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Perbandingan Hukum Kerugian Immateriil di Indonesia dan Non-Pecuniary Loss di Amerika Serikat Dalam Kasus Wanprestasi
No full textIndonesia adopts a civil law system, with statutory law as its primary source of law. However, the issue of immaterial loss in breach of contract cases remains unregulated under the Indonesia Civil Code. This regulatory gap has led to a subjective approach by judges in handling such cases, resulting in legal uncertainty reflected in inconsistent judicial decisions. In contrast, the United States, both in its common law and civil law states, has developed established standards to determine whether non-pecuniary damages may be awarded in breach of contract cases. This research compares the treatment of immaterial loss in Indonesian contract law and non-pecuniary loss in the United States contract law. The objective is to provide an overview of how non-pecuniary damages are addressed in the United States and to explore how these regulatory frameworks might be adopted in Indonesia. This research adopts a comparative legal approach
Gugatan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Pasca Perceraian Untuk Kompensasi Kerugian Akibat Perselingkuhan (Studi Putusan-Putusan di Indonesia)
No full textThis thesis analyzes the application of Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) in tort claims to sue third parties in marriage for damages, based on Decisions No. 11/Pdt.G/2021/PN Cjr, 688/Pdt.G/2014/PN Tng, and 15/Pdt.G/2024/PN Pbg. Theoretically, Article 1365 provides a strong legal basis for such claims, as infidelity is considered a violation of moral norms and may cause material and immaterial harm to the betrayed spouse. However, its practical implementation faces significant obstacles. The decisions analyzed reveal difficulties in proving the claims, invalid electronic evidence, and formal defects such as lack of parties and obscuur libel. Furthermore, there is no explicit legal provision in Indonesia that categorizes infidelity as a tort, leading judges to adopt a cautious approach in interpreting moral norms as part of unlawful acts. As a result, although a legal avenue for damages is open, realizing such claims in infidelity cases remains difficult. The success of tort claims against third parties heavily depends on the claimant’s ability to meet evidentiary and procedural requirements. This gap between theory and practice highlights the urgency of drafting more precise claims that meet formal standards and allow for substantive judicial examination
Gender Equality and Social Capital Empowerment of Rural Women
No full textThis study explores the role of social capital in empowering rural women, focusing on how social networks, trust, and community norms contribute to gender equality and women\u27s decision-making. Despite the recognition of gender equality as a fundamental right, rural women continue to face structural barriers that limit their access to resources and opportunities. By examining the interaction between social capital and women\u27s empowerment, this research aims to fill the gap in understanding the mechanisms that support women\u27s empowerment in rural areas. The research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing in-depth interviews with 30 women from various villages in Indonesia, complemented by secondary data from empowerment program reports. Key findings reveal that strong social networks, trust within the community, and supportive relationships are essential for enhancing women\u27s empowerment, enabling them to actively participate in decision-making and community change. This study highlights the importance of integrating social capital into empowerment strategies, ensuring that rural women gain greater access to resources and opportunities, which are crucial for achieving gender equality. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners to design more effective empowerment programs tailored to rural communities
ALTERNATIVE VAT POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE MENSTRUAL PRODUCTS IN INDONESIA
No full textBackground: Sustainable menstrual products currently face the same VAT rate as conventional products, making them less affordable and slowing their adoption. This price gap drives consumers toward cheaper disposable alternatives, increasing non-recyclable waste and environmental risks. Addressing this imbalance is essential to advancing sustainability and menstrual equity. Method: This study conducted in-depth interviews with officials from the Directorate General of Taxes, the Fiscal Policy Agency, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, academicians, and a sustainable product manufacturer. Data were analyzed using the Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) framework to evaluate four VAT policy alternatives: normal VAT, VAT exemption, non-collected VAT, and VAT on a certain amount. Findings: The non-collected VAT option provides the greatest overall benefit for both the public and industry. It enhances affordability, encourages the adoption of sustainable menstrual products, and reduces environmental burdens. Conclusion: A non-collected VAT policy is crucial for expanding access, supporting environmental objectives, and strengthening gender-responsive fiscal policy. Effective implementation requires coordinated planning and continuous monitoring. Novelty/Originality: This study is among the first to assess VAT options for sustainable menstrual products using an RIA approach, integrating fiscal reform, environmental sustainability, and gender-sensitive budgeting
Risk Assessment of Salmonella spp. Exposure Among Chicken Farm Workers in Phatthalung Province, Southern Thailand
No full textThis study examined the risk of Salmonella spp. exposure among chicken farm workers by evaluating occupational health management practices. The probability of exposure was determined by assessing the number of contamination points. Sampling for Salmonella spp. contamination was conducted at 7 and 45 days of chicken batches across five areas, alongside evaluation of worker behaviors to assess exposure risk. Three of the 12 large closed-system farms, each housing \u3e10,000 chickens, were selected. Results indicated that boots were the most contaminated items. Workers generally adhered to habitual boot-wearing, which reduced the risk of exposure. Moderate levels of workers\u27 exposure prevention practices, combined with good farm environmental management, resulted in low contamination levels. Reducing Salmonella spp. accumulation was therefore crucial for minimizing contamination. In brief, the chicken farm workers in Phatthalung face measurable risks of Salmonella spp. Exposure reduction, strengthening occupational health management, and improving workplace practices are essential to mitigating these risks and protecting both farm workers and the broader community
Analysis of Public Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Food and Drug Selection in Indonesia
No full textAs consumers, the public plays a vital role in ensuring the safe and appropriate use of products. This study aimed to assess awareness of food and drug safety and quality among the Indonesian population. Using a cross-sectional survey, the authors measured public awareness across three key dimensions: knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Data were collected from 20,610 respondents aged 17–65 years from 34 provinces in Indonesia. The survey approach employed a three-stage stratified sampling design. Data were collected through structured face-to-face interviews, and the results were presented as an index ranging from 0 to 100 (low to high awareness). The respondents demonstrated good knowledge (92.85), attitudes (90.46), and practices (80.97). The average overall Awareness Index was 88.09. The authors observed significant variations by region, age, education, and occupation, but not by sex. The gap between knowledge and attitudes, and practices can be regarded as a public health concern. Awareness of food and drug safety and quality that does not manifest in behavioral practices does not protect consumers from harm
Can ESG Reduce Credit Risk? An Empirical Investigation Across ASEAN-5 Markets
No full textBased on stakeholder theory and signaling theory, companies with strong ESG performance send signals to various stakeholders, thus building trust and influencing better credit risk evaluation. This study empirically examines the effect of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance on the credit risk of non-financial public companies in ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) over the period 2019-2023. Corporate credit risk is measured using 2 main approaches: the accounting-based and market-based models. Merton\u27s KMV model calculates the probability of default (PD) using a market-based approach. In contrast, the Altman Z-Score predicts bankruptcy risk based on financial ratios in the accounting-based approach, providing a solid framework for evaluating credit risk. These findings suggest that environmental sustainability and good governance are the main factors that drive the reduction of credit risk in ASEAN-5. It has different implications from previous research on social initiatives that do not reflect credit risk
Analisis Perbandingan Biaya dan Penggunaan Obat Antara Pasien BPJS Kesehatan dan Non-BPJS Kesehatan Periode Januari-Desember 2022 di Klinik Pratama X Kota Bandung
No full textPrimary healthcare facilities may have two sources of drug funding: capitation funds for drugs prescribed to patients under the Social Security Administering Agency (BPJS Kesehatan), and out-of-pocket payments from non-BPJS Kesehatan patients. Analyzing drug utilization patterns and financing is essential to ensure the efficient use of these funding sources. This study aims to analyze drug costs and utilization among BPJS Kesehatan patients compared to non-BPJS Kesehatan patients at Primary Clinic X in Bandung City from January to December 2022.This study used a retrospective cross-sectional design with data collected from electronic medical records and pharmacy transactions. Descriptive analysis was employed to compare the number and cost of prescriptions. In contrast, inferential analysis (t-test and ANOVA) was used to assess differences in drug costs across patient occupational groups. Of 6,846 patients, 1,964 were BPJS Kesehatan participants and 4,882 were non-BPJS Kesehatan patients. More drugs were prescribed to non-BPJS Kesehatan patients, but the average cost per prescription was higher among BPJS Kesehatan patients (Rp37,424.23 vs. Rp 32,341.87; p= 0.003). The average monthly proportion of capitation funds used for drugs was 27.89%. The retiree group had the highest average prescription cost (Rp56,337), while students had the lowest (Rp28,078), with significant differences among occupational categories (p\u3c 0.05). At the study site, the average drug cost for BPJS Kesehatan patients was higher than for non-BPJS Kesehatan patients due to the dominance of elderly patients with chronic diseases. These findings highlight the impact of an aging population and rising chronic disease prevalence on increased drug costs, which pose a challenge for capitation fund management
Hubungan Alignment Knee Joint terhadap Kecepatan Berlari pada Anak Usia 4-6 Tahun
No full textAlignment Knee joint alignment is a critical component in the biomechanical analysis of the body, particularly in locomotor activities such as running. Imbalance or malalignment in the knee joint can disrupt movement patterns and increase the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. In pediatric physiotherapy, early identification of lower limb posture is essential to support optimal gross motor development. This study aims to examine the relationship between knee joint alignment and running speed in children aged 4–6 years. A crosssectional design was used, involving 45 children who met the inclusion criteria. Measurement of knee alignment was performed using a goniometer to assess the quadriceps angle (Q-angle), and running speed was evaluated using a 20-meter sprint test. Statistical analysis with Spearman’s correlation revealed a significant relationship (p=0.012; r=0.373). These findings indicate that better knee joint alignment is associated with faster running speed in young children. This study underscores the importance of biomechanical evaluation in physiotherapy interventions for early childhood development