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Fake it till you make it: Synthetic data for emerging carsharing programs
No full textCarsharing is an integral part of the transformation toward flexible and sustainable mobility. New carsharing programs are entering the market to challenge large operators by offering innovative services. This study investigates the use of generative machine learning models for creating synthetic data to support carsharing decision–making when data access is limited. To this end, it explores the evaluation, selection, and implementation of leading-edge methods, such as generative adversarial networks (GANs) and variational autoencoders (VAEs), to generate synthetic tabular transaction data of carsharing trips. The study analyzes usage data of an emerging carsharing program that is expanding its services to include free-floating electric vehicles (EVs). The results show that augmenting real training data with synthetic samples improves predictive modeling of upcoming trips by up to 4.63%. These results support carsharing researchers and practitioners in generating and leveraging synthetic mobility data to develop solutions to real-world decision support problems in carsharing
Mentale Teamgesundheit: Teams stärken für gemeinsamen unternehmerischen Erfolg
No full textEin neuer Höchststand an Fehltagen durch psychische Erkrankungen sowie ein Negativrekord beim Krankenstand, rückt das Thema Gesundheit in den Fokus von Unternehmen. Der Blick richtete sich bislang vor allem auf die Gesundheit des Einzelnen, aber auch Teams geraten unter dem Anpassungsdruck der sich ständig verändernden Rahmenbedingungen aus dem Gleichgewicht. Wie können wir bewusst zur Erhaltung der Teamgesundheit beitragen?
Die Autorinnen beleuchten den Dreiklang aus bewusster Fürsorge für die eigene Gesundheit, Beziehungsgestaltung und die Rahmenbedingungen eines unterstützenden Umfelds. Sie zeigen auf, welche spezifischen Kompetenzen uns bei der Pflege und Erhaltung unserer eigenen Gesundheit unterstützen, welche Faktoren für eine positive Dynamik und Zusammenarbeit im Umgang miteinander und im Team von Bedeutung sind und welche Rolle die Führungskraft bei der Förderung der Gesundheit ihres Teams hat. Konkrete Maßnahmen, Tools und Praxisbeispiele liefern wichtige Handlungsimpulse
Spectral optimization and influence of noise for spectrometer free areal chromatic confocal metrology
No full textThe spectrometer-free chromatic confocal measurement technique enables 3D surface measurements with just one exposure and without scanning. To reduce the need for a spectrometer for the spectral analysis of the reflected light composition and thus the extraction of the local surface height, an optical spectral analysis unit is used. This unit determines the first momentum of the spectral composition reflected from the surface under probe for a large number of lateral measurement points simultaneously. This work investigates the impact of the spectral composition and light power of the light source on the sensitivity and accuracy of this method. A thorough optimization of the light source will be conducted, demonstrating the impact of various spectral compositions and light source power on the system performance, taking into account the system-related etendue. In addition, the optimization of the spectral transmission filter used in the optical spectral analysis unit and its influence on the accuracy and sensitivity of the system over the entire measurement range is shown
Pflege Digital: Bedarfe und Voraussetzungen
No full textDigitalisierung bietet vielfältige Zukunftspotenziale für die häusliche Pflege, die sowohl Pflegebedürftigen als auch (professionell sowie informell) Pflegenden zugutekommen können. Eine Verbesserung der pflegerischen Versorgung sowie die Ermöglichung eines selbstbestimmten Lebens im häuslichen Umfeld unter Nutzung digitaler Technologien ist eine der sozialen Herausforderungen der aktuellen Zeit sowie der kommenden Jahrzehnte. Dieser Beitrag spannt den Bogen von den Bedarfen und Voraussetzungen in diesem Kontext und weist aus, welchen Aspekten in dem Buch nachgegangen wird
Analysing the Need for Long-Term Care: Potential of Data from Long-Term Care Assessments of the Bavarian Medical Service for Public Health Research and Practice
No full textHintergrund: Ungeachtet der Implikationen des demografischen Wandels existiert in Deutschland bislang noch keine systematische und vergleichbare Differenzierung einer Pflegeberichterstattung auf kleinräumiger Ebene, in welcher die Situation der ambulanten pflegerischen Versorgung abgebildet wird. Daher ist das Ziel dieses Beitrags, Erkenntnisse der Pflegebegutachtung des Medizinischen Dienstes Bayern darzustellen und daraus Ableitungen für eine zukünftige Pflegeberichterstattung zu ziehen.
Methodik: Für die Analyse wurden anonymisierte Pflegeerstbegutachtungen des Medizinischen Dienstes Bayern des Jahres 2019 exemplarisch mittels deskriptiver Methoden ausgewertet. Die Studie beschreibt die Charakteristika von Personen mit Pflegegradempfehlung, die Verteilung der Pflegegrade, medizinische Diagnosen sowie Grad der Selbstständigkeit in den Lebensbereichen.
Ergebnisse: Die begutachteten Personen weisen ein Durchschnittsalter von 80 Jahren auf. Zum Zeitpunkt der Erstbegutachtung lebte der größte Anteil der Personen mit zugewiesenem Pflegegrad in einer ambulanten Wohnsituation. Pflegegrad (PG) 1 (geringe Beeinträchtigung der Selbständigkeit oder der Fähigkeiten) erhielten 35,1% der Versicherten, PG 2 (erhebliche Beeinträchtigungen) 43,1%, PG 3 (schwere Beeinträchtigungen) 16,6%, PG 4 und 5 (schwerste Beeinträchtigungen) wurden jeweils im niedrigen einstelligen Prozentbereich bei der Erstbegutachtung vergeben (3,9% bzw. 1,4%). Bei den medizinischen Diagnosen dominierten v. a. Störung des Ganges und der Mobilität, nicht näher bezeichnete Demenz, Herzinsuffizienz sowie Senilität. Insbesondere die Lebensbereiche ‚Mobilität‘ und ‚Gestaltung des Alltagslebens sowie sozialer Kontakte‘ sind mit Einschränkungen bei den Pflegebedürftigen verbunden.
Schlussfolgerung: Die beim Medizinischen Dienst vorliegenden Daten können eine hohe Relevanz für Gesundheitsforschung und -politik einnehmen und eine Grundlage für die Interventionsplanung im Pflegebereich bieten.Background: Despite demographic changes, there is still no systematic and comparable differentiation of nursing care reporting on a small-scale level in Germany, where outpatient long-term care is depicted. This article presents findings of care assessment data of the Medical Service of Bavaria and draws conclusions for future reporting on nursing.
Methods: For the analysis, anonymised initial long-term care assessments of the Bavarian Medical Service of 2019 were evaluated exemplarily using descriptive methods. The study describes the characteristics of persons with a care level recommendation, the distribution of care level categories, medical diagnoses and degree of independence in the areas of life.
Results: The persons assessed were on average 80 years old. At the time of the initial assessment, the largest proportion of persons with an assigned care level lived in an outpatient setting. Care level (PG) 1 (slight impairment of independence or abilities) was assigned to 35.1% of the insured, PG 2 (considerable impairment) to 43.1%, PG 3 (severe impairment) to 16.6%, PG 4 and 5 (most severe impairment) were each rarely assigned at the time of the initial assessment (3.9% and 1.4%, respectively). Medical diagnoses were dominated by gait and mobility disorders, unspecified dementia, heart failure and senility. In particular, there were impairments in the areas of 'mobility' and 'organisation of everyday life and social contacts'.
Conclusions: The data available from the German Medical Service may be highly relevant to health research and policy and may provide a basis for planning interventions in long-term care
Horizontal Cracks in PCB Embedded Semiconductor Devices: A Real Problem or a Ghost Hunt?
No full textHorizontal chip cracks have been reported in various scientific publications on PCB embedded power semiconductor devices. This study investigates in detail the root cause of the cracks. Experimental evidence indicates that the chip fractures in the mechanical grinding process during preparation of the cross-sections. Here, two different factors are relevant: First, the mechanical fracture strength of the semiconductor die decreases when grinding its edge. The use of P320 sand paper reduces the characteristic fracture strength from 719 MPa to 211 MPa. Second, the tensile stresses in the chip edge increase considerably when, part of the die and package is removed by grinding. Both effects together result in a failure probability of 100%. The use of finer grain sandpaper for target preparation helps to reduce the probability of generating horizontal chip cracks during cross-sectioning
A tour d'horizon of de Casteljau's work
No full textWhilst Paul de Casteljau is now famous for his fundamental algorithm of curve and surface approximation, little is known about his other findings. This article offers an insight into his results in geometry, algebra and number theory. Related to geometry, his classical algorithm is reviewed as an index reduction of a polar form. This idea is used to show de Casteljau's algebraic way of smoothing, which long went unnoticed. We will also see an analytic polar form and its use in finding the intersection of two curves. The article summarises unpublished material on metric geometry. It includes theoretical advances, e.g., the 14-point strophoid or a way to link Apollonian circles with confocal conics, and also practical applications such as a recurrence for conjugate mirrors in geometric optics. A view on regular polygons leads to an approximation of their diagonals by golden matrices, a generalisation of the golden ratio. Relevant algebraic findings include matrix quaternions (and anti-quaternions) and their link with Lorentz' equations. De Casteljau generalised the Euclidean algorithm and developed an automated method for approximating the roots of a class of polynomial equations. His contributions to number theory not only include aspects on the sum of four squares as in quaternions, but also a view on a particular sum of three cubes. After a review of a complete quadrilateral in a heptagon and its angles, the paper concludes with a summary of de Casteljau's key achievements. The article contains a comprehensive bibliography of de Casteljau's works, including previously unpublished material
Depreciation Cost is a Poor Proxy for Revenue Lost to Aging in Grid Storage Optimization
No full textDispatch of a grid energy storage system for arbitrage is typically formulated into a rolling-horizon optimization problem that includes a battery aging model within the cost function. Quantifying degradation as a depreciation cost in the objective can increase overall profits by extending lifetime. However, depreciation is just a proxy metric for battery aging; it is used because simulating the entire system life is challenging due to computational complexity and the absence of decades of future data. In cases where the depreciation cost does not match the loss of possible future revenue, different optimal usage profiles result and this reduces overall profit significantly compared to the best case (e.g., by 30–50%). Representing battery degradation perfectly within the rollinghorizon optimization does not resolve this—in addition, the economic cost of degradation throughout life should be carefully considered. For energy arbitrage, optimal economic dispatch requires a trade-off between overuse, leading to high return rate but short lifetime, vs. underuse, leading to a long but not profitable life. We reveal the intuition behind selecting representative costs for the objective function, and propose a simple moving average filter method to estimate degradation cost. Results show that this better captures peak revenue, assuming reliable price forecasts are available
Evaluating an AI-based adaptive learning system: goals, methods and initial results
No full textThe aim of this paper is to describe the evaluation process and findings of an AI-based Adaptive Learning System for the Computer Science discipline at two different German universities and discuss an array of methods in regard to assessing such a system. The primary objectives have been twofold: Firstly, to examine the reception of selected learning elements, which were conceptually outlined based on relevant literature, among the student body; and secondly, to investigate the efficacy of individualized adaptive learning paths. These paths were generated by employing a variety of algorithms to analyze student’s learning style tendencies, with a particular emphasis on adaptive navigational techniques. The used algorithms encompassed a modified version of a literature based adaptive mechanism, an Ant-Colony-Algorithm and a Genetic Algorithm, alongside a lecturer-recommended learning path for a nonadaptive comparison. While the system suggested suitable learning paths based on student data, it never forced the individuals to give up their self-directed learning. The evaluation criteria revolved around the evolution of student motivation, interest levels, and knowledge acquisition during the time they spent working in the system. The evaluation sought to facilitate comparative analyses and assess algorithmic fitness for proficient learning path generation. The methods included both quantitative and qualitative approaches to gather data, seeking to strike a balance between being student-friendly and scientifically informative. They ranged from Likert Scale self-assessments to screen and video observations with retrospective interviews. Since the purpose of adaptive learning systems is intertwined with personalized learning it seems imperative to already take the preferences and opinions of students into account while the system is still in development. This complexity underscores the challenge of evaluating such systems, as significant constraints on student choice - though simplifying evaluation - directly oppose the ethos of individualized, self-directed learning. Initial findings suggest that the underlying theoretical considerations on sequencing and structuring of learning elements are confirmed, coupled with providing adequate flexibility to meet diverse learning needs. Cross-site evaluation of the literature-based learning elements indicated a high comprehensibility and positive student ratings. While significant positive trends were observed regarding knowledge acquisition, they cannot be definitively attributed to a specific method of learning path generation. Motivation and interest analyses show no significant differences among learning path types, albeit heavily limited by sample size. Similarly, emotion measurements, though limited, hint at positive impacts from HASKI system use. Despite limitations, early indications suggest student acceptance and potential effectiveness of learning paths, highlighting the need for larger sample sizes for validation and expansion. Ensuring alignment with student needs and user-friendly design are crucial considerations
Low cost serial DAC simulation, realization, error correction and characterization
No full textA serial C DAC has a minimum number of components. This structure makes it easy to simulate, realize, characterize and to study error correction. This paper presents a discrete 12 bit serial C DAC with digital error correction. Theory, high level (JavaScript), low level (LTSPICE) simulations, a real circuit and low cost measurements and error correction using an Arduino board are presented. Comparing of theory, simulation and measurement gives deeper understanding of DAC leading to better circuits and improved characterization methods. The measurements show INL, DNL below 4 and FFT with 46.5 dB SNQR which gives 6.5 ENOB at 33 Hz sampling frequency of a 12 bit DAC. Hardware cost are below 100 Euro without an oscilloscope for detailed signal measurements