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Тheological Analysis of the Notion of Human Rights and Their Reception in the Christian Church
No full textHuman rights represent a modern legal phenomenon. In their present form they have been developed for just a couple of decades, more precisely, from the end of WW2 onwards. Nowadays, by means of these rights, both the collective rights of communities, as well as the rights of individuals are being protected. Human rights have made individuals the subjects of the international law. Despite being composed upon the secular grounds, human rights possess a deeper rootedness both in different philosophical traditions as well as in the religious teachings. Human rights are not part of the content of the testamental tradition, yet the Tradition represents an inexhaustible inspiration in the process of developing the idea of human rights. The notion of human rights, as a predominantly legal phenomenon, has been analyzed and valorized by means of the method of comparative law, so that its presence could be shown in the primary documents before the Declaration, the documents which may extend not only to the European Middle Ages, but even (historically) deeper in the past. The social, philosophical and ethical dimensions of the analyzed notion in the contemporary society can be discerned and properly grasped only through the contextualization and theoretical articulation of the idea of justice and just society, not only in their modern theoretical and practical phenomenology, but through the form of centuries-long continual formation of the idea, by means of the affirmation of human dignity and fundamental social values on the grounds of Christian religious principles. Given that the core of this thesis lies in the analysis of the notion of human rights from the perspective of theological notions and theory, all the aforementioned methodological procedures are put into relationship with the corresponding theological disciplines and their methods, which can contribute to the elucidation of this notion from the perspective of Christian experience. In the section of research which, chronologically, comes in the first place, the contribution of the biblical-revelational experience of God‟s presence in the world to the formation of the contemporary image of man and his identity has been analyzed by the critical theological-sociological and textual-historical method, assuming that the event of concluding the Covenant (the alliance) between God and man is indispensable and, in this sense, revolutionary for the new and different existential positioning of man within history, as well as for the understanding of history itself. The Judeo-Christian religious tradition represents a solid basis for the formation of the very notion of human rights and its steady development. Basic, foundational, universalistic notional references necessary for the constituting of the idea of human rights are to be found in the pre-historical testimonies of the Old Testament, such as the event of creating the world and man, the original sin, the flood… The later developed legal corpus of the Old Testament, which has its roots in the legal tradition of ancient Mesopotamia from the end of 3rd until the end of 1st millennium B.C., developing itself in two dominant traditions of Abrahamic and Mosaic tradition, provides us both with universalistic value-models necessary for the constituting of the idea of human rights, as well as with particularistic ones which institutionalize the very idea. The prophetic tradition in Israel represents, through its universalism, an additional fruitful basis for the development and suitable social contextualization of the idea of human rights. Christ‟s incarnation and resurrection revolutionarily change the place and importance of man within history. Through the incarnation of Christ, human person gains the absolute value and becomes the very goal of existence. The evangelical testimony offers us love for enemies, as well as the model of relating towards other individuals or groups, as the experience of the presence of God‟s grace within our social experience, through which every form of normativity and legalism is overcome, which can exceptionally correctively influence the development of the idea and praxis of human rights. The testimony of the Gospels gains its distinctive and inspired contextualization in the writings of St. Apostle Paul and the process of reception of his theological heritage at the and of 1st and in the first half of the 2nd century A.D. The work of apologists and a number of pseudographs in the middle of 2nd century influenced the transposing of the evangelic philanthropy into the sphere of hellenic philanthropical tradition and social praxis. From the middle of 4th century onwards, through the activity of the Cappadocian Fathers, the social activity of the Church gets its firm theological foundation and manifests significant potential for moving the social value agenda in the direction of a more comprehensive legal and practical protection of man from suffering and evil in his natural and social anxieties, injustices and weaknesses. Christian communities of all denominations have accepted, in the second half of 20th century, the idea of human rights as immanent to their ethical teaching and testimony, while bringing certain critical observations, regarding its overemphasized anthropocentricity, the imbalance of rights and responsibility, as well as of the individual and collective rights on the one hand and civil and social rights on the other. The crucial objection they make concerns the usage of human rights in the process of reaching particular political goals. Christian communities expect contemporary legal systems and international order to treat man as the goal of human rights and not to make these rights a means of political fightsЉудска права посматрана као правни систем и законски конструкт не изражавају исцрпно и аутентично садржај хришћанских вредности које исијавају из тромиленијумског наслеђа Цркве, будући да је сам појам предања далеко шири и егзистенцијално свеобухватнији од искуства промоције и заштите људских права, а и својим циљевима у многоме превазилази њихову сврховитост. Људска права своје циљеве усмеравају у оквире историје и простор друштвеног и социјалног активизма што их имплицитно и неумитно уобручава у форму вредности изражених правним појмовима и законским нормама. Насупрот овоме, хришћанске вредности јесу у темељима идеје људских права иако их, својим циљевима који су похрењени у личност свакога човека и његово испуњење у догађају Божијег Царстава, егзистенцијално надилазе. Сведеним речником изражено, људска права и хришћански етос се у једној или више тачака пресецају, допуњују и узајамно афирмишу, али се никако не поистовећују нити подударају
Теме из историје филологије у Гласнику
No full textУ раду се износе резултати анализе садржаја из историје филологије у Гласнику – службеном листу Српске Православне Цркве, у периоду од 1971. до 2013. године. Анализираће се којим су темама из ове области, у ширем контексту (језички проблеми, личности, историјско-филолошки проблеми и друго), истраживачи посветили пажњу. Филолошке теме обрађене су са више аспеката, а аутори научних радови припадају разним научним срединама и установама. После општег осврта на прилоге филолошког садржаја, дата је библиографија распоређена по азбучном реду
On some Orthographic and Graphic Characterisтics in Shaping Theological Scientific Works in English And Serbian Languages
No full textУ раду који следи изложићемо неке ортографско-графичке карактеристике композиције научних дела православне теологије, првенствено строгог подстила, на енглеском и српском језику. Разматраће се проблематика одступањаортографске норме у сакралним текстовима од ортографске норме енглеског и српског језика у појединим случајевима употребе великог слова при писању одређених заједничких именица, заменица, чинова светости, титула свештених лица, еклисионима, иконима, и сл. Обратићемо пажњу и на посебна ортографско-графичка средства чија је намена да додатно организују и/или информационо обогате научни текст.The essay deals with the issues of deviation of the orthographic norm in sacred writings from the standard orthographic norm of Serbian and English languages in some cases of the use of capital letters. Special attention has also been paid to the analysis of specific orthographic and graphic elements which are used to additionally organize or provide more information to a scientific text. Theological scientific works tolerate or even do not "notice" the diversity and inconsistency. However, theological texts have their own particularities, one of which being the specific shape of intertextuality, i.e. frequent use of citations with quotation marks without mentioning the source. This is rather acceptable and understood being almost the marker of the scientific presentation
Οι βασικές εκκλησιολογικές αρχές της αρχέγονης Μεταρρυθμίσεως
No full textΗ εκκλησιολογία ως ξεχωριστό και καθιερωμένο σύνολο εντός των κειμένων με το δογματικό περιεχόμενο είναι καινοτομία που την προκάλεσε, κατά πρώτο λόγο, η κίνηση της Μεταρρυθμίσεως. Την αιτία της καινοτομίας αυτής θα πρέπει να αναζητήσει κανείς στο γεγονός ότι οι βασικές προϋποθέσεις της θεολογίας των Μεταρρυθμιστών, πρακτικά και όχι μόνο θεωρητικά, αντανακλάστηκαν ριζικώς στην ίδια την κατανόηση της Εκκλησίας και οδήγησαν τελικά στην επαναξιολόγηση και, επιπροσθέτως, στη μεταμόρφωση των δομών της πραγματικότητας αυτής στις προτεσταντικές κοινωνίες. Δηλαδή, παρόλο που ο αρχικός ενθουσιασμός της αρχέγονης Μεταρρυθμίσεως χαρακτηρίστηκε κατά πρώτο λόγο από τη δυνατή θεωρητική και ιδεολογική επίθεση, που εκδηλωνόταν με τον τονισμό των αλλαγών και των μεταρρυθμίσεων στην σφαίρα της διδασκαλίας (δια μέσου των θεωριών όπως sola Scriptura, sola Fide, iustitia Fidei κτλ.), πολύ σύντομα αποδείχτηκε (μάλιστα και χάρη στην αρνητική αντίδραση των ρωμαιοκαθολικών στις απαιτήσεις για τη μεταρρύθμιση και χάρη στο αφορισμό του Μαρτίνου Λούθηρου) ότι η βασική διάγνωση των μεταρρυθμιστών ήταν ότι η έκπτωση και η διαστρέβλωση στη διδασκαλία των ρωμαιοκαθολικών είναι τόσο σοβαροί λόγοι που ουσιαστικά εξέθεταν σε κίνδυνο την ίδια την ύπαρξη και τη ζωή της Εκκλησίας
Das Geheimnis der sieben Sterne und der sieben goldenen Leuchter (Offb 1:20): die liturgische Funktion der Johannesoffenbarung
No full textIn der neutestamentlichen Wissenschaft spricht man in den letzten Dekaden oft über die gegenseitige Verbindung zwischen Bibel und Liturgie. Da zuerst in den alttestamentlichen Büchern die Spuren von Hymnen bemerkt wurden und da dies zur Erkennung des gottesdienstlichen Kontextes der Entstehung und Anwendung dieser Bücher führte, wurden auch Studien über neutestamentlichen Zeugnissen der frühchristlichen Liturgie veröffentlicht. Diese Welle der Interpretation freute sich vor allem über die Johannesoffenbarung, dabei verstehend, dass man aus der Fülle seiner liturgischen Szenen (z. B. Offb 4-5) besonders bestimmte Formen (z. B. Dialoge, Hymnen usw) auswählen kann, durch welche man in die alte Welt des frühchristlichen Liturgielebens sehen kann
Der Platz der Theologie in der christlichen Überlieferung der Orthodoxen Kirche
No full textDie Aufgabe der christlichen Theologie ist es, der Dolmetscher des Evangeliums in jeder Generation zu sein. Evangelium bedeutet hier nicht nur Schrift, sondern vor allem eucharistische Überlieferung als lebendige Erfahrung des Reiches Gottes, welches kommen wird. Die Geschichte sorgte dafür, dass auch der Begriff der Theologie mehrere Bedeutungen bekommt – Wort über Gott, Gespräch mit Gott, theoretische Disziplin unterstützt durch Praxis, Praxis unterstützt durch Theorie. Es ist ein wenig seltsam, über den Platz der Theologie in der christlichen Tradition zu sprechen, weil die beiden oft miteinander identifiziert werden. Wenn wir die Entwicklung des Begriffs der Theologie analysieren, sowohl in der vorchristlichen als auch in der christlichen Zeit, werden wir sehen, dass diese Frage nicht ohne Grundlage ist
The Son of Man Debate and its Relevance for Orthodox Theology
No full textFrom the very beginnings of biblical criticism, the challenges of scholarly quest for the meaning of the Christological title ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, so to speak, has been followed by the shadow of a complex debate. The fact that the theological language of Orthodoxy did not create a coinage that would match the German die Menschensohnfrage or the English one The Son of Man problem may be explained by the orientation of the young Orthodox biblical scholarship to which the scopes of the Western tradition were not interesting at times, especially if it touched on them burdened with its own question of survival. However, if anyone from Eastern Orthodox Church today was to touch on these challeges, they would inevitably be faced with the following two questions: 1) why did contemporary exegesis develop a debate over this, and not some other titles (e.g. ὁ ὑιὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, ὁ χριστός, ὁ μεσσίας), but also 2) what would make this debate relevant for Orthodox theology? Given that the objective of the proposed text is to answer these questions, but not to accept the aforementioned challenges, let us begin by considering the basic assumptions of the debate.In der neutestamentlichen Wissenschaft spricht man in den letzten Dekaden oft über die gegenseitige Verbindung zwischen Bibel und Liturgie. Da zuerst in den alttestamentlichen Büchern die Spuren von Hymnen bemerkt wurden und da dies zur Erkennung des gottesdienstlichen Kontextes der Entstehung und Anwendung dieser Bücher führte, wurden auch Studien über neutestamentlichen Zeugnissen der frühchristlichen Liturgie veröffentlicht. Diese Welle der Interpretation freute sich vor allem über die Johannesoffenbarung, dabei verstehend, dass man aus der Fülle seiner liturgischen Szenen (z. B. Offb 4-5)4 besonders bestimmte Formen (z. B. Dialoge, Hymnen usw) auswählen kann, durch welche man in die alte Welt des frühchristlichen Liturgielebens sehen kann
Theological Basis of Ascetic Tradition of Evagrius Ponticus
No full textЕвагрије Понтијски један је од најзначајнијих представника древне хришћанске аскетске традиције на Истоку. Током векова, његово дело извршило је снажан утицај на теологију и аскетску праксу хришћанства. Међутим, теолошка основа његове аскетике никако није неупитна. У овом раду истражују се Евагријеве теолошке позиције и њихов однос према његовој аскетици, како би се његов утицај могао проценити на одговарајући начин.Evagrius Ponticus is one of the most significant representatives of ancient Christian ascetic tradition of the East. His work had a strong impact on theology and Christian ascetic practice in the past centuries. However, the theological basis of his asceticism is certainly not unquestionable. In this article the author examines Evagrius’s theological position and its relation to his asceticism, so that his work could be appropriately evaluated
O граматикама црквенословенског језика код Срба
No full textУ овоме раду пажња је посвећена представљању граматика црквенословенског језика које су се од краја XVIII до првих деценија XX века користиле у изучавању црквено-словенског језика у Срба. Аутори ових граматика – Аврам Мразовић, епископ Евгеније Јовановић, Саво Сретеновић, Јован Живановић – припадали су српском говорном подручју