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Correspondence analysis of fruit and vegetable waste among consumers in Vojvodina
No full textSveže voće i povrće čine čak do 50% ukupno bačene hrane od strane domaćinstava u okviru Evropske unije. Kako bi se objasnili glavni razlozi ovakvog ponašanja među potrošačima u Vojvodini (Srbija) sprovedeno je online istraživanje putem ankete među 711 ispitanika. Pitanja predstavljena u ovom istraživanju naglašavaju metode čuvanja voća i povrća u kućnim uslovima pre njihove konzumacije. Samoprocena bacanja voća i povrća u okviru domaćinstva i samoprocena zdravstvenog stanja potrošača su analizirani primenom analize korespondencije. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da prve dve dimenzije objašnjavaju 95,06%ukupne inercije (p LT 0.001), što ukazuje na jaku vezu među posmatranim varijablama. Na osonvu ankete može se zaključiti da se i voće i povrće najčešće konzumiraju u svežem stanju (54,43% i 48,95%, respektivno), dok je konzumacija voća i povrća iz frižidera (17,16% i 29,96%, respektivno), odnosno iz zamrzivača (2,81% i 5,20%, respektivno) značajno niža. Većina ispitanika navodi da redovno bacaju voće i povrće (53,02% i 39, 66%, respektivno). Rezultati ističu da količina voća i povrća koja se baci zavise od pola, nivoa dohotka i zdravstvenog stanja ispitanika. Sve ovo ukazuje na neophodnost intenzivnije edukacije potrošača i boljeg postupanja sa ovim namirnicama, kako bi se smanjila količina otpada.Fresh fruit and vegetables contribute to almost 50% of food wasted by households in the EU. To understand the main reasons for wasteful behaviour among the consumers in Vojvodina (Serbia) cross-sectional data were collected through a self-administrated online survey of 711 correspondents. The questions presented in the study focused on the method of preserving the fruits and vegetables in domestic conditions before their consumption. Self-estimation of wasteful behaviour in the household and socio-demographic factors, including the respondents' self-estimated health status, were analysed using the correspondence analysis. The results showed that the first two dimensions explained for 95.06% of the total per cent of inertia (statistically significant at p LT 0.001 level) indicating the strong relationship among variables. According to the survey, the fruit and vegetables are most likely used fresh (54.43% and 48.95%, respectively), whereas the use of fruits and vegetables after storage in a refrigerator (17.16% and 29.96%, respectively) or in a deep freezer (2.81% or 5.20%, respectively) is significantly lower. Most of the survey correspondents claimed that they regularly discard the fruits and vegetables to waste (53.02% and 39.66%, respectively). The results pointed out that the storage and the amounts of discarded waste are affected by gender, income, and health conditions of the respondents'. Also, the study emphasized the growing need for educating and better planning of fresh fruit and vegetable management to reduce waste production
Bioactive, Mineral and Antioxidative Properties of Gluten-Free Chicory Supplemented Snack: Impact of Processing Conditions
No full textThis study aimed to investigate the impact of chicory root addition (20-40%) and extrusion conditions (moisture content from 16.3 to 22.5%, and screw speed from 500 to 900 rpm) on bioactive compounds content (inulin, sesquiterpene lactones, and polyphenols) of gluten-free rice snacks. Chicory root is considered a potential carrier of food bioactives, while extrusion may produce a wide range of functional snack products. The mineral profiles were determined in all of the obtained extrudates in terms of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu contents, while antioxidative activity was established through reducing capacity, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) tests. Chicory root addition contributed to the improvement of bioactive compounds and mineral contents, as well as antioxidative activities in all of the investigated extrudates in comparison to the pure-rice control sample. An increase in moisture content raised sesquiterpene lactones and minerals, while high screw speeds positively affected polyphenols content. The achieved results showed the important impact of the extrusion conditions on the investigated parameters and promoted chicory root as an attractive food ingredient in gluten-free snack products with high bioactive value
Agricultural Parameters and Essential Oil Content Composition Prediction of Aniseed, Based on Growing Year, Locality and Fertilization Type-An Artificial Neural Network Approach
No full textSimple Summary The artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to predict and optimize the aniseed parameters including: plant height, umbel diameter, number of umbels, number of seeds, 1000-seed weight, yield per plant, plant weight, harvest index, yield per ha, essential oil yield, germination energy, total germination and essential oil content; as well as the content of obtained essential oil, such as: limonene, cis-dihydro carvone, methyl chavicol, carvone, cis-anethole, trans-anethole, beta-elemene, alpha-himachalene, trans-beta-farnesene, gamma-himachalene, trans-muurola-4(14),5-diene, alpha-zingiberene, beta-himachalene, beta-bisabolene, trans-pseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate and epoxy-pseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate), according to growing year, locality and fertilization type. Predicting yield is essential for producers, stakeholders and international interchange demand. The majority of the divergence in yield and essential oil content is associated with environmental aspects, including weather conditions, soil variety and cultivation techniques. Therefore, aniseed production was examined in this study. The categorical input variables for artificial neural network modelling were growing year (two successive growing years), growing locality (three different locations in Vojvodina Province, Serbia) and fertilization type (six different treatments). The output variables were morphological and quality parameters, with agricultural importance such as plant height, umbel diameter, number of umbels, number of seeds per umbel, 1000-seed weight, seed yield per plant, plant weight, harvest index, yield per ha, essential oil (EO) yield, germination energy, total germination, EO content, as well as the share of EOs compounds, including limonene, cis-dihydro carvone, methyl chavicol, carvone, cis-anethole, trans-anethole, beta-elemene, alpha-himachalene, trans-beta-farnesene, gamma-himachalene, trans-muurola-4(14),5-diene, alpha-zingiberene, beta-himachalene, beta-bisabolene, trans-pseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate and epoxy-pseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate. The ANN model predicted agricultural parameters accurately, showing r(2) values between 0.555 and 0.918, while r(2) values for the forecasting of essential oil content were between 0.379 and 0.908. According to global sensitivity analysis, the fertilization type was a more influential variable to agricultural parameters, while the location site was more influential to essential oils content
Formation of Predictive-Based Models for Monitoring the Microbiological Quality of Beef Meat Processed for Fast-Food Restaurants
No full textConsumption of raw or undercooked meat is responsible for 2.3 million foodborne illnesses yearly in Europe alone. The greater part of this illness is associated with beef meat, which is used in many traditional dishes across the world. Beneath the low microbiological quality of beef lies (pathogenic) bacterial contamination during primary production as well as inadequate hygiene operations along the farm-to-fork chain. Therefore, this study seeks to understand the microbiological quality pathway of minced beef processed for fast-food restaurants over three years using an artificial neural network (ANN) system. This simultaneous approach provided adequate precision for the prediction of a microbiological profile of minced beef meat as one of the easily spoiled products with a short shelf life. For the first time, an ANN model was developed to predict the microbiological profile of beef minced meat in fast-food restaurants according to meat and storage temperatures, butcher identification, and working shift. Predictive challenges were identified and included standardized microbiological analyses that are recommended for freshly processed meat. The obtained predictive models (an overall r(2) of 0.867 during the training cycle) can serve as a source of data and help for the scientific community and food safety authorities to identify specific monitoring and research needs
Biopolymer-based powders with encapsulated thyme oil: Characterization and comparison with free oil regarding thermal stability and antimicrobial activity
No full textThe prevention of food contamination by pathogenic microorganisms is a very important factor for food safety and security during storage time. The essential oils have the potential to be used as antimicrobial agents, but their full potential is limited due to the sensitivity and volatility of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to characterize Thymus vulgaris essential oil, free and nano-encapsulated in alginate-whey protein concentrate carriers using the freeze-drying technique. GC/MS analysis was done to identify the oil composition. The investigation of the antimicrobial effect of free and encapsulated oil was performed on Escherichia coli, Staphy-lococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, by microdilution method. The free thyme oil exhibited antimicrobial ac-tivity against all tested microorganisms in the range of 0.71-1.43 mg/ml. Interestingly, encapsulated oil was more effective at lower concentrations (0.625-1.25 mg/ml), as a consequence of a nano-size carrier (0.25 +/- 0.5 mu m) together with other properties (encapsulation efficiency of 86.04%). TGA pointed out a significant effect of encapsulation, in comparison to free oil, on the stability of thyme oil at temperatures from 25 to 500 ?C. The results indicated a high potential of thyme oil powder carriers as natural antimicrobial additives in food products
Hydrogen electric motor vehicles: Testing and control trends
No full textIspitivanje električnih vozila (EV) daleko prevazilazi zahteve homologacionih ispitivanja motornih vozila i njihovih komponenti. Električna motorna vozila na vodonične gorivne ćelije (FCV-eng. Fuel Cell vehicles) su veoma slična električnim vozilima, u smislu da za pokretanje vozila koriste elektromotor umesto motora sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem. Glavna razlika je ta da EV koriste baterije, koje se moraju priključiti na mrežu radi punjenja, dok FCV proizvode električnu energiju na licu mesta. Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled regulativa o ispitivanju i kontrolisanju električnih vozila na vodonik. Ispitivanje motornih vozila danas predstavlja spektar raznih testiranja koja se odigravaju u različitim stadijumima razvoja vozila, proizvodnje i upotrebe vozila, a čiji je zadatak da obezbedi dobijanje objektivnih informacija o kvalitetu vozila, njihovih sklopova i komponenti, o uslovima rada, okruženju i sl. Legislativa koja se odnosi na ispitivanje motornih vozila na vodonik postoji, ali se odgovarajuće procedure i standardi i dalje razvijaju, u korak sa napretkom tehnologije.Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) are similar to EVs, in the aspect that they use an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine to power the wheels. The main difference is that EVs run on batteries that must be plugged in to recharge, while FCVs generate their electricity onboard. This manuscript presents overview of the hydrogen vehicle certification legislation. Inspection and testing of motor vehicle technology today represent a set of a whole series of procedures that are applied in different stages of the vehicle development, production and operation of vehicles, and whose task is to provide objective information about the quality of the vehicle and its assemblies and parts, as well as about the conditions in which the vehicles operate, about workloads, environment, etc. Although there are adopted technical regulative for hydrogen powered EVs, the appropriate standards and legislation are still evolving
Weather Conditions Influence on Lavandin Essential Oil and Hydrolate Quality
No full textLavandula sp. essential oil and hydrolate are commercially valuable in various industry branches with the potential for wide-ranging applications. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of these products obtained from L. x intermedia cv. 'Budrovka' for the first time cultivated on Fruska Gora Mt. (Serbia) during three successive seasons (2019, 2020, and 2021). Essential oil extraction was obtained by steam distillation, and the composition and influence of weather conditions were also assessed, using flowering tops. The obtained essential oils and hydrolates were analysed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A linear regression model was developed to predict L. x intermedia cv. 'Budrovka' essential oil volatile compound content and hydrolate composition during three years, according to temperature and precipitation data, and the appropriate regression coefficients were calculated, while the correlation analysis was employed to analyse the correlations in hydrolate and essential oil compounds. To completely describe the structure of the research data that would present a better insight into the similarities and differences among the diverse L. x intermedia cv. 'Budrovka' samples, the PCA was used. The most dominant in L. intermedia cv. 'Budrovka' essential oil and hydrolate were oxygenated monoterpenes: linalool, 1,8-cineole, borneol, linalyl acetate, and terpinene-4-ol. It is established that the temperature was positively correlated with all essential oil and hydrolate compounds. The precipitations were positively correlated with the main compounds (linalool, 1,8-cineole, and borneol), while the other compounds' content negatively correlated to precipitation. The results indicated that Fruska Gora Mt. has suitable agro-ecological requirements for cultivating Lavandula sp. and providing satisfactory essential oil and hydrolate
Physico-Chemical, Textural and Sensory Evaluation of Spelt Muffins Supplemented with Apple Powder Enriched with Sugar Beet Molasses
No full textThe present study investigated the effect of incorporating 10, 20, and 30% apple powder obtained by freeze-drying, and apple powder produced with osmotic pre-treatment in sugar beet molasses solution, into muffins. The powder was freeze-dried and introduced as a whole spelt wheat flour replacement in muffins. The obtained products were investigated for their chemical composition and technological properties, and were subjected to a sensory analysis as well as a consumer acceptance test. Increasing the substitution level from 0 to 30% apple powder lowered the protein, starch, and fat content, while moisture content, sugar, and cellulose showed the opposite trend. The sensory analysis results indicated that the addition of apple powder or apple powder with osmotic pre-treatment (apple OT+Lyo powder) to the ingredients of muffins positively affected the taste, smell, mastication, and appearance of the final product. Consumers rated the muffins with 30% apple OT+Lyo powder as the most acceptable. Principal component analysis, an artificial neural network, and global sensitivity analysis were utilized to differentiate among muffin samples, and to estimate the corresponding influence of the substitution of spelt flour with apple powder or apple OT powder on the observed quality and nutritional parameters of the muffins
Biological and Chemical Diversity of Angelica archangelica L.-Case Study of Essential Oil and Its Biological Activity
No full textGarden angelica (Angelica archangelica L.), native to the northern temperate region, is widespread in Europe and Asia. Since the middle ages, it has been used for healing and as a vegetable in traditional dishes. In the modern era, it has been proven that A. archangelica has a complex chemical composition. The main derivatives that contribute to the plant's biological activities are essential oil and coumarins. In this review, the focus is on the cross-analysis of the taxonomy of A. archangelica, and its distribution in different regions, with the presentation of the richness of its biochemical composition, which overall contributes to the widespread use of the roots of this plant in folk medicine. It belongs to the plants that were introduced to the wider area of Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe; as a medicinal plant, it represents a significant part of the medical flora of many areas. Cluster analysis of pooled data indicates a clear differentiation of chemotypes
NMR Metabolomics in Serum Fingerprinting of Schizophrenia Patients in a Serbian Cohort
No full textSchizophrenia is a widespread mental disorder that leads to significant functional impairments and premature death. The state of the art indicates gaps in the understanding and diagnosis of this disease, but also the need for personalized and precise approaches to patients through customized medical treatment and reliable monitoring of treatment response. In order to fulfill existing gaps, the establishment of a universal set of disorder biomarkers is a necessary step. Metabolomic investigations of serum samples of Serbian patients with schizophrenia (51) and healthy controls (39), based on NMR analyses associated with chemometrics, led to the identification of 26 metabolites/biomarkers for this disorder. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models with prediction accuracies of 0.9718 and higher were accomplished during chemometric analysis. The established biomarker set includes aspartate/aspartic acid, lysine, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, and acylglycerols, which are identified for the first time in schizophrenia serum samples by NMR experiments. The other 22 identified metabolites in the Serbian samples are in accordance with the previously established NMR-based serum biomarker sets of Brazilian and/or Chinese patient samples. Thirteen metabolites (lactate/lactic acid, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamine, asparagine, alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, choline, glucose, glycine and tyrosine) that are common for three different ethnic and geographic origins (Serbia, Brazil and China) could be a good start point for the setup of a universal NMR serum biomarker set for schizophrenia