Ehime University Institutional Repository

中曽, 久雄

Japanese

アメリカ軍におけるDon't Ask, Don't Tell政策の撤廃への道程(2)

安積, 京子

存続の岐路に立つ日本の音楽高等学校の課題と対応策 : 募集停止校11校の事例研究を通して

立松, 大祐

池野, 修

河野, 圭美

河野, 操

濵田, 眞基子

論理的思考力と表現力の育成を目指す英語授業の展開 : パフォーマンス課題の充実から考える授業改善

川瀬, 久美子

2015年7月9日豪雨によって松山市で発生した水害の特徴と土地利用変化の関係

大西, 義浩

川田, 和男

山本, 透

IoTの発展に対する中学校技術家庭科技術分野と高等学校工業科における計測制御関連内容の一考察

川岡, 勉

日本中世の巡礼・寺社参詣と地域権力

愛媛大学図書館

2015年度版愛媛大学図書館年報 : あゆみ

Ehime University (愛媛大学)博士(工学)doctoral thesi

SUDARSONO

 
 
学 位 論 文 要 旨 
Dissertation Summary 
 
氏   名 (Name) SUDARSONO 
論 文 名 ：Fatigue Behavior of CFRP Laminates with Initially Cut Fibers  
(Dissertation Title)  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Recently, carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) have been widely applied to 
primary structure in the fields of transportation (aircraft and automobiles) and other fields as 
alternate materials of metals because a large fuel saving becomes possible by making 
structures light. When CFRP laminates are employed in automobiles structures, these 
components are frequently subjected to cyclic loads and vibrations, which may cause 
degradation of structural integrity because of fatigue damage. Thus, it is important to 
investigate the fatigue characteristics of CFRP laminates. 
In addition, for design requirements and functional needs, an automobile is composed 
of many complexly shaped components. In general, it is quite difficult to fabricate such 
components using only conventional CFRP prepreg with continuous fiber owing to its poor 
formability. In contrast, discontinuous fiber-reinforced plastics fabricated by sheet molding 
compound (SMC) or injection molding have already been used as automotive parts since 
they have good molding flowability. However, their strength is much lower than that of 
composites reinforced with continuous fiber. Therefore, a new material, called 
unidirectionally arrayed chopped strands, was developed by introducing initially cut fibers 
(ICFs) into CFRP prepreg. The strength and uniformity of layer structure of the ICF 
laminate were found to be superior to those of SMCs. CFRP laminates with ICFs have good 
formability without large degradation of static strength, however, their fatigue behavior has 
not thoroughly been investigated thus far.  
In this dissertation, first, fatigue behavior and damage progress of open-holed CFRP 
laminates with ICFs having interlayers are investigated. Three types of CFRP laminates 
were employed; a laminate without ICF fabricated using an autoclave (Continuous-A), a 
laminate with ICF fabricated using an autoclave (ICF-A) and a laminate with ICF fabricated 
using press molding (ICF-P). First, fatigue test was conducted to obtain S (maximum 
 
 
stress)-N (the number of cycles to failure) curves in order to reveal fatigue strength. The 
fatigue tests for several specimens were interrupted at three prescribed numbers of cycles to 
observe damage progress. It is found that the Continuous-A laminate shows little strength 
degradation in the S-N curve by approximately 5 % at N of 106 while the fatigue strength of 
the ICF-P laminate is higher than that of the ICF-A laminate. Fatigue strength in both ICF 
laminates is decreased by approximately 30 % at N of 106. In contrast, the damage progress 
of the ICF-P laminate is the least among the three laminates while the delamination progress 
at both edges and around the hole in the Continuous-A laminate is the most prominent. 
Second, the effects of fiber cutting angle on the fatigue behavior of open-holed CFRP 
laminates with ICFs are also investigated. Three kinds of fiber cutting angles ( = 22.5, 45, 
and 90) were applied to two types of quasi-isotropic ICF laminates; ICF-A and ICF-P. 
First, fatigue tests were conducted to obtain S-N curves in order to reveal fatigue strength. 
The fatigue tests of one specimen for each configuration were interrupted at three 
prescribed numbers of cycles to observe damage progress. Finally, a semi-empirical 
equation was proposed to predict delamination area just before the final failure against 
normalized applied stress. It is found from the experiment result that the fatigue strength in 
both laminates is the highest when the  is the smallest (22.5) although the static strength 
is the highest when the  is 90. In contrast, both laminates with the biggest  (90) exhibit 
the greatest delamination growth around the hole by cyclic loading.    
Finally, fatigue behavior and damage progress of non-holed CFRP laminates with ICFs 
having interlayers are also investigated. Three types of CFRP laminates were employed; 
Continuous-A, ICF-A and ICF-P. First, fatigue test was conducted to obtain S -N curves in 
order to reveal fatigue strength. The fatigue tests for several specimens were interrupted at 
three prescribed numbers of cycles to observe damage progress. The results obtained from 
the fatigue test and damage progress observation of non-holed CFRP laminates indicated 
that the fatigue strength of the Continuous-A laminate is the highest among the three 
laminates while the fatigue strength of the ICF-P laminate is higher than that of the ICF-A 
laminate. However, the decrease ratio of fatigue strength at N of 106 is about 35% of its 
static strength, which is almost the same in the three laminates. In addition, the degree of 
damage in the ICF-P laminate is the smallest among the three laminates while the increase 
rate of the crack density and edge delamination is the greatest in the ICF-A laminate with 
thicker plies. 
In conclusion, comparing the two ICF laminates in this study, it concluded that the 
fatigue strength of the ICF-P laminate in both open-holed and non-holed specimens had the 
greater fatigue strength compared to the ICF-A laminate. In addition, the fatigue damage 
progress in the ICF-P laminate is smaller than ICF-A laminate. Moreover, the ICF-P 
laminate with the smallest  (22.5) exhibited the greatest fatigue strength, while the ICF-A 
laminates with the largest  (90) exhibited the greatest delamination growth around the 
hole in open-holed specimens.    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


English

Fatigue Behavior of CFRP Laminates with Initially Cut Fibers

DEEPAK, BIKRAM THAPA CHHETRI

（第３号様式）(Form No. 3) 
学 位 論 文 要 旨  
Dissertation Summary 
氏   名 (Name) Deepak Bikram Thapa Chhetri 
論 文 名：静止気象衛星の日射量データと地上観測データを用いた局地気候に関す
  る研究 
(Dissertation Title) STUDY OF THE LOCAL CLIMATE USING GEOSTATIONARY 
SATELLITE SOLAR RADIATION AND GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                   
 The biggest problem we are facing and we will be facing in this and following century 
is the fast growing population towards the cities and the urbanization. Local climate is highly 
influenced by the urbanization factor. Urbanization is not simply a micro to local scale eect 
but it also demonstrates a regional-scale signature. The urbanization affects various atmospheric 
parameters like temperature, pressure, humidity, local winds, cloud properties, radiation, water 
cycles etc. through the modification of natural surfaces and atmospheric conditions, and further 
changes the local weather and climate system. The chance in such local climate may result in 
human discomfort and extreme events like torrential rainfall, flash flood etc. Therefore, 
understanding of local climate and its effect on atmospheric parameters are very important.  
 Dataset collection and analysis are integral part of local climate studies. Ground based 
measurement of meteorological parameters is a typical way of collecting dataset. The 
calibration and the maintenance of such instruments is very important for precise measurement 
of the parameters. Ground based measurement are the base of all other way of measuring dataset. 
It is considered as the most accurate form of data available in present condition. However, the 
uneven distribution and limitation of these isolated meteorological stations may not fully 
represent the distribution of atmospheric parameters across the region. The satellite dataset can 
be a very good alternative. Therefore in this study, we have used both satellite and ground based 
measurement dataset to achieve the objective of this study. In this study, we have used 
downward shortwave radiation dataset from geostationary satellite for the cloud studies. 
Landsat 8 images were used for the classification of study area into a standard land use/land 
cover classification. Other meteorological parameters like temperature and humidity are 
collected from ground-based stations available in the study area (Matsuyama plain) for the 
estimation of Urban Heat Island (UHI) and Urban Dry Island (UDI) intensities. 
The main objective of the study was to use the downward shortwave (SW) radiation 
dataset from geostationary satellite in a local level. We have used the dataset to know the spatial 
and temporal variation of cloud properties in different sized cities in Japan and to know the 
variation of cloud in different geographical, seasonal and land use category. The other objective 
of the study was to classify the Matsuyama plane into Local Climate Zones (LCZ), calculate, 
and compare the UHI and UDI intensities with similar studies available. 
 In this study reduction of solar radiation was used as an index of cloud presence and 
cloud thickness. Decrease of solar radiation due to the blockage of cloud was calculated using 
the following concept. First the fair weather days with sunshine percentage ranging from 50% 
to 80% was selected on the basis of the meteorological data available from the Matsuyama 
meteorological observatory under the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Satellite SW 
radiation dataset were downloaded for selected days. An ideal time series dataset was created 
by selecting the maximum values of each time series for every month. The ideal time series data 
resembles solar radiation on a virtual clear sky condition. The averaged time series SW dataset 
of target days is normalized by respective SW in fair weather day to get Clear Sky Rate (CSR). 
 
conditionsky clear  in virtualSW 
SWday target 
CSR     
     
  CSR value ranges between zero to one (0-1). Lower the CSR, higher the cloud 
coverage and the cloud thickness, while higher the CSR, and lower the cloud coverage and the 
cloud thickness. Using CSR as the thickness and cloud presence index, we have analyzed cloud 
properties in different sized coastal cities (Tokyo, Osaka, Hiroshima and Matsuyama). We have 
further analyzed and compared the spatial and temporal variation of clouds in different 
geographical locations and land use like “mountain –plane”, “coastal-noncoastal”, “summer 
and winter” analysis for “urban and rural” comparison. 
 We have also classified our study area (Matsuyama) into a standard land use /land 
cover classification called Local Climate Zones (LCZ). Landsat 8 images, Google Earth and 
SAGA GIS were used for the classification of study area. First, the Landsat 8 images were 
downloaded and cropped to the region of interest  (ROI). The training areas were digitised 
using Google Earth and were loaded to SAGA in KML format. The layers were then merged 
and coordinate were transformed. Resampling followed by resampling was conducted and post 
classification was applied to get the LCZ map. The processed LCZ map was further tested in 
Google Earth platform for the verification. Corrections were made by adding the training areas 
if necessary and the same process is continued to create the representative LCZ map. For the 
investication of UHI and UDI intensity in different LCZ category in Matsuyama plane, we used 
ground based temperature and humidity measurment in matsuyama plane. In the later part of 
the chapter we have compared the UHI and UDI intensity in different LCZ catagories and 
further compared our studies with other similar studies available. 
 The analysis conducted using CSR as a cloud property index in different sized coastal 
cities shows that the formation and distribution of cloud is highly affected by the wind speed 
and its direction. Due to the active sea breeze in the coastal areas, the presence of cloud in the 
coastal urban area is low compared to the urban areas far from the coastal areas and the 
mountaintops. The influence of urbanization on clouds highly depends on its location within 
the coastal plane. Closer the city towards the coastal line, lower will be the thickness of cloud. 
With reference to other urban heat island studies in respective study areas, it shows that the 
cloud formation is likely to be higher in areas having higher temperature. The areas 
experiencing UHI with low intensity of wind or the places having wind convergence line 
generally leads to the formation of cloud above them. 
Another analysis, the effect of geographical and land use/land cover effect on local cloud in 
Matsuyama plane shows that the thickness of cloud increases with the increase in altitude. The 
comparison between mountainous and plain areas suggest that the thickness of clouds is likely 
to be higher in mountainous areas than in plain areas throughout the day. The comparison 
between the coastal and noncoastal area suggest that noncoastal area is covered by the cloud 
specially afternoon due to the presence of wind convergence line. An additional comparison 
between urban and rural (summer case) suggest that formation of cloud in the urban area is 
likely to occur during the early morning and from afternoon. Similar comparison (urban and 
rural) but for winter shows not much difference in the urban and rural cloud formation. 
 The analysis conducted to see the effect of landuse/landcover change in meteorological 
parametres like temperature and humidity by dividing the study area into a standard  
landuse/landcover called Local Climate Zones (LCZ) using WUDAPT template shows that the 
concept of LCZ classification is an outstanding concept for the urban/ rural studies on the global 
scale. This study shows that the built up areas area hotter and dryer than the less built up or non-
built up ones. In the study, a maximum nocturnal air temperature of about 2.5°C was detected 
between urban and non-urban LCZ (TLCZ 2-TLCZ D). LCZ with compact midrise building were 
on an average 2.5% dryer at daytime and 1.25% dryer at nighttime than LCZ with low plants. 
It also suggests that urban dry island phenomena are significant at daytime during fine days 
compared to nights. The results show that the magnitude of UHI and UDI highly depends on 
the LCZ type and they can be used to make a sensible interpretation of the temperature and 
absolute humidity values in urban neighborhoods where there are no observations. 
 


STUDY OF THE LOCAL CLIMATE USING GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE SOLAR RADIATION AND GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENT

Ehime University (愛媛大学)博士(医学)thesi

三谷, 壮平

MITANI, Sohhei

 （第３号様式）     
 
 
学 位 論 文 要 旨 
 
 
 
            氏   名  三谷 壮平 
 
 
 
            論 文 名  舌扁平上皮癌の解剖学的深達度は後発リンパ節転移に関係する 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
学位論文要旨     
               書き方 
        （和文 2,000 字又は英文 800 語以内） 
        （日本人の大学院生は，和文で記載） 
                （標準書式：日本工業規格Ａ４，11 ポイント，１行 42 字，１ペ－ジ 40 行） 
                  
【背景】舌癌の 5 年累積生存率は全体で約 50%であり、ここ 20 年で大きな変化はない。舌癌の
予後不良因子として挙げられるのは、頸部リンパ節転移である。舌癌の治療は手術療法が中心で
あり、cStageⅠ(T1N0)・Ⅱ(T2N0)症例に対しては、一般的に口内法による舌部分切除術が行われ
るが、早期癌であっても、2-４割に後発頸部リンパ節転移が出現すると報告されている。しかし、
cN0 症例に対して原発巣切除時に予防的頸部郭清術を行うか否かについては、現在のところ治療
指針は確立されておらず、その確立のためには、後発頸部リンパ節転移に関連する原発巣におけ
る予測因子が明らかにされる必要がある。また、舌癌で一般に用いられる TNM 分類 (AJCC)にお
いて、原発腫瘍に対しては T1：最大径が 2cm 以下、T2：最大径が 2cm を超えるが 4cm 以下の腫
瘍、T3：最大径が 4cm を超える腫瘍、T4a：骨髄質、舌深層の筋肉（外舌筋）、上顎洞、顔面の
皮膚に浸潤した腫瘍、T4b：咀嚼筋間隙、翼状突起または頭蓋底に浸潤した腫瘍、または内頸動
脈を全周性に取り囲む腫瘍、と分けられている。このように、腫瘍細胞が外舌筋へ浸潤すると、
病理組織学的に pT4a と診断されるが、外舌筋を含めた舌癌の深部進展を解剖学的観点から詳細
に評価し、臨床病理学的因子として検討した報告はこれまでにない。 
【目的】今回、我々は舌癌の後発頸部リンパ節転移と解剖学的深達度を含む臨床病理学的因子と 
氏名 三谷 壮平   
の関係を、病理組織標本を用いて明らかにすることを目的とした。 
【対象および方法】対象は、2005 年 1 月から 2014 年 3 月までの期間に、術前 cN0 と診断された
舌扁平上皮癌に対して舌部分切除術のみ（予防的頸部郭清術なし）が施行された 212 例である。
扁平上皮癌細胞が浸潤する舌内最深部の解剖学的構造物を、解剖学的深達度と定義し、表層から
順に、1) 上皮および上皮下、2) 外側外舌筋（茎突舌筋および舌骨舌筋）、3) 内舌筋、4) 舌下
間隙、5) 内側外舌筋（オトガイ舌筋）の 5 段階に分けた。この解剖学的深達度および腫瘍の厚
みを、病理組織標本を用いて評価した。病理組織標本は、既存の舌癌手術組織標本のホルマリン
固定パラフィン包埋ブロックから作製した H＆E 切片を使用した。年齢、性別、亜部位、潰瘍の
有無、分化度、リンパ管侵襲の有無、静脈侵襲の有無、神経侵襲の有無、腫瘍最大径、局所再発
といった臨床病理学的因子は医療記録から情報を収集し、腫瘍最大径および外舌筋浸潤の有無か
ら pT 分類を診断した。解剖学的深達度を含むこれら臨床病理学的因子と後発頸部リンパ節転移
との関係について統計学的に解析した。 
【結果】観察期間中央値は 46 ヶ月 (1-124 ヶ月)であり、平均年齢は 65 歳 (23-93 歳)で、男女
比は 1.6：1 (130 例：82 例)であった。pT 分類の内訳は T1、T2、T3、T4a、T4b がそれぞれ 82 例、
36 例、0 例、94 例、0 例であった。腫瘍の厚みは平均 4.0mm (0.125-20mm)であり、解剖学的深
達度の内訳は、上皮および上皮下、外側外舌筋、内舌筋、舌下間隙、内側外舌筋がそれぞれ 59
例、11 例、125 例、8 例、9 例であった。212 例中 54 例（25%）に後発頸部リンパ節転移を認め、
このうち 98％ (53 例/54 例)は 2 年以内に発生していた。全ての臨床病理学的因子に関して多変
量解析を行った結果、解剖学的深達度における内舌筋浸潤が、舌扁平上皮癌の後発頸部リンパ節
転移に対する独立した予測因子であることが明らかになった(P = 0.0022)。後発頸部リンパ節転
移に対する、解剖学的深達度（内舌筋浸潤）の陰性的中率は 95.7％であり、pT 分類（pT4a）お
よび腫瘍の厚み（≧5.5mm）のそれ（それぞれ 83.8%、88.1%）と比べ高い値を示した。腫瘍最深
部を外側外舌筋に認める症例が 11 例あったが、そのうち後発頸部リンパ節転移を来した症例は
1 例もなかった。 
【考察】今回の研究で、解剖学的深達度が、舌扁平上皮癌の後発頸部リンパ節転移に対する独立
予測因子であることが示された。また、解剖学的深達度において内舌筋浸潤を認めない症例では、
大部分の症例（95.7％）で後発頸部リンパ節転移が発生しなかった。このことから、内舌筋浸潤
を認めない症例に対しては、予防的頸部郭清術は必要ないと思われる。解剖学的深達度を正確に
評価することが、予防的頸部郭清術の適応決定因子の一助となる可能性がある。また、腫瘍の外
舌筋浸潤を認める症例は、病理学的に pT4a と診断されるが、腫瘍最深部を外側外舌筋に認める
症例のうち後発頸部リンパ節転移を来したものはなかった。さらなる症例数を重ねて検討するこ
とで、外側外舌筋浸潤は pT4a から除外される可能性がある。 
 
 
 
キーワード（３～５） 
 
 
 
解剖学的深達度 
舌扁平上皮癌 
外舌筋 
頸部リンパ節転移 
T分類 


Anatomic Invasive Depth Predicts Delayed Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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