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The International Court of Justice and Clean Hands Doctrine: Shifting Approach With Reference to the Certain Iranian Assets Case
Get PDFStates have often invoked the clean hands doctrine (CHD) before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The prevailing practice among States is to invoke the CHD with the purpose of deeming the assertions of the opposing State as impermissible or challenging the jurisdiction of the court. While the ICJ has constantly refused to uphold any argument based on the CHD, there are judges whose individual opinions have upheld the validity of the CHD. A common trend that is witnessed in cases where the courts have agreed or rejected the applicability of the CHD is when the application is not based on any set parameters. There is no conclusive test for the application of the CHD. Moreover, the validity of the CHD is also questioned as it allows a State to commit internationally wrongful acts without any responsibility attached. This paper tries to give a new understanding of the CHD by laying down a concrete set of parameters that the ICJ should consider. It does so by taking into consideration the standards suggested for applying the CHD in the Certain Iranian Assets Case. Additionally, the paper explains why the application of the CHD is essential to uphold and respect the principles of State responsibility. It is thereafter concluded that since the traditional understanding of the CHD limited its application to the preliminary phase, the CHD needs to be shifted to the merits phase in light of the contours suggested by the authors. It should be noted that the paper is limited to the discussion of a test for the CHD and does not delve into the status or legality of the CHD on an international level
Interior Fragments
Get PDFThe critical role of fragments in spatial discourse stems from the complex relationship between fragment and whole. The paradox of fragments offers a deeper understanding of how our architecture, interior, and urban systems are constructed by the presence of fragments and whole and, more importantly, by their interrelationship. Understanding fragments is more than just understanding them as independent spatial entities; it establishes knowledge of how fragments are constructed, connected, and negotiated. This issue of Interiority presents a collection of inquiries on fragments within various everyday interior contexts and representations, demonstrating the emergence of spatialities that celebrate interconnection possibilities beyond the independent parts. The articles in this issue present inquiries into fragments, demonstrating the role of fragments in constructing relationships, building narratives and layers of interconnections, and establishing deeper meanings in various interior phenomena and representational media
Praktik Mindfulness pada Dewasa Awal Menggunakan Gantungan Kunci “Mindkey”
Get PDFThe high level of psychological issues faced by young adults in Indonesia is a pressing problem that needs immediate attention, as it can impact an individual\u27s life satisfaction. The strategy employed in this PKM (Student Creativity Program) is mindfulness practice using a keychain. The keychain, designed for a week-long mindfulness practice, is named Mindkey. The implementation of this PKM involved four stages: preparation, execution, realization, and evaluation. The execution stage involved 213 young adult participants to select the final design of the Mindkey product from three available designs: one created by the PKM Team, one by a freelance design service, and one generated by AI (Midjourney). Participants also validated that the design and affirmation phrases on the Mindkey keychain were effective in motivating young adults to practice mindfulness. The selected design was produced by a trusted vendor and distributed to partners in need
Determinants of Teenage Pregnancy in Tanzania
No full textTeenage pregnancies are among the leading public health problems in Tanzania. This was linked to limited education, socioeconomic disparities, cultural barriers, and inadequate access to healthcare centers. Thus, this study aims to explore the prevalence and predictors of teenage pregnancy among adolescent women using data from the 2022-2023 Tanzanian Demographic Health Survey (TDHS). The research design employed a cross-sectional approach and utilized TDHS data. The population for this study was female adolescents, while the sample was 7,545 adolescent women aged 15-24 years. Predictor variables were education level, socioeconomic status, place of residence, employment status, and lifestyle factors, including alcohol consumption and smoking status. Logistic regression analyses were performed. The results of this study found that alcohol consumption was the highest risk factor that contributed to teen pregnancy, as teenage drinkers were found to have significantly higher odds of becoming pregnant (aOR=2.21). Also, economic status was found to further elevate the risk of teen pregnancy in that adolescents from families of lower socioeconomic status were more susceptible to the harmful effects of alcohol consumption (aOR=1.64). Rural residence was also significantly associated with odds for adolescent pregnancy, indicating the need for strengthened interventions among rural youth. The significance of pluralistic policies to reduce alcohol consumption, improve education and reproductive health care, and resolve the socio-economic problems among adolescents, particularly in disadvantaged and rural areas
Acceptability of The Proposed Congestion Charging System in The Central Business District of Baguio City, Philippines
No full textThe City Government of Baguio is proposing a congestion charging system in the Central Business District (CBD) to address the ongoing issue of traffic congestion in the city. Although it is an effective tool, low public acceptability hinders its implementation. This study aims to assess Baguio City residents\u27 acceptability regarding the CBD\u27s congestion charging system. Specifically, it seeks to (1) identify the factors that influence residents’ acceptability of the proposed system, (2) evaluate whether there is a significant difference in acceptability across different road users (private vehicles, public transportation, cycling, and walking), and (3) provide recommendations for transportation policy planning in the CBD of Baguio City. The study employed an exploratory sequential design, using key informant interviews with four government officials and a perception survey involving 107 city residents. Survey results indicate that the proposed scheme is slightly unacceptable. Factors such as lack of information and awareness and perceived ineffectiveness reduce acceptability; however, revenue allocation may contribute to increased acceptance. Moreover, regardless of the mode of transportation, there is no significant difference in the level of acceptability or its influencing factors. Based on the low acceptability of the proposed system, the study recommends several transportation policy measures for the CBD of Baguio City: (1) policy packaging, (2) deployment of a pilot congestion charge, and (3) efforts to build public support through improved information and education campaigns, the establishment of information desks in barangays, and transparency in revenue allocation and management
Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Nypa fruticans for Coating Metformin on Zn-Based Metal-Organic Framework Nanohybrid as a Bionanocomposite Drug Delivery System
No full textDiabetes is a common and rapidly spreading disease that affects 6.6% of the world’s population. Metformin hydrochloride (HCl) is an effective oral pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients because of its capability to reduce glucose levels and the risk of hypoglycaemia. However, gastrointestinal sensitivities to this drug can cause diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and stomach ache. An alternative is controlled release technology by coating metformin with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and zinc-metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF) through the encapsulation method. Therefore, this study aimed to coat metformin formulations using CMC in a Zn-MOF to control release into the body and minimise the side effects related to doses. The results showed that CMC/metformin@Zn-MOF encapsulation had a controlled blood sugar lowering effect and stable healing effectiveness even at a low concentration of 1:10 of local metformin. In vitro, the released concentrations from local metformin tablets and CMC/Metformin@Zn-MOF were 199.50 ppm of 500 ppm and 42.182 ppm of 50 ppm, with release percentages of 39.90% and 84.364%, respectively. This study found that metformin masking using CMC and Zn-MOF maximally produced a modified release formula along the intestine by reducing the concentration to increase tolerability in lowering blood sugar effectively for T2DM patients with minimal side effects
Removal of heavy metals from motorcycle washing wastewater using a zeolite-embedded sheet
No full textThe increased use of motorcycles for transportation has heightened environmental challenges related to their washing, particularly the discharge of untreated wastewater containing heavy metals, such as copper (Cu) and lead (Pb), into drainage systems. This study explored the effectiveness of zeolite-embedded sheets (ZESs) in the removal of these pollutants from motorcycle washing wastewater. ZESs were prepared through treatment of nonwoven sheets with Linder Type A (LTA Zeolite) powder and heat treatment, washing, and drying. Characterization was performed via scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Over a 60 min adsorption period, the ZES achieved removal efficiencies of 40% for Cu after 30 min and 70% for Pb after 60 min. The results confirm that ZESs are a promising adsorbent for heavy-metal remediation and particularly effective for lead removal in motorcycle washing wastewater
ENHANCING PARTICIPATION IN INDONESIA\u27S ISLAMIC CAPITAL MARKET: EXPLORING TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE, SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS, AND ISLAMIC FINANCIAL LITERACY
No full textBackground: This research aims to examine the factors influencing Indonesian Muslims\u27 intention to invest in the Islamic capital market by synthesizing three theoretical frameworks: the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and Islamic Financial Literacy (IFL). Methods: The study utilizes a sample of 250 participants with previous experience in Islamic investment, employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for hypothesis testing and model evaluation. Findings: The findings indicate that perceived convenience substantially influenced perceived usefulness and ease of use. Moreover, perceived usefulness, Islamic financial literacy, and past behavior significantly and positively affect investment attitudes, which subsequently influences the intention to employ Islamic capital market instruments. Notably, subjective norms, perceived ease of use, and perceived behavioral control do not significantly influence attitudes, indicating that individual experiences and perceived value is more crucial than social and control-related factors in determining investment decisions. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the necessity for stakeholder initiatives, especially in financial education and digital service optimization, to improve Muslim investor engagement, and highlights the importance of user experience and perceived value. Novelty/Originality of this article: This research enhances the literature by presenting a comprehensive and integrated model encompassing cognitive, affective, and behavioral components, while also introducing a higher-order construct approach for measuring Islamic financial literacy. It offers strategic insights for creating inclusive and effective Sharia-compliant investment ecosystems in Indonesi
Indikator Perjanjian Pinjam Nama (Nominee Agreement) dalam Kepemilikan Perseroan Terbatas berdasarkan Hukum Indonesia dan Thailand
No full textThis research analyses how nominee agreements in share ownership can be identified to strengthen enforcement of the prohibition against such agreements in Indonesia, through a comparative study of regulations and court decisions in Indonesia and Thailand. Using doctrinal legal research with a descriptive-prescriptive approach, the study compares relevant regulations and practices in Indonesia and Thailand. A nominee agreement separates legal ownership from beneficial ownership, where the registered shareholder is different from the actual beneficiary entitled to the economic benefits. Although prohibited under Indonesian law, enforcement is weak due to difficulties in proving their existence. Thailand also prohibits nominee arrangements, especially those intended to circumvent legal restrictions, and demonstrates more effective enforcement through clearer prohibitions, active regulatory measures, and identifiable indicators. To improve enforcement in Indonesia, the study recommends amending Article 33(1) of the Investment Law (UUPM), strengthening BKPM’s authority, and establishing identification indicators by BKPM and the Supreme Court. These indicators should reflect key features such as control over shares and directors, funding sources, the financial capability of local shareholders, and dividend flows.
Keywords: Nominee agreement; limited liability company; share
VAR ANALYSIS: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NON-PERFORMING LOAN, HOUSING PRICE, ECONOMIC INDICATORS, AND MORTGAGE
No full textBackground: The economic crisis from 2008 to 2009 was due to the collapse of the housing price bubble, which increased the default rate or non-performing loans of mortgages. Much research on non-performing loans compared to property price and economic indicators has been done in other countries, but not in Indonesia. This research is modified to suit the housing market in Indonesia, aiming to investigate causality relationships between non-performing loans, residential property price index, gross domestic product, mortgages, and credit interest rates. It also analyzes the impulse response function and variance decomposition of each variable, focusing on non-performing loans to show the effect of shocks from other variables. Methods: The study uses a vector autoregression model. Findings: The result shows that there are causality relationships between non-performing loans, residential property price index, gross domestic product, mortgages, and credit interest rates. Furthermore, compared to the normal period, in a crisis period, no specific trend is found from the decomposition of all variables to the non-performing loans. Conclusion: This research also shows that monetary and fiscal policies from the government can affect non-performing loans and mortgages. The increase in house prices by the property firm must be applied carefully to avoid a negative effect on the economy. Novelty/Originality of this article: This research is specifically adapted to the housing market in Indonesia, addressing a gap in previous studies. It also provides detailed analysis of impulse response function and variance decomposition focused on non-performing loans