should be suspected as harbouring Pseudomonas spp. whenever cases of this type of mastitis are diagnosed. Reports of contaminated vials, cannulas, or syringes used for the administration of antibiotics being the sources of Pseudomonas spp., whose multiplication was possible in the presence of antibiotics or sublethal concentrations of sanitizers, can be found in the literature. Previously reported results showed that this microorganism occurred in raw bulk milk tanks. Hygiene criteria for primary food production, set in the European Regulation, as well as in that of the Republic of Serbia, do not include detection of Pseudomonas spp. Their ability to form biofilm facilitates the development of resistant strains phenotypically expressing glycocalyx or slime. Further investigations should focus on examining biofilm forming ability in Pseudomonas isolates from solid surfaces in dairy production. In conclusion, Pseudomonas spp. might contaminate raw food of animal origin, consequently leading to spoilage and may be considered as a reservoir of Pseudomonas spp. resistome. Compared to Pseudomonas studies in human medicine, where antimicrobial resistance is often a causative agent of nosocomial infections, food isolates do not appear to create resistance to large numbers of antimicrobials
Seroprevalence analysis of specific infectious diseases in wild ruminants across Serbia
No full textЗначај дивљих животиња у ширењу и одржавању заразних болести у
ветеринарској медицини је често занемарен, посебно њихов утицај на
отежавање искорењивања болести код домаћих животиња, истичући потребу за
темељним истраживањем. У овој студији смо хтели да одредимо
серопреваленцију и просторну дистрибуцију одабраних заразних болести међу
популацијама дивљих преживара и то: обичног јелена, јелена лопатара, срне и
муфлона у Србији. Анализирано је 259 узорака серума дивљих преживара.
Узорци су тестирани на присуство антитела на низ патогена, укључујући вирус
плавог језика, Шмаленберг вирус, вирус говеђе дијареје/бордерске болести,
Capripox вирус, вирус Западног Нила, херпес вирус 1 говеда, Кју грознице,
Brucella spp. и Leptospira spp. Присуство антитела на Capripox вирус и
Leptospira spp. није детектовано, што сугерише њихово одсуство у проучаваној
популацији. Код једног узорка детектовано је присуство антитела на вирус
говеђе дијареје/бордерске болести са 98,8% поузданости, што имплицира да је
преваленција ове болести врло ниска у популацији и да је могућност за
ереадикацију сасвим извесна. Надаље, антитела против Brucella spp. и Кју
грознице детектована су код неколико животиња, тачније код једне, односно
три јединке, док су антитела на херпес вирус 1 говеда пронађена у 20,85%
узорака. Серопреваленција за векторске болести је износила 20,5% за
Шмаленберг вирус, 34,3% за грозницу Западног Нила и 38,6% за болест плавог
језика. Ови резултати наглашавају сложене факторе које утичу на здравље
дивљих животиња, укључујући преваленцију болести код домаћих животиња,
карактеристике патогена, услове околине и утицај вектора. Стога је неопходно
размотрити дивље животиње не само као фактор ризика већ као кључан извор
информација за разумевање преваленције болести и механизме њиховог
ширења.The often-overlooked importance of wildlife in spreading and maintaining animals'
infectious diseases, especially their impact on complicating the eradication of diseases
in domestic animals, highlights the need for thorough research. In this study, we
wanted to ascertain the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of selected infectious
diseases among wild ruminant populations in Serbia. An analysis was performed
testing 259 wild ruminant sera samples, for the presence of antibodies to certain
pathogens, including bluetongue virus, Schmallenberg virus, Bovine viral
diarrhoea/border disease virus, Capripox virus, West Nile fever virus, Bovine herpes
virus-1, Coxiella burnetii, Brucella spp., and Leptospira spp. Antibodies against
Capripox virus and Leptospira spp., were not detected, suggesting their absence in the
studied population. Antibodies against Bovine viral diarrhoea/border disease virus
were detected in only one sample with 98.8% confidence, implying a minimal
presence of Bovine viral diarrhoea and potentially indicating a status of near
eradication within the examined population. Furthermore, antibodies against Brucella
spp. and Coxiella burnetii were detected only in a few animals, one and three animals,
respectively, while Bovine herpes virus-1 antibodies were found in 20.85% of the
samples. Seroprevalence for vector-borne diseases was recorded at 20.5% for
Schmallenberg disease, 34.3% for West Nile fever, and 38.6% for Bluetongue. These
results elucidate the complex interdependencies influencing the health of wildlife,
which include the prevalence of diseases in domestic animals, pathogen traits,
environmental conditions, and vector capabilities. Therefore, it is imperative to
consider wildlife not solely as a vector of risk, but as a pivotal source of information
for the understanding of disease prevalence and the mechanisms of its spread.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj
Seroprevalence of viral respiratory diseases in swine backyard farms in Serbia
No full textИнфективне болести представљају један од главних проблема у интензивном узгоју свиња, упркос технолошком напретку и развоју биосигурносних мера. Вирусна респираторна обољења која имају највећи економски и здравствени значај у свињарству су репродуктивни и респираторни синдром свиња, инфлуенца свиња и Аујецкијева болест. Сеоска газдинства екстензивног типа, и даље предcтављају најчешћи начин узгоја свиња у Србији. Циљ истраживања је био да се утврди серопреваленција респираторних вируса на сеоским газдинствима која представљају извор патогена за комерцијалне фарме. Крвни серуми су узорковани од 222 јединке са 69 газдинстава на којима се налазило до 10 свиња. За детекцију антитела су коришћени комерцијални ЕЛИСА тестови према упутству произвођача. Установљено је 38 (17,1%) серопозитивних јединки на вирус Аујецкијеве болести и 6 (2,7%) на вирус репродуктивног и респираторног синдрома. Антитела на вирус инфлуенце свиња нису установљена ни код једне јединкe. Два газдинства (2,9%) су била серопозитивна на репродуктивни и респираторни синдром са серопреваленцијом у запату од 100%, без присуства антитела на друге тестиране вирусе. Проценат серопозитивних запата на Аујецкијеву болест је био 10,1%, а серопреваленција у запатима је варирала од 33% до 100%. Серонегативних запата на све три болести је било 48 (69,5%). Ови резултати указују да међу свињама на сеоским газдинствима највише циркулише вирус Аујецкијеве болести. Главне катактеристике сеоских газдинстава су неадекватне биосигурносне мере, исхрана помијама и неконтролисан транспорт и контакт са другим врстама животиња. Стога, будући да је здравствени статус оваквих запата непознат, они се сматрају извором високог ризика за комерцијалне фарме. Власници сеоских газдинстава су често запослени на комерцијалним фармама, без обзира на забрану држања свиња, и представљају везу између сеоских газдинстава и комерцијалних фарми. Неопходно је спровести мониторниг здравственог стања, побољшање биосигурносних мера и едукацију власника како би се спречило ширење инфективних обољења са сеоских газдинстава на комерцијалне фарме.Infectious diseases represent one of the main challenges in intensive pig farming, despite technological advancements and biosecurity improvement. Viral respiratory diseases with the greatest economic and health significance in pig farming include porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), swine influenza (SI), and Aujeszky's disease (AD). Small backyard farms continue to be the most common method of pig farming in Serbia. This research aimed to assess the prevalence of respiratory viruses on backyard farms, which serve as a source of pathogens for commercial farms. Serum samples were collected from 222 individuals on 69 farms, each housing up to 10 pigs. Commercial ELISA tests were used for antibody detection according to the manufacturer's instructions. Out of the samples, 38 (17.1%) were seropositive for AD, and 6 (2.7%) for PRRS. No antibodies to the swine influenza virus were detected. Two farms (2.9%) were seropositive for PRRS with a herd-level seroprevalence of 100%, with no antibodies detected for other tested viruses. The percentage of seropositive farms for Aujeszky's disease was 10.1%, with herd-level seroprevalence ranging from 33% to 100%. There were 48 (69.5%) seronegative herds for all three diseases. These results indicate that Aujeszky's disease virus circulates the most among pigs on backyard farms. Main characteristics of backyard farms are low biosecurity, swill feeding, uncontrolled trade and contact with other animal species. Thus, since the health status of backyard farms is unknown, they are considered a high-risk infection source for commercial farms. Owners of backyard farms are often employed on commercial farms, despite regulations, serving as a link between backyard and commercial farms. Implementation of monitoring, improvement of biosecurity measures and education of owners are crucial steps for preventing the transmission of infectious diseases between backyard and commercial farms.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj