Journals University of Lodz
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Autour de la terminologie de l’argotologie moderne : axiologie de la langue verte
No full textThis article begins by reviewing studies aimed at establishing the terminology of modern slangology, a discipline halfway between lexicology/graphy and sociolinguistics, and concludes that there is a gap in recent work concerning the term langue verte (‘green language’). A hypothesis on the etymology of this expression is presented, based on the analysis of digitised historical documents, which provide new avenues for researchers to explore. A comparison of the definitions of this idiom in historical slang dictionaries, which are often misleading, with an analysis of its current use in an electronic corpus provides an observation on its notional evolution, conditioned by judgements with an axiological component. Our analysis shows that, in writing, the term langue verte, which for a long time carried a pejorative connotation, now offers literary critics an euphemistic use of the term argot.Cet article présente tout d’abord un bilan des études visant à établir la terminologie de la discipline à mi-chemin entre la lexicologie/graphie et la sociolinguistique, l’argotologie moderne, pour arriver à constater une carence dans les travaux récents quant à la notion de langue verte. Une hypothèse sur l’étymologie de ce syntagme, basée sur l’analyse de documents historiques numérisés qui constituent de nouvelles pistes à la portée des chercheurs y est présentée. Ensuite, une confrontation des définitions de cette locution dans les dictionnaires d’argot historiques, souvent fallacieuses, avec une analyse de son utilisation actuelle dans un corpus électronique apporte un constat de l’évolution notionnelle, conditionnée par des jugements à composante axiologique. Notre analyse montre, qu’à l’écrit, le terme langue verte qui a longtemps porté une connotation péjorative, permet aujourd’hui à la critique littéraire un emploi euphémique du terme argot
Les mots de la violence chez les jeunes de banlieue : schémas produits par la domination masculine dans la littérature issue de l’immigration
No full textThe geographical and social disparities that have emerged between city centre and its outskirts have given rise to forms of disorder and revolts referred in media discourse as “urban violence”, attributed to suburban youth. Writers of immigrant origin – Habiba Mahany, Mohamed Razane, Rachid Djaïdani, Zahwa Djennad, and Thomté Ryam – portray this violence as a destructive experience that jeopardises the future of their characters. The sources of violence they explore are diverse, including racism, the marginalisation of immigrants, territorial and reputational tensions, and conflicts between neighbourhoods and authorities. Verbal violence, which is central to this research, manifests in various forms throughout these novels, including sexist insults, racist slurs, and degrading remarks. The intersection of the concept of verbal violence with the question of gender issues allows for a better understanding of identity processes in the suburbs, where masculinity tends to be reduced to virility.Les disparités géographiques et sociales qui se sont créées entre la ville-centre et ses périphéries font naître des formes de désordres et de révoltes désignées, dans les discours médiatiques, par le terme « violences urbaines » et attribuées aux jeunes originaires des banlieues. Les écrivains issus de l’immigration (Habiba Mahany, Mohamed Razane, Rachid Djaïdani, Zahwa Djennad, Thomté Ryam) l’associent à une expérience destructrice qui compromet l’avenir de leurs personnages. Les sources de la violence qu’ils évoquent sont multiples : le racisme, la marginalisation des immigrés, les enjeux de territoire et de réputation, les différends entre les quartiers et les autorités. La violence verbale, qui est au centre de la recherche, se décline sous différents aspects observés dans les romans : injures sexistes, appellations racistes, qualifications humiliantes. Le croisement du concept de violence verbale avec la question de genre permet de mieux comprendre les processus identitaires dans les banlieues où la masculinité tend à se réduire à la virilité
L’espace et le temps dans le théâtre de Matei Vișniec : stratégies d’exploitation dramaturgique
No full textThe theatrical work of Matei Vișniec explores spatio-temporal relationships through a dynamic interplay between the visible (scenic space) and the invisible (extra-scenic space), where objects and locations embody symbolic thresholds between the interior and the exterior. Enclosed spaces contrast with intermediate zones (windows, doors), which materialise aspirations towards an invisible elsewhere. These spatial tensions, amplified by transitional objects imbued with functional and metaphorical duality, reveal alienation and the quest for identity. Meanwhile, the extra-scenic, such as crowds, rats, or carnivals, acts as an elusive collective force, manifesting as grotesque or anonymous phenomena that mirror the contradictions of the human condition.L’œuvre théâtrale de Matei Vișniec explore les rapports spatio-temporels à travers une interaction dynamique entre le visible (espace scénique) et l’invisible (espace extra-scénique), où les objets et les lieux incarnent des seuils symboliques entre intérieur et extérieur. Les espaces clos s’opposent aux zones intermédiaires (fenêtres, portes), qui matérialisent l’aspiration vers un ailleurs invisible. Ces tensions spatiales, amplifiées par des objets transitionnels chargés d’une dualité fonctionnelle et métaphorique, révèlent l’aliénation et la quête d’identité, tandis que l’extra-scénique, comme la foule, les rats, le carnaval, agit comme une force collective insaisissable, manifestations grotesques ou anonymes qui reflètent les contradictions de la condition humaine
« Dernière génération à pouvoir tout changer » – correspondances thématiques et formelles entre les slogans polonais et français tirés de pancartes des jeunes manifestants écologistes
No full textThis article analyses thematic and lexical correspondences between the Polish and French slogans used during youth climate protests. Based on a corpus of 500 slogans per country, collected online between 2018 and 2023, it identifies three types of correspondence: complete, partial, and absence of correspondence. Complete correspondences share lexical and syntactic similarities and express a universal call for environmental change. Partial correspondences share similar themes despite formal differences. The absence of correspondence stems from local issues, untranslatable wordplay, or specific cultural contexts. The study highlights both the cultural specificity of the slogans and global concerns about climate change. It also explores the global and local dimensions of slogan production: global through complete and partial correspondences, and local through culturally rooted mismatches. The research shows how language reflects identity and collective thinking around shared goals.Cet article analyse les correspondances thématiques et lexicales entre les slogans polonais et français utilisés lors des manifestations écologiques des jeunes. À partir d’un corpus de 500 slogans par pays, recueillis en ligne entre 2018 et 2023, trois types de correspondance sont distingués : complète, partielle et absence de correspondance. Les correspondances complètes présentent des similarités lexicales et syntaxiques et expriment des appels universels à l’action environnementale. Les correspondances partielles révèlent des proximités thématiques malgré des différences formelles. L’absence de correspondance résulte d’enjeux locaux, de jeux de mots intraduisibles ou de références culturelles spécifiques. L’étude met en lumière la tension entre dimension mondiale et ancrage local : la mondialité s’exprime dans les correspondances complètes et partielles, tandis que la localité se manifeste dans l’absence de correspondance. Elle souligne ainsi la spécificité linguistique et culturelle des slogans, tout en révélant des préoccupations globales face à la crise climatique
Postrzeganie etnolingwistycznej żywotności języka Mapuche w kontekście szkolnictwa wyższego w Chile
No full textThis article is focused on perceptions of the ethnolinguistic vitality of the Mapuche language in the context of higher education in Chile. Data obtained during a questionnaire survey distributed online and face-to-face among students of two private higher education institutions located in Temuco and Valdivia (n = 175) were processed using Pearson’s chi-square analysis and Cramer\u27s V coefficient. Furthermore, factor analysis was applied to the full set of statements. The views on Mapuche language, specifically its status, were found to be different between university students. The major congruence was observed in terms of teaching Mapudungun in schools. Regarding the representation of Mapudungun in Chilean media, a statistically unprovable difference in responses was found, and there was agreement in opinions between the respondents of both groups. Based on the methods applied, it was possible to confirm the hypothesis that perceptions of the Mapuche language and ethnicity are influenced by views on the status and inclusion of the ethnic group within society.Niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na postrzeganiu etnolingwistycznej żywotności języka Mapuche w kontekście szkolnictwa wyższego w Chile. Dane uzyskane podczas badania kwestionariuszowego rozpowszechnianego online i bezpośrednio wśród studentów dwóch prywatnych instytucji szkolnictwa wyższego zlokalizowanych w Temuco i Valdivia (n = 175) zostały przetworzone przy użyciu analizy chi-kwadrat Pearsona i współczynnika V Cramera. Ponadto do pełnego zestawu pytań z kwestionariusza zastosowano analizę czynnikową. Stwierdzono, że poglądy na temat języka Mapuche, w szczególności jego statusu, różniły się wśród studentów uniwersytetów. Największą zgodność zaobserwowano w odniesieniu do nauczania Mapudungun w szkołach. Jeśli chodzi o reprezentację Mapudungun w chilijskich mediach, stwierdzono statystycznie niemożliwą do udowodnienia różnicę w odpowiedziach, a opinie respondentów z obu grup były zgodne. Na podstawie zastosowanych metod możliwe było potwierdzenie hipotezy, że na postrzeganie języka i pochodzenia etnicznego Mapuczów wpływają poglądy na status i integrację grupy etnicznej w społeczeństwie
Wpływ zanieczyszczenia środowiska na (dobro)stan psychofizyczny mieszkańców Jalisco w Meksyku. Antropologiczne studium przypadku
No full textThe aim of this article is to present the changes taking place in the ecosystem and their impact on the psycho-physical well-being of the inhabitants of Jalisco, considering their perceptions of the indicated transformations. In this article, I take a closer look at selected concepts of health, well-being and illness, and analyze specific cases of environmental pollution in Mexico. I then confront the found sources with the statements of the interviewees who presented their perspectives on the aforementioned topics. At the same time, I try to take into account the cultural meaning of the concepts indicated, which may or may not coincide with their biomedical definition. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zmian zachodzących w ekosystemie i ich wpływu na dobrostan psychofizyczny mieszkańców Jalisco, uwzględniając ich postrzeganie wskazanych przeobrażeń. W niniejszym artykule przyglądam się bliżej wybranym koncepcjom zdrowia, dobrostanu oraz choroby, a także analizuję specyficzne przypadki zanieczyszczania środowiska w Meksyku. Następnie konfrontuję źródła zastane z wypowiedziami rozmówców, którzy prezentowali swoją perspektywę na wyżej wymienione tematy. Równocześnie staram się uwzględnić kulturowe znaczenia wskazanych pojęć, które mogą – ale nie muszą – pokrywać się z ich biomedycznymi definicjami
Bécquer y el simbolismo de José María Eguren
No full textCritics have pointed out that Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer’s Rimas left their mark on the works of José María Eguren (Lima, 1874-1942), who read it during his formative years. This article analyzes the modes and implications of said imprint. It examines the parallels in the ideas of both authors, and the marks of the work of the Sevillian in the compositional guidelines and in the characteristic vagueness of Eguren. Therefore, it is explained how this imprint intervened in the formation of the sensitivity and style of the Lima author, and was decisive in his assimilation of the symbolist aesthetics. That is, how Eguren found in certain points of Bécquer’s poetics a known way in his mother language to extrapolate elements of French symbolism.La crítica ha señalado que las Rimas de Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer dejaron huella en la obra de José María Eguren (Lima, 1874-1942), quien lo leyó en su etapa formativa. El presente artículo analiza los modos e implicancias de dicha impronta. Se examinan los paralelos en los idearios de ambos autores, y las marcas de la obra del sevillano en las pautas compositivas y en la vaguedad característica de Eguren. En consecuencia, se explica cómo dicha lección intervino en la formación de la sensibilidad y del estilo del autor limeño, y fue determinante en su asimilación de la estética simbolista. Es decir, cómo Eguren halló en ciertos puntos de la poética de Bécquer una vía conocida en su lengua materna para extrapolar elementos del simbolismo francés
Zasada zdolności do świadczenia podatkowego w świetle wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w sprawie K 21/14
No full textIn this article, the author examines the constitutional limits of taxing power in light of the ability-to-pay principle and the protection of human dignity, with particular reference to the Constitutional Tribunal’s judgment of 28 October 2015, case K 21/14 which articulated the duty to ensure non-taxation of the subsistence minimum and to provide mechanisms for making that guarantee effective in practice (including indexation). The author presents the structural elements of personal income tax (the rate schedule, tax-reduction amount/tax-free allowance, tax-deductible costs, aggregation or separation of income sources, and loss-offset rules) and argues that the effective protection of the subsistence minimum requires an assessment of the total tax burden rather than of the parameters of the rate-schedule “segment” alone. The coexistence of distinct regimes (general progressive taxation under the scale, the flatrate regime, and the lump-sum regime) produces inconsistencies in the reach of protective instruments and may undermine the guarantee function of the subsistence minimum. On this basis, the author formulates de lege ferenda proposals concerning the following: the introduction of a universal tax credit that would perform the function of a “tax-free allowance” across all income sources; the adoption of limited cross-basket aggregation or, alternatively, a uniform, source-neutral income threshold protected from taxation; allowance for partial cross-basket loss offset at least up to the level of the subsistence minimum; and the implementation of automatic indexation of relevant parameters. The proposed directions are intended to restore systemic coherence and conformity with the axiological framework of Articles 2, 30 and 84 of the Polish Constitution, as invoked by the Constitutional Tribunal in case K 21/14.Autorka poddaje w artykule analizie konstytucyjne granice władztwa daninowego w świetle zasad zdolności płatniczej oraz ochrony godności człowieka, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 28 października 2015 r., sygn. K 21/14, który nakreślił obowiązek zapewnienia nieopodatkowania minimum egzystencji oraz mechanizmów jego urealniania. Autorka prezentuje konstrukcyjne elementy podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych (skala, kwota zmniejszająca podatek/kwota wolna od opodatkowania, koszty uzyskania przychodów, łączenie bądź separacja źródeł, kompensata strat) i wskazuje, że realna ochrona minimum egzystencji wymaga oceny całkowitego obciążenia, a nie tylko parametrów „segmentu” skali podatkowej. Zróżnicowanie reżimów (opodatkowanie na zasadach ogólnych według skali, podatek liniowy, ryczałt) prowadzi do niespójności w zakresie zastosowania instrumentów ochronnych i może niweczyć funkcję gwarancyjną minimum egzystencji. Na tej podstawie formułuje wnioski de lege ferenda dotyczące wprowadzenia uniwersalnego kredytu podatkowego pełniącego funkcję „kwoty wolnej” we wszystkich źródłach dochodów, ograniczonej agregacji lub jednolitego, niezależnego od źródła przychodów progu dochodu objętego ochroną, częściowej kompensaty strat między segmentami co najmniej do wysokości minimum egzystencji oraz automatycznej waloryzacji parametrów. Proponowane kierunki mają przywrócić spójność systemową i zgodność z aksjologią art. 2, 30 i 84 Konstytucji, do której nawiązuje TK w wyroku K 21/14
Dynamics of Growth in 9–14-year-old Bulgarian Boys and Girls
No full textThe physical development of the human body is used as an objective indicator of the health status and work capability of the population. Height and weight are the main anthropometric traits which vary and change significantly during the growth period and are used as a base for the development of anthropometric standards at different ages. The aim of this study is to assess the basic anthropometric traits in adolescent boys and girls in Bulgaria in order to establish age- and sex-specific variation in growth. During the period 2016–2018, a transversal anthropometric study in five secondary schools in Sofia, Bulgaria was conducted. A total of 424 adolescents (211 boys and 213 girls) aged 9 to 14 years were studied. Anthropometric measurements were performed according to the classic 1957 methodology of Martin-Saller. Statistically significant sex differences (p<0.05) were indicated for height and weight in the age periods: 10–11 years, with priority for girls and 13–14 years, with priority for boys. Age-related differences (p<0.001) in the age period 9–14 years were also observed. Physical development of adolescent Bulgarian students follows the general trends of the postnatal ontogenesis, reflected in increasing the sizes of anthropometric features highlighted in 10–11-year-olds girls and 13–14-year-olds boys. These new data for height, weight, and BMI in 9–14-year-old Bulgarian students might be a practical addition in the pediatric practice of monitoring of children’s health
Predicting Prosociality in Primates: Socio-Ecological Influences and a Framework of Inter-Brain Neural Synchronization
No full textProsocial co-operation is critical for evolution and survival on Earth and has crucially shaped the development of Homo sapiens. Inter-brain neural synchronization (IBNS) has been shown to enhance prosocial co-operation in mammals and avians. The selection pressures which led to the development of IBNS throughout primate evolution are currently unknown. This paper aims to expand the understanding of IBNS in non-human primates by reviewing the literature on various primate populations that display prosocial behaviors that could correlate with IBNS. Binary logit modelling using machine learning methods was applied to social, ecological, morphological, and biological (SEMB) variables correlated with prosocial behaviors to obtain probabilities of prosociality. Our results suggest that select SEMB variables such as daily socialisation, food-sharing and hierarchy structure are strong predictors of prosocial behaviors in primates. We provide a framework that offers testable hypotheses for the existence of IBNS in primates based on the correlations between SEMB variables and prosocial behaviors. We also offer ideas of the ecological/behavioral forces that may correlate with neural activation patterns of primate IBNS. Through comparison to Homo sapiens models, these findings suggest IBNS in primates may exist beyond cercopithecids and may be evoked by similar socio-ecological contexts. However, some key neurological distinctions between the two groups exist, influencing which distinct patterns of behavior may evoke IBNS (relative to their socio-ecological context)