Journals University of Lodz
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The Rise of Northern Unionism’s Influence on the Political Scene of Great Britain Against the Backdrop of Belfast’s Social and Economic Transformations During the Great War
No full textThis article examines the situation in Belfast during the First World War, considering its role as the political and economic centre of the north of Ireland. It explores whether the global conflict contributed to the city’s development or led to its stagnation, focusing on three key aspects: economic, social, and political. The economic analysis particularly highlights the state of the shipbuilding industry. The study of social conditions reveals the economic, religious, and cultural sources of divisions among Belfast’s residents and shipyard workers. Meanwhile, the discussion of the political aspect traces key transformations within the Irish unionist movement, mainly its faction closely linked to Ulster and Belfast. The article aims to outline the situation in north of Ireland during the Great War to explain the causes of the growing social divisions in the interwar period, which ultimately led to the establishment of an administratively separate Northern Ireland
Socjomaterialność technologii komunikacyjnych w codziennych praktykach społecznych
No full textThe aim of the article is to present the effectiveness of communication technologies. This agency is understood in a contextual and relational way, and the tool for its understanding and analysis is the category of socio-materiality in the theory of social practices. Recognizing the socio-material nature of communication technologies, we point to the dimensions of practices such as corporeality, temporality, and spatiality, which, on the one hand, are the context of socio-material agency, and, on the other, constitute the matter that technologies transform. As a result of the analysis, we indicate the features decisive for this agency, going beyond purely communicative functions. The empirical material for the analysis of the socio-material nature of technology involves three types of local everyday social practices: social, food, and neighborly.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie sprawczości technologii komunikacyjnych. Sprawczość ta ujmowana jest w sposób kontekstowy i relacyjny, a narzędziem jej rozumienia i analizy jest kategoria socjomaterialności w teorii praktyk społecznych. Rozpoznając socjomaterialny charakter technologii komunikacyjnych, wskazujemy na wymiary praktyk, takie jak cielesność, czasowość i przestrzenność, które z jednej strony są kontekstem socjomaterialnej sprawczości, z drugiej zaś materią, którą technologie przekształcają. Rezultatem analizy jest identyfikacja cech sprawczości technologii, wykraczających poza czysto komunikacyjne funkcje. Materiałem empirycznym dla analizy są trzy rodzaje lokalnych, codziennych praktyk społecznych: towarzyskie, żywnościowe i sąsiedzkie
Świat kryptosztuki w latach 2020–2021. Reprodukcja znanej rzeczywistości
No full textIn 2020–2021, along with the growing interest in NFT art, some structures of the traditional art world were reproduced in the virtual space. They might be called CryptoArt world. This study investigates the state of the CryptoArt world in that period compared to the conventional art world. The aim is to classify CryptoArt world entities, specify their roles, characterize their internal and external relationships, and, finally, to indicate that the classic perspective of the production of culture is suitable for analyzing contemporary phenomena in art, such as NFT creativity. The analysis is based on the primary and secondary sources. These results show that the traditional art world was reproduced in the CryptoArt world in five areas: institutionalization, the acquisition of the privilege to legitimate art, hierarchization and polarization, centralization, and the emergence of ideological conflict. The results fill the gap in the NFT art qualitative analyses and expand the conclusions of previous papers on that subject.W latach 2020–2021 doszło do wzrostu zainteresowania sztuką NFT i jednocześnie do reprodukcji niektórych struktur klasycznego świata sztuki w przestrzeni wirtualnej. Tę nowo powstałą rzeczywistość można określić mianem świata kryptosztuki, który porównano w artykule z klasycznym światem sztuki. Celem opracowania była klasyfikacja podmiotów świata kryptosztuki, określenie ich ról, scharakteryzowanie relacji wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych, wreszcie wskazanie, że klasyczna perspektywa produkcji kulturowej jest adekwatna do analizy współczesnych zjawisk artystycznych, takich jak twórczość NFT. Badanie oparte było na analizie źródeł pierwotnych i wtórnych. Wyniki wskazują, że klasyczny świat sztuki został odtworzony w świecie kryptosztuki w pięciu obszarach: instytucjonalizacji, legitymizacji, hierarchizacji i polaryzacji, centralizacji, konfliktu ideologicznego. Wyniki wypełniają lukę w jakościowych analizach sztuki NFT i poszerzają wnioski z poprzednich prac na jej temat
Wyniki finansowe i dywidendy w przedsiębiorstwach z własnością państwową w państwach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej – czy polskie przedsiębiorstwa z własnością państwową są inne?
No full textIn recent years, the focus on state-owned enterprises (SOE) has returned. SOEs are an important part of the post-socialist countries that comprise Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). However, there are still no consistent findings on SOEs’ performance and dividend payouts, although the popular perception is that they have lower firm performance and pay higher dividends. The paper aims to ascertain the level of firm performance of dividend payments made by these enterprises. The research includes 132 companies from 12 CEE stock markets, with 743 firm-year observations for the 2017–2022 period. For a robustness check, several measures of state ownership and dividend payouts are implemented. The main research method is a General Linear Model with country- and year-fixed effects. The research demonstrates that state ownership has a negative impact on firm performance in CEE countries but a positive on dividend payouts. However, for the Polish subsample, state ownership has had a positive impact on profitability and no impact on dividend payouts.W ostatnich latach wraca zainteresowanie firmami z własnością państwa. Szczególną rolę odgrywają te firmy w gospodarkach postsocjalistycznych Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Jednak dotychczas prowadzone badania nie dają jednoznacznego obrazu uzyskiwanych wyników finansowych i dywidend wypłacanych przez te firmy. Powszechnie uważa się, że firmy z własnością państwa osiągają niższe wyniki finansowe i wypłacają wyższe dywidendy. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zidentyfikowania wpływu własności państwowej na wyniki finansowe i wypłacane dywidendy w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Do próby włączono wszystkie firmy wchodzące w skład indeksów giełdowych z 12 krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w łącznej liczbie 132 firm z 743 obserwacjami dla lat 2017–2022. Dla badania stabilności wyników zastosowano różne miary udziału państwa we własności. Główną metodą badań był ogólny model liniowy z efektami stałymi (dla krajów i badanych lat). Wyniki badań wskazują, że w krajach Europy Środkowo- -Wschodniej własność państwa negatywnie oddziałuje na wyniki finansowe, ale pozytywnie na wypłacane dywidendy. Niemniej jednak dla grupy polskich podmiotów własność państwa pozytywnie wpływa na wyniki finansowe, ale nie ma wpływu na wypłacane dywidendy
Planning and practice of the Polish-Czech transborder road network development: From ineffective top-down plans to bottom-up lack of coordination?
Get PDFIn this article, the authors analyse the development policy of the major road network in the Polish-Czech border areas in 1958–2024. The methodology of content analysis covering historical bilateral and European planning documents and GIS spatial analysis of access to border areas via roads crossing the border. The analyses have shown: (1) dominance of political and expert planning, without the use of scientific network models; (2) decentralisation of planning and resignation from common documents; (3) prioritising east-west connections and disregarding the north-south European ones; and (4) the greatest increase in border permeability only after the elimination of permanent border controls within the EU Schengen Area since 2007, but mainly due to the opening of historical roads
Social media and mountain visits – is this ‘friendship’ sustainable?
Get PDFThe role of social media in tourism has already been acknowledged in the academic literature but still little is known about its specific influence on mountain tourism in the context of the growing popularity of outdoor activities that threaten to harm fragile areas. The aim of this article is to find out the effect of social media on such visits, to outline patterns of tourist behaviour, as well as to reveal social media–induced effects, both negative and positive, regarding the sustainability of mountain tourism. Using an online survey among the members of a Bulgarian mountaineering Facebook group, we found out that it was information of practical use that was mostly searched for by its members, and which in turn can be easily converted into real visits to the area, and as such mainly attracting novice mountaineers. The study uncovered purely pragmatic perceptions in terms of sharing information and pictures about places in the mountains, with limited awareness about the possible negative environmental effects from the overpopularisation of these areas. This could be classified as a consumerist attitude towards the mountains that is nurtured by social media. On the positive side, such unawareness can be tackled by social media due to its mass informative power
Affective Governmentality in Food Delivery Platforms: A Study of Bolt Food Riga Push Notifications
Get PDFThe paper uses a governmentality perspective to discuss the issue of control in food delivery platforms through analysis of 4083 push notifications sent by the Bolt Food platform to its couriers in Riga from 2020 to 2023. It examines intensity, rationalization, subjectification, and the use of emojis in push notifications and demonstrates affective governmentality technology to control labor mobility. The analysis contributes to the literature on algorithmic management that focuses predominantly on the control embedded in the platform application. Suppose a platform application is viewed as an algorithmic panopticon in which a worker is free to enter or exit by signing on or off. In that case, other semi-automated control technologies, such as push notifications, are affective persuasive tools for bringing workers into the panopticon that limits workers’ autonomy and control
The Association of Body Temperature with Longevity: Insights from Historical Cohorts
Get PDFEffective thermoregulation is crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Previous research has suggested a link between lower steady-state body temperature and longevity, particularly in physically healthy, nonobese older adults. However, the exact mechanisms behind this relationship remain unclear. Despite the physiological insights gained from studies on body temperature, limited attention has been given to its potential role as a biomarker of longevity in physically healthy older populations. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between body temperature and longevity using historical data from two cohorts. The longitudinal cohort consisted of 142 individuals, followed for 25 years beginning at age 45, while the cross-sectional cohort included 204 individuals stratified into four lifespan categories. To examine agerelated trends in body temperature, Page’s test was employed, and ordinal regression was used. The analysis revealed a significant decrease in body temperature in women with age, while men showed no significant change. The cross-sectional analysis indicated a trend toward lower body temperatures in individuals with longer lifespans. Lower body temperature may reflect a reduced metabolic rate, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and molecular damage, both of which are known to drive aging and limit lifespan. Furthermore, lower body temperatures may signal a favorable inflammatory profile, which could translate into slower aging and increased survival. However, the observed sex-specific differences in thermoregulatory patterns raise important questions about the role of hormonal influences, such as estrogen levels. Overall, these findings suggest that lower lifetime steady-state body temperature may be a biomarker of healthy aging and longevity, warranting further exploration of its mechanistic underpinnings
Dynamics in language from a linguistic and neurocognitive perspective
No full textCognitive sciences are grouped together according to their substantial disciplines such as neurobiology, psychology, linguistics and many others. From more than ten years a search has been undertaken for the best fitting cognitive research method, that does not influence the scientific output. More recently attention has been turned to systems which might operate through their dynamic aspect, called the dynamic approach. Their great advantage is to see the old linguistic axioms such as connectivity in a new way.
 
Badanie prawidłowości oceny prac egzaminacyjnych (podstawy prawne, zasady, procedury, problemy, wnioski)
Get PDFAuditing the correctness of examination paper assessments is a legal obligation imposed by the legislator on the State Committee for the Certification of Proficiency in Polish as a Foreign Language (PKds.PZJPjO) after the amendment of the Law on the Polish Language in 2015, on the basis of which the authorization to organize and conduct state certificate examinations in Polish as a foreign language (jpjo) was given to the so-called authorized entities. This allowed a wider access to the examinations for individuals interested in receiving an official certification of proficiency in Polish. The audits of examination paper assessments are conducted on the basis of the relevant examination documents, and their results are provided by the PKds. ZJPjO to the authorized entities. According to the regulations, a minimum of 20% of the papers are audited after each examination session held by the organizing entity. The article discusses the legal acts, procedures and principles of the audits carried out, as well as their results and impact on the quality of examination sheet assessments, standardization and objectivization of results.Badanie prawidłowości oceny prac egzaminacyjnych to prawny obowiązek nałożony przez prawodawcę na PKds.PZJPjO po zmianie ustawy o języku polskim w 2015 r., na podstawie której nadano uprawnienia do organizowania i przeprowadzania państwowych egzaminów certyfikatowych z JPJO tzw. podmiotom uprawnionych. Pozwoliło to na szerszy dostęp do egzaminów osobom zainteresowanym posiadaniem urzędowego poświadczenia znajomości języka polskiego. Badanie prowadzone jest w oparciu o stosowne dokumenty egzaminacyjne, a jego wyniki PKds.ZJPjO przekazuje podmiotom. Zgodnie z przepisami badaniu poddaje się minimum 20% prac po każdej sesji egzaminacyjnej przeprowadzonej przez dany podmiot. W artykule omówiono akty prawne, procedury i zasady przeprowadzanych badań, a także ich rezultaty i wpływ na jakość sprawdzania arkuszy egzaminacyjnych, standaryzację i obiektywizację oceny.