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Niebo Władysława Stanisława Reymonta. Refleksje po lekturze Chłopów
Get PDFWładysław Stanisław Reymont was an artist who distinguished himself with a special gift of observation. He was sensitive to colours, light, sounds and movement. This gave a special dimension to his writing, far from the influence of fashionable artistic trends of the era. This is particularly visible in Chłopi, which has the form of an epic. The action of the novel takes place in the rhythm of the changing seasons. Although the image of Lipiec is realistic in nature, the writer went beyond the narrow framework of naturalism and the related view of the world from the perspective of biological and social determinism. The life of the inhabitants of Lipiec takes place at the intersection of the earth and the sky. They are strongly attached to the earth, which gives meaning to their entire life. However, it turns out that its source is the sky together with the sun. Depending on the seasons, its position in the sky changes and, consequently, the intensity of light. It is this that determines existence on earth. Autumn is the time of nature dying, winter of its freezing, spring of awakening to life, and summer of slowly getting ready for sleep. But without death there is no rebirth of life. Reymont brings out the symbolic aspect of light and the colors and sounds that depend on it. The sun in the novel transfigures into a great Host. At its feet lies the earth. The sky is not empty, but it is the place of God’s presence. In this way, the world of Lipiec is sanctified, and human existence takes on ethical and religious dimensions. It turns out that the idea of a cathedral is inscribed in the structures of the peasant epic. This gives the novel a universal dimension.Władysław Stanisław Reymont wyróżniał się szczególnym darem obserwacji. Był uwrażliwiony na barwy, światło, dźwięki i ruch. Nadało to szczególny wymiar jego pisarstwu – dalekiemu od oddziaływania modnych prądów artystycznych epoki. Widoczne jest to szczególnie w Chłopach, mających formę epopei. W rytmie przemienności pór roku toczy się akcja powieści. Chociaż obraz Lipiec ma charakter realistyczny, to jednak pisarz wykroczył poza wąskie ramy naturalizmu i związanego z nim spojrzenia na świat z perspektywy determinizmu biologicznego i społecznego. Życie mieszkańców Lipiec toczy się na przecięciu ziemi i nieba. Są oni mocno przywiązani do ziemi, która nadaje sens ich istnieniu. Źródłem tego istnienia jest niebo i słońce. W zależności od pór roku zmienia się położenie słońca na niebie i zmienia się natężenie światła. To ono decyduje o życiu na ziemi. Jesień jest czasem umierania przyrody, zima – jej zamrożenia, wiosna – budzenia się do życia, a lato – pełni życia, ale też powolnego szykowania się do snu. Bez śmierci nie ma odrodzenia życia. Reymont wydobywa aspekt symboliczny światła i zależnych od niego barw, także dźwięków. Słońce w powieści transfiguruje w wielką Hostię. U jej stóp leży ziemia. Niebo nie jest puste, ale jest miejscem obecności Boga. W ten sposób świat Lipiec zostaje uświęcony, a ludzka egzystencja nabiera wymiarów etycznych i religijnych. Okazuje się, że w struktury chłopskiej epopei wpisana jest idea katedry. Nadaje to powieści wymiar uniwersalny
Kto jest suką w Suce? Dworskie, chłopskie i psie relacje w opowiadaniu Władysława Stanisława Reymonta
Get PDFIn Władysław Stanisław Reymont’s Suka [The Bitch] the sacrifice of the bitch Fink for her children, the tenderness of the boy’s mother, but also the particular cruelty of the heirs towards the servants and their own daughter, is depicted from the perspective of the peasant child, Witek. The article analyses the representation of human (noble as well as peasant) and animal motherhood in the story. The opposition between the sacrificial behaviour of the actual dog mother and the invectives based on negative connotations with the words “dog” and “bitch” directed at both the heiress and the governess or Witek is examined. They highlight the brutality of interspecies and interclass relations in the text, with the simultaneous presence of a representation of the commonality of experience between animals and ruled groups (in this case peasantry and children). However, the article points out that the animal invectives intended to offend are not supported by the behaviour of the real animal characters.W opowiadaniu Władysława Stanisława Reymonta Suka z perspektywy chłopskiego dziecka, Witka, obserwujemy ofiarność psiej matki wobec swoich dzieci, czułość matki chłopca, ale i okrucieństwo dziedziców wobec służby i własnej córki. Artykuł analizuje ukazane w opowiadaniu ludzkie (dworskie oraz chłopskie) i zwierzęce rodzicielstwo. Badana jest opozycja między pełnym poświęcenia zachowaniem psiej matki a opartymi na negatywnych konotacjach ze słowami „pies” i „suka” inwektywami kierowanymi do dziedziczki, guwernantki, Witka, ale także do zwierząt. Podkreślają one brutalność relacji międzygatunkowych i międzyklasowych; jednocześnie tekst przedstawia wspólnotę doświadczeń zwierząt i grup poddańczych, słabszych (w tym wypadku chłopstwa i dzieci). Artykuł wskazuje, że mające obrażać inwektywy odzwierzęce nie znajdują oparcia w zachowaniu prawdziwych bohaterów zwierzęcych
Obraz i słowo. Wizualne i werbalno-wizualne metafory synestezyjne w wybranych reklamach internetowych
Get PDFModern advertising, as a dynamic and multifaceted means of communication, employs a variety of techniques and sophisticated methods of persuasion to engage the audience’s senses and elicit the desired responses. One of the more intriguing artistic devices used in advertising is the synaesthetic metaphor. These complex linguistic constructs, which refer to various sensory modalities, offer a unique perspective on the interplay between image and text in the process of advertising communication. This paper introduces a classification of synaesthetic metaphors employed in Polish and Russian online advertisements and analyzes their role in the synergy between image and language on the basis of selected examples.Współczesna reklama, jako dynamiczne i wielowymiarowe medium komunikacji, wykorzystuje różnorodne techniki oraz wyrafinowane metody perswazji, aby oddziaływać na zmysły odbiorcy i wywoływać pożądane reakcje. Jednym z ciekawszych środków artystycznych stosowanych w reklamie jest metafora synestezyjna. Te złożone konstrukcje językowe, odwołujące się do różnych modalności sensorycznych, oferują unikalną perspektywę na relacje między obrazem a tekstem w procesie komunikacji reklamowej. Niniejszy artykuł wprowadza klasyfikację metafor synestezyjnych wykorzystywanych w polskich i rosyjskich reklamach internetowych oraz analizuje na podstawie wybranych przykładów ich rolę w synergii obrazu i języka.Современная реклама, как динамичное и многомерное средство коммуникации, использует разнообразные техники и изощрённые методы убеждения, чтобы воздействовать на чувства получателя и вызывать желаемые реакции. Одним из наиболее интересных художественных средств, применяемых в рекламе, является синестезийная метафора. Эти сложные языковые конструкции, относящиеся к различным сенсорным модальностям, предлагают уникальную перспективу на взаимоотношения между изображением и текстом в процессе рекламной коммуникации. Настоящая статья представляет классификацию синестезийных метафор, используемых в польской и российской интернет-рекламе, а также на основе выбранных примеров анализирует их роль в создании синергии между образом и языком
Student Emotions in Online Foreign Language Instruction
No full textEmotions in educational settings can profoundly influence students’ learning and achievement (Pekrun, 2014). Despite the recent increase in interest in foreign language student emotions, emotions in the field of online education remain underresearched (Kruk & Pawlak, 2022). The global shift to emergency remote teaching in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has drawn researchers’ attention to the emotions experienced by learners whose classes were unexpectedly moved online. Thus far, studies have mainly focused on anxiety, enjoyment, and boredom, while other emotions have not been sufficiently explored. This qualitative study examines the full range of emotions experienced by learners, as well as the factors responsible for those emotions. A total of 218 university learners of English, German, Italian, and French participated in the research. Data were collected via an online questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Participants were found to experience interest, enjoyment, frustration, anxiety, boredom, pride, shame, helplessness, anger, serenity, relief, sadness, and envy. The most frequently mentioned emotion was interest, followed by enjoyment and frustration
Majorca as a Translational Space: Creating and Questioning Identity through Translation
No full textMajorca offers a rare combination of opportunities to develop a study of translation and space. Not only is it a site of rich historical cultural contact, but it is also a present location of contact and tension: between Spanish and Catalan; between distinct forms of Catalan; with the languages spoken by significant economic migrant populations and expatriate communities, and languages represented by large tourist populations. Processes of layering, replacement, addition, and effacement of cultural forms are evident throughout the island, to the point that translation is a condition for creating Majorca’s own cultural identity.
In this article I shall develop Sherry Simon’s search for translation in the urban environment to identify and analyse translational markers on the Mediterranean island of Majorca and its capital Palma, and seek their effects on the island’s communities as well as their sense of identity. I thereby propose “strong” forms of translation to complement the “weak” forms sketched by Simon. These strong forms result from cultural contact to ensure a deeper understanding of cultural identity, and empathy between cultures in our increasingly interconnected world
In Search of Autonomy: Sexuality and the Promise of Liberation in Witold Gombrowicz’s Pornografia and Philip Roth’s Portnoy’s Complaint
No full textAround the launch of the Penguin series Writers from the Other Europe in 1974, Philip Roth’s novels turned to the intersections between sexuality and Jewish-American life with an increased intensity. Roth’s choice to include Witold Gombrowicz in the series invites new perspectives on the representation of collective experience and individual freedom by writers who saw their heritage not only as ill-fated but also fraught. While both authors grapple with the idea of commitment to historically disadvantaged communities, Portnoy’s Complaint and Pornografia spotlight the resistance growing in tandem with the narrators’ sexual awakening. Although writing in politically disparate contexts and almost a decade apart, Roth and Gombrowicz use the theme of sexual desire to question the impact of difficult legacies on contemporary Jewish-American and Polish life, respectively. Ultimately, the novels’ engagement with sexuality speaks to the idea of transgressing one’s foundational ties to create an autonomous self, a question relevant for both the American myth and the vexed issues of national belonging shaped by the legacy of Polish Romanticism. This article argues that Roth and Gombrowicz engage with the theme of sexual desire to create a promise of liberation, which allows them to propel the tension between the individual and the collective. Despite leading to moments of emancipation, the characters’ sexual awakening in Portnoy’s Complaint and Pornografia fails to restore their autonomy, dramatizing the novels’ images of imprisonment within the collectivity through a failed attempt to invent an autonomous self
“Stop Read Listen”: A Review of The Routledge Handbook of Translation and the City, edited by Tong King Lee (Routledge, 2021)
No full textDialogical Ecumenism
No full textEcumenical logics are systems where two logics can coexist, sharing vocabulary and avoiding collapses between them. The literature has focused mainly on ecumenism between classical and intuitionistic logic, and several calculi of Natural Deduction and Sequents have been proposed. In this paper I contribute to this project with a dialogical ecumenical system. This Game utilizes an extension of the intuitionistic structural rules that permits to handle classical disjunctions and conditionals. I show that this is indeed an ecumenical dialogical system, where classical formulas and intuitionistic formulas can be validated without collapses between them, and provide a philosophical defense of its design
Unified Sequent Calculi and Natural Deduction Systems for Until-free Linear-time Temporal Logics
No full textA unified Gentzen-style proof-theoretic framework for until-free propositional linear-time temporal logic and its intuitionistic variant is introduced. The framework unifies Gentzen-style single-succedent sequent calculi and natural deduction systems for both the classical and intuitionistic versions of these temporal logics. Theorems establishing the equivalence between the proposed sequent calculi and natural deduction systems are proved. Furthermore, the cut-elimination theorems for the proposed sequent calculi and the normalization theorems for the proposed natural deduction systems are established
On Involutive Weak Exchange Algebras
No full textIn this paper, involutive weak exchange algebras (for short, involutive WE algebras) are introduced and studied. Their properties and characterizations are investigated. Some important results and examples are given. In particular, it is proven that in involutive WE algebras, the properties (BB), (B), (*), (**) and (Tr) are equivalent. Moreover, involutive BE, involutive GE, involutive pre-BCK and involutive pre-Hilbert algebras are considered, their connections are established. It is shown that involutive WE algebras (respectively, involutive GE algebras) satisfying the commutative property are Wajsberg algebras (respectively, Boolean algebras). Finally, the interrelationships between the classes of involutive algebras considered here are presented