RIOFH - Repository of Institute of General and Physical Chemistry
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Bioactivity and Sensory Properties of Probiotic Yogurt Fortified with Apple Pomace Flour
No full textTo meet the demand for new functional foods in line with the trend of sustainable development, a novel probiotic yogurt fortified with 1%, 3%, and 5% apple pomace flour (APF) added immediately after inoculation with Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus,and Bifidobacterium bifidum was developed. Upon fermentation in the presence of APF, a number of probiotic strains remained within the required range, while the syneresis of enriched yogurts was reduced up to 1.8 times in comparison to the control. Supernatants (i.e., extracted whey) obtained from yogurts with 1%, 3%, and 5% APF respectively had 1.4-, 1.8-, and 2.3-fold higher total phenolic content (TPC) than the control, 3.3-, 4.7-, and 8.0-fold higher radical scavenging (DPPH), and 1.3-, 1.6-, and 1.7-fold higher reducing activity (FRAP). Also, probiotic yogurt supernatants (3% and 5%) inhibited colon cancer cells' viability (HCT 116, 12% and 17%; SW-620, 13% and 19%, respectively). The highest firmness, cohesiveness, and viscosity index values, and the highest scores for color and taste, were obtained for yogurt with 3% APF, indicating that this is the optimal APF amount for the production of novel yogurt with functional properties
The functional food production: Application of stinging nettle leaves and its extracts in the baking of a bread
No full textStinging nettle is an annual plant. This plant is known for applications in folk medicine, and as the human diet. The stinging nettle leaves has been used to obtain extracts, which are expected to be with a high content of biologically active compounds. Prepared microwave extracts were applied in the formulation of the functional products. The article completes preparation of the bread with addition of the stinging nettle leaves and its extract, and bread's composition in phenolic acids, flavonoids, micro elements, and macro elements. The biological activity of the prepared bread samples showed significant antioxidant activity. This was especially true against DPPH radicals. It has been shown that it holds a high cytotoxic activity. Leaves themselves decreased the quality of the bread, while the extract improved the quality. It was sensorially confirmed. The article concluded that the extract substitutes leaves in bread as a product of a high benefit
Optimization of adobe clay bricks based on the raw material properties (mathematical analysis)
No full textThis research studies the effects of composition and granulometry analysis of 139 heavy clays on the important characteristics of wet and adobe clay bricks. ANN models were obtained with high prediction accuracy in training cycles (r(2)): 0.580-0.907. Standard score analysis (SS) is performed to evaluate the optimal content of raw materials to gain adobe bricks. Optimal macro-oxides content was 53-66% SiO2, 4.6-7.5% Fe2O3, 12.5-18.2% Al2O3, 0.9-8.8% CaO, 1.2-3.6% MgO. The optimal quantity of alevrolite-sized particles varied between 46 and 65%, and clay-sized particles contents ranged from 20.4 to 40.6%
The chemical, biological and thermal characteristics and gastronomical perspectives of Laurus nobilis essential oil from different geographical origin
No full textLaurus nobilis (bay laurel) form Serbia (SRBL) and Russia (RFBL) were analyzed in order to establish the chemical profile, thermal properties and biological activity. The GC/MS analysis showed that alpha-pinene (31.97%) is principal compound in the RFBL followed by eucalyptol (27.95%) and alpha-terpineol (10.28%). In the case of the SRBL, eucalyptol (40.51%) is the most abundant compound followed by alpha-terpineol (15.46%), while alpha-pinene was found in much lower amount (4.45%). Thermal analysis showed that the evaporation process of both oils was complex process and took place in two phases. Moreover, results indicated that the SRBL evaporated slower at the higher temperatures than the RFBL. In order to assess biological activity, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were investigated. The SRBL was more potent antioxidant agent in the case of both assays (DPPH and total reduction capacity). In the case of the antimicrobial activity, the SRBL showed greater potential of antimicrobial activities toward all tested microorganisms, while RFBL was found to be effective against all the bacteria and yeast, but did not possess any inhibitory action against fungi. Results indicate that both oils may be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries as antioxidant and antimicrobial agent
Characterization analysis of activated carbon derived from the carbonization process of plane tree (Platanus orientalis) seeds
No full textIn this work, plane tree seed-based activated carbons were characterized in detail for a variety of applications. The particularly important area of application would be in the artificial photosynthesis. After carbonization process of biomass precursor at 650°C, the resulting preliminary activated carbons were activated at various temperatures. The activated carbons were characterized by oxygen functionalities (a particularly important role has ester oxygen groups) which provide a unique microstructure. The chemical compositions of as-prepared activated carbons were analyzed through Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra as well as gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis, while morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Applied analysis showed that detected graphite mainly becomes uniformly nanocrystalline system. The current study also explored the applicability of carbon material obtained from plane tree seed as a potential gaseous adsorbent. The characterization showed that the tested material contains both mesopores and micropores, and this should be advantageous for the gas sorption process, since mesopores may provide low-resistant pathways for the diffusion of CO2 molecules, while the micropores are the most suitable for trapping of CO2. The sorption process analysis (including adsorption/desorption isotherms behavior) shows indication that the rate-limiting step of CO2 adsorption onto activated carbon is probably governed by diffusion-controlled process, especially at temperatures below 850°C
Evaluation of Apple Pomace Flour Obtained Industrially by Dehydration as a Source of Biomolecules with Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Antiobesity Effects
No full textApple pomace flour (APF) obtained at industrial scale level by the application of innovative technological process (dehydration (5 h, T LT = 55 degrees C), grinding (300 mu m)) was evaluated as a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidative, antiobesity and antidiabetic effects. Proximate composition, individual (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) and total phenols (TPC) as well as flavonoids content (TFC), antioxidant (AO) activity (DPPH, ABTS, HPMC), water and oil holding capacity (WHC and OHC) of APFs obtained from apple pomace from mixed and individual apple cultivars grown conventionally and organically were compared. The effect of APF supplementation on the glycaemic status and glucose tolerance (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)) of C57BL/6J mice exposed to high-fat and sucrose diet was examined. High K content (4.2-6.4 g/kg), dietary fibres (35-45 g/100 g), TPC (4.6-8.1 mg GAE/g), TFC (18.6-34.6 mg QE/g), high water and oil holding capacity (4.7-6.4 and 1.3-1.6 g/g) were observed in the APFs. Content of major phenols (phlorizin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin), TPC and TFC correlated highly with prominent AO activity. APF supplementation lowered the increase of body weight gain and blood glucose, and improved glucose tolerance significantly. Health-promoting biomolecules, AO activity, functional properties and prevention of diet-driven glucose metabolism disorders pave the way to APF exploitation in human nutrition
Application of defatted apple seed cakes as a by-product for the enrichment of wheat bread
No full textThis paper examined the effect of adding the ground defatted apple seed cakes (DASC) to chemical characteristics, colour, antioxidant potential, the textural and sensory quality of wheat bread. Adding 5% and 20% DASC of three varieties of apples (Golden Delicious, Idared and Sumatovka) to the total amount of wheat flour significantly increased insoluble fibre and protein content in the tested bread samples, primarily in the bread sample supplemented with 20% DASC of Sumatovka (7.21% and 15.99%, respectively). The highest total polyphenol content and the best antioxidant potential was found in the samples supplemented with 20% DASC. In comparison, the best sensory characteristics and textural properties were found in the samples supplemented with 5% DASC. The bread samples supplemented with 20% Sumatovka had the highest content of insoluble fibre, proteins, total polyphenol content, antioxidant potential and the lowest change in freshness, while the bread samples supplemented with 5% Golden Delicious had the highest content of soluble fibre, brightness and chewiness. Finally, we obtained enriched bread with proteins and fibre, low energy value, high antioxidant potential, good texture and very acceptable sensory characteristics. The variety of apples and the share of DASC affected the tested characteristics
Apricot kernel shells pyrolysis controlled by non-isothermal simultaneous thermal analysis (STA)
No full textIn order to clarify relationship between apricot kernel shell biomass slow pyrolysis mechanism and its main constituents (viz. hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin), the reactivity effects of main constituents on pyrolysis characteristics were determined by the non-isothermal simultaneous thermal analysis. It was found that four-step (parallel) reaction model is suitable for studying the slow pyrolysis process, within the semi-global model which excludes the strong interaction between biomass constituents (pseudo-components). The application of the proposed model was allowed by the results obtained from KAS iterative isoconversional (model-free) approach. The valorization of the model was confirmed by the process optimization. The complex (cumulative) apricot kernel shell pyrolysis rate curves at different heating rates are successfully resolved into the individual decomposition rate curves (arising from thermal conversion of hemicelluloses, cellulose, and primary/secondary lignin fragments) by four-parameter Fraser-Suzuki function. Besides hemicelluloses and cellulose pyrolyses, the proposed model distinguishes primary and secondary lignin reactions, which enhance the gaseous products releasing (primarily CO and CO(2)gases) and charification of the solid residue (increased the bio-char yield)
Efficiency investigation of the use of pyrophyllite in ensiling maize plant
No full textCilj sprovedenog ispitivanja bio je da se utvrdi uticaj pirofilitnog škriljca (pirofilit) sa nalazišta Parsovići, Konjic, AD Harbi Ltd., Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina na kvalitet fermentacije silaže, u prvom redu na produkciju organskih kiselina (mlečna, sirćetna i buterna), zatim na pH vrednost, ocenu kvaliteta, kao i mikrobiološku ispravnost silaže. Silažiranje je obavljeno u plastičnim posudama koje su omogućile skladištenje 10 kg usitnjene zelene biomase kukuruza. Ispitane doze pirofilita su bile: 0% u kontrolnom tretmanu (I), a 0,5 i 1,0% u eksperimentalnim tretmanima (II i III). Granulisani pirofilit (100 µm) ručno je dodat silaži. Isečena zelena masa biljke kukuruza, poreklom iz FAO 600 grupe hibrida, sadržala je 37,17% suve materije (završna voštana faza) i bila je komprimovana na isti način kod sva 3 tretmana prilikom punjenja posuda. Posude za siliranje su prekrivene najlonskom folijom (0,2 mm) iznad koje je postavljen sloj sitnog peska (približno 5 cm) radi zaštite silaže od sunčevih zraka. Silaža je otvorena posle 7 nedelja i nakon toga su izvršene organoleptičke, hemijske i mikrobiološke analize. Organoleptičke osobine silaže (boja i miris) bile su bolje kod silaža sa dodatkom pirofilita. Temperatura silaža u momentu otvaranja bila je niža u silažama sa dodatkom pirofilita (13,7 odnosno 13,2 °C) u odnosu na silažu bez dodatka pirofilita (14,6 °C). Na osnovu odnosa mlečne, sirćetne i buterne kiseline kao i pH vrednosti sve tri silaže ocenjene su najvišom klasom (I). U silaži bez dodatka pirofilita utvrđen je najveći sadržaj mlečne kiseline, dok je u silažama sa dodatkom 0,5 i 1,0% pirofilita utvrđen veći sadržaj sirćetne kiseline, a najmanji sadržaj buterne kiseline (p ≤ 0.05). Broj aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija, kao i kvasaca bio je manji u silažama sa dodatkom 0,5 i 1,0% pirofilita što je u saglasnosti i sa povećanim sadržajem sirćetne kiseline koja doprinosi aerobnoj stabilnosti silaže. Imajući u vidu da pirofilit, pored ostalog, ima i sposobnost adsorpcije mikotoksina (pre svega aflatoksina) i teških metala, kao i održavanja optimalne vrednosti pH u buragu, dalje izučavanje opravdanosti korišćenja pirofilita u silaži ili senaži, ima svoje opravdanje i ekonomski značaj. Posebnu pažnju treba posvetiti mogućnosti njegovog modifikovanja i obogaćivanja (npr. azotom) i podesnoj fizičkoj formi npr. u obliku granula, koje omogućuju efikasniju aplikaciju u praktičnim uslovima.The paper presents the results of testing the effect of pyrophyllite shale (pyrophyllite) on the quality of maize plant silage, primarily on the production of organic acids, pH value, quality assessment and microbiological safety. The ensiling was done in plastic containers which allowed the storage of 10 kg of chopped green mass. Tested pyrophyllite doses were: 0% in the control treatment (I), 0.5 and 1.0% in experimental treatments (II and III, respectively). Granulated pyrophyllite (100 µm), originating from Parsovići, Konjic site, AD Harbi Ltd., Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, was manually incorporated. The chopped green mass of the maize plant came from FAO 600 hybrids. The green mass containing 37.17% of dry matter (final waxy ripening phase) was compressed in the same manner in all three treatments during the filling of the vessels. The containers were then covered with nylon foil (0.2 mm) above which a layer of fine sand (approx. 5 cm) was placed in toward the silage protection from air passage. The silages were opened after 7 weeks and organoleptic, chemical and microbiological analyses were performed. The organoleptic properties of silages (colour and odour) were better in silages containing 0.5 and 1.0% pyrophyllite. The silage temperature at the moment of opening of the containers was lower in the treatments with 0.5 and 1.0% added pyrophyllite (13.7 and 13.2 °C, respectively) while in the control treatment it was 14.6 °C. The addition of pyrophyllite to silage affected the production of volatile fatty acids (p ≤ 0.05). The highest amount of lactic acid was found in the silage sample without the addition of pyrophyllite, and acetic acid in the silage treated with 0.5 and 1.0% of pyrophyllite. The lowest amount of butyric acid was determined in the silage with the addition of 1% pyrophyllite. Based on the content and interrelationship of lactic, acetic and butyric acid, as well as the pH values, all three silages were rated as the highest (I) class. The number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, as well as the number of yeasts, was lower in the silages with the addition of 0.5 and 1.0% pyrophyllite. In future, particular attention should be paid on the possibility of pyrophyllite enrichment (e.g. with nitrogen) and more appropriate physical formulation (e.g. granules) that would allow more efficient practical application
Biocompatibility of TiO2 prolate nanospheroids as a potential photosenzitizer in therapy of cancer
No full textTiO2 prolatenanospheroids (PNSs) may be photosensitizers (PSs), which act by catalyzation of hydroxyl radical (∙OH) formation upon light illumination. ∙OH might, in turn, contribute to killing of cancer cells. On the other hand, there is great concern about toxicity in the dark of TiO2 nanoparticles in general. In this work, we have investigated the biocompatibility of TiO2 PNSs of the anatase crystal form (length between 100 and 300 nm and width 50 nm) in the dark with immune cells and light-induced cytotoxicity on several cancer cell lines. The effects of the treatment of different cell lines with several concentrations of TiO2 PNSs suspensions showed the specifics of cells’ viability and the intracellular localization. The results of in vitro studies obtained by cytotoxicity assays adjusted to individual cell lines’ metabolism point towards the biocompatibility of TiO2 PNSs at low and moderate concentrations in the dark, which neither kill the cells, nor induce activation of the immune system cells. Laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed that PNSs are taken up by cells, and insight into the intracellular distribution was obtained in this study