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Conceptual Approaches to Apply Artificial Intelligence in Scenario-based Safety Analyses for Automated Driving Systems
No full textEnsuring the safety of road users remains a significant challenge in highly automated driving considering the environmental aspects. A comprehensive understanding of complex driving systems and the Operational Design Domain (ODD) is indispensable for the effective deployment and safe operation of Automated Driving Systems (ADS). Hazard analysis serves as a fundamental activity of various safety engineering methods, including Functional Safety (FuSa) and Safety Of The Intended Function (SOTIF). However, it introduces inherent difficulties in identifying unknown hazardous scenarios.
The goal is to quantify the severity, exposure, and controllability to define the safety level for ADS. Processing the real-world scenarios data is a challenge, but exploring the feasibility of data processing is an important area of research and this paper tries to support to overcome this challenge. Additionally, we aim to foster collaboration with Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to facilitate the exchange of relevant information for research purposes, with the goal of advancing the development of machine learning algorithms for ADS..
The conceptual approaches presented in this paper consider different representations of real-world crash scenarios, virtual scenarios, and pre-crash scenarios. Methods such as tree diagrams, formal rule-based approaches and model-based approaches can be used to create scenarios database for safety analyses. These scenarios include the ODD, environmental conditions and complex system characteristics, which represents a challenge for a traditional Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA) performed by humans due to the large number of scenarios. The diverse representations of these scenarios complicate the analysis of hazards for ADS-equipped vehicles. Hence, a generic concepts is needed that illustrates how a scenario database can be created and simulated to identify unknown hazard scenarios and continuously update the scenario database.
This paper presents conceptual approaches to hazard scenario identification and discusses the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in HARA for ADS-equipped vehicles at concept phase. Moreover, it lays the groundwork for research inquiries concerning validation and safety assessment of such vehicles
Transition into Distance Education: A Scoping Review
No full textThe number of students enrolling in distance learning programmes is rising worldwide, making distance education (DE) a significant part of higher education (HE). Transitioning into a study programme involves numerous challenges, especially for distance learners who face higher dropout rates and compromised academic performance compared to traditional on-campus students. However, when students master these challenges, study success becomes more likely. Nevertheless , knowledge about transitioning into DE remains limited. This scoping review aims to compile existing knowledge and enhance understanding of the critical initial phase of DE by answering the research question: "What is known about the transition into DE in HE?". Following the meth-odological steps outlined in the PRISMA-ScR checklist, we identified 60 sources from five databases, meeting inclusion criteria through a multi-stage screening process. These articles were analysed using qualitative content analysis. We developed a category system with 12 main categories: 1. Process of transition into DE; 2. Reasons for choosing DE; 3. Characteristics of distance learners; 4. Academic success and failure; 5. General assessment of DE; 6. Differences between face-to-face and DE; 7. Advantages of DE; 8. Challenges of DE; 9. Critical life events; 10. Coping strategies; 11. Add-on initiatives ; and 12. Recommendations for DE. The results underline the complexity of the transition into DE, which has unique patterns for each student. The article concludes with practical implications and recommendations for supporting the transition into DE
From Paper to Pixels: A Multi-modal Approach to Understand and Digitize Assembly Drawings for Automated Systems
No full textThe transition to Industry 4.0 intensifies the demand for advanced manufacturing techniques and efficient data processing capabilities. A notable challenge in engineering is that many older engineering drawings are only available in paper form, creating significant barriers for modern automated systems. This study tackles these challenges by employing advanced deep-learning techniques alongside traditional image processing to convert legacy engineering drawings into structured, machine-readable formats. Following this digitization process, this multi-modal approach further processes drawings containing a lot of heterogeneous data by filtering non-essential details to isolate and extract critical features. This process enables the conversion of complex drawings into formats suitable for computer vision and deep learning applications. The structured datasets resulting from this process are then utilized to enhance the efficiency of automated processes significantly. For instance, they enable more efficient pick-and-place operations by providing the data necessary for machine learning-driven automation
Large Language Models (LLM) im Produktionsumfeld: Eine Potenzialanalyse zur Transformation von Produktionsabläufen in modernen Fabriken
No full textNeuartige Werkzeuge aus dem Umfeld der generativen Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI), insbesondere durch Large Language Models (LLMs), bieten potenzialreiche Lösungsideen für den in der produzierenden Industrie immer stärker werdenden Fachkräftemangel. Diese Studie untersucht den Einsatz von LLMs zur Digitalisierung von Produktionsabläufen in mittelständisch geprägten Unternehmen im deutschsprachigen Raum. Dafür wurden 13 Experten aus verschiedenen Industrieunternehmen befragt. Im Rahmen der Analyse werden die Bereiche Kommunikation, Weiterbildung, Arbeitsbedingungen, Teamdynamik sowie Technologie und Prozesse als die zentralen Bereiche für das Einsatzpotenzial von LLMs identifiziert. Es werden drei hypothetische Use Cases für LLMs vorgeschlagen, mittels derer dem Fachkräftemangel potenziell proaktiv entgegengewirkt werden könnte
SIM – Ein ISO-GPS-Tool für besondere Fälle
No full textErklärung des Modifikatores simultanious requirement (SIM) und dessen korrekter Verwendung. Vergleich und Abgrenzung zur kombinierte Zone (CZ) und united feature (UF)
In/visibility in the digital age: A literature review from a communication studies perspective
No full textVisibility and its counterpart, invisibility, are key concepts in digital communication. To date, however, research on these concepts in communication studies has rarely been reflected upon in an integrative way. This paper aims to map in/visibility in communication studies and to describe central lines of current research. Therefore, the method of a theoretical literature review encompassing research areas that deal extensively with in/visibility is employed. The resulting mapping highlights similarities and differences between definitions of in/visibility and systematizes the various approaches to in/visibility according to three essential understandings and three paradigmatic perspectives. The paper offers a deeper understanding of the under-theorized concepts of in/visibility and demonstrates their potential for future research within communication studies
Comfort Evaluation on a Dynamic Driving Simulator with Advanced Tire, Road and Vehicle Models
No full textThe topics of automated driving and digitization are becoming increasingly im-portant and will shape the future of mobility. The potential of this technology is enormous. Concurrently, manufacturers want to continue to differentiate them-selves in driving characteristics typical of their brands. Rapid developments re-garding technological changes as well as legal regulations combined with short development times present new challenges for the entire automotive industry. In this context, virtualization and front-loading methods play a major role within the vehicle development. There has been a clear trend of pushing virtual devel-opment via simulation to reduce the number of necessary prototypes. Since however, both engineers and management still rely heavily on the crucial in-sights gained by real road tests, subjective closed-loop assessment must remain a part of this virtual process. Driving simulators have the potential to bridge these gaps, allowing engineers and test drivers to subjectively experience and assess new systems in an early virtual phase of development.
Kempten University of Applied Sciences is working with research and technol-ogy partners to research and further develop their dynamic driving simulator. With the goal to develop use-case specific methods for virtual vehicle develop-ment, the simulator’s novel motion platform is used specifically for research projects in areas requiring high dynamic performance such as vehicle dynamics and ride. This paper describes the methods and solutions developed in an R&D project investigating the simulator’s capabilities for ride comfort evaluation, such as primary & secondary ride. With the goal to enable experienced test drivers to perform a subjective ride evaluation in a very early development phase, the simulator’s real-time environment was extended with the highly so-phisticated tire model FTire. This paper provides an overview of the system’s performance regarding subjective ride assessment. It presents a brief insight into the detailed road modelling and describes the measures taken to ensure real-time capability of the individual model interfaces. Objective performance evaluation shows the benefit of this work for comfort evaluation in early phases of virtual development
Ankerinvestitionen für einen zukunftsfähigen Tourismus?
No full textAnkerinvestitionen im Tourismus bezeichnen bedeutende, strategische Investitionen, die das Potenzial haben, die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des touristischen Sektors einer Region oder eines Landes zu fördern und langfristig wirtschaftliches Wachstum zu schaffen. Diese Investitionen sind in der Regel große Projekte, die nicht nur den Tourismussektor direkt betreffen, sondern auch eine Vielzahl von Nebenindustrien anziehen, wie etwa Gastronomie, Einzelhandel, Transport und lokale Dienstleistungen. Insgesamt sind Ankerinvestitionen ein wesentlicher Baustein für die langfristige Entwicklung einer nachhaltigen und resilienten Tourismuswirtschaft und damit entscheidend für einen zukunftsfähigen Tourismus. Der Beitrag erläutert auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen Chancen und Vorteile solcher Investitionen als auch Herausforderungen und Risiken
Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections and otitis media, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackground: Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are the leading cause of acute disease incidence worldwide and contribute to a substantial health-care burden. Although acute otitis media is a common complication of URIs, the combined global burden of URIs and otitis media has not been studied comprehensively. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to explore the fatal and non-fatal burden of the two diseases across all age groups, including a granular analysis of children younger than 5 years, in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021
Sorgegemeinschaften in Deutschland: Aktuelle Ansätze zur Klärung eines unscharfen Begriffs
No full textDer Beitrag beleuchtet aktuelle Versuche, den Begriff Sorgegemeinschaft zu schärfen. Als Projektbeispiel wird die Konzeption von Sorgegemeinschaft aus einem Forschungsprojekt vorgestellt und mit Blick auf aktuelle Zugänge eingeordnet. In Bezug auf Case und Case Management wird eine Perspektive auf Sorgegemeinschaften eingenommen, in der Einzelfall und Systemebene ineinandergreifen und so zu einer Weiterentwicklung der Angebotslandschaft beitragen. Ausgehend vom Projektbeispiel benennt der Beitrag erste Ansatzpunkte für entsprechende Rahmenwerke, um das Zusammenwirken in Sorgegemeinschaften auch empirisch zu analyisieren