Repositorio académico de acceso abierto (Univ. Autonóma de Chile)
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Midpalatal Suture Maturation Stage in 10- to 25-Year-Olds Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography—A Cross-Sectional Study
No full textIn this study, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of midpalatal maturational stages in a Chilean urban sample of adolescents, post-adolescents and young adults, associated with chronological age and sex, by assessing CBCT scan images. Tomographic images in axial sections of the midpalatal sutures from 116 adolescents and young adults (61 females and 55 males, 10–25 years old) were classified according to their morphologic characteristics in five maturational stages (A, B, C, D and E), as proposed by Angelieri et al. The sample was divided into three groups: adolescents, post-adolescents and young adults. Three previously calibrated examiners (radiologist, orthodontist and general dentist) analyzed and classified the images. Stages A, B and C were considered to be an open midpalatal suture, and D and E were considered to be a partially or totally closed midpalatal suture. The most frequent stage of maturation was D (37.9%), followed by C (24%) and E (19.6%). The possibility of finding closed midpalatal sutures in individuals of 10 to 15 years was 58.4%, and in subjects aged 16 to 20 and 21 to 25 years, it was 51.7% and 61.7%, respectively. In males, Stages D and E were present in 45.4%; for females, this prevalence was 68.8%. Individual assessment of the midpalatal suture in each patient is of crucial importance before making the clinical decision of which is the best maxillary expansion method. Due to the extensive calibration and training required, it is advisable to always request a report from a radiologist. Individual evaluation with 3D imaging is recommended because of the great variability observed in the ossification of midpalatal sutures in adolescents, post-adolescents and young adults. © 2023 by the authors.Universidad de La Frontera, UFRO, (DIUFRO10918-22)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Effect of aging and cementation systems on the bond strength to root dentin after fiber post cementation
No full textThis study evaluated the effect of aging and cementation of fiber posts using glass ionomer and resin cements on push-out bond strength, failure mode, and resin tag formation. One hundred and twenty bovine incisors were used. After post-space preparation, the specimens were randomly allocated into 12 groups (n = 10) according to the cementation system used: GC - GC Gold Label Luting & Lining); RL - RelyX Luting 2; MC - MaxCem Elite; RU - RelyX U200 and the aging periods (24 hours, 6 months, and 12 months). Slices from the cervical, middle, and apical thirds were obtained and analyzed by push-out bond strength test and confocal laser scanning microscopy. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test was used at a significance level of 5%. For the push-out bond strength test, no differences among GC, RU, and MC in the cervical and middle thirds were observed, regardless of the period of storage (P > 0.05). In the apical third, GC and RU showed similar bond strength but higher than other groups (P > 0.05). After 12 months, GC showed the highest bond strength (P < 0.05). Bond strength to post-space dentin decreased over time, regardless of the cementation system used. Cohesive failure was the most frequent, regardless of the period of storage, cementation system, and post-space third. Tag formation was similar among all groups. After 12 months, GC showed the highest bond strength values.Universidad Autónoma de Chil
On pharmacological neuroenhancement as part of the new neurorights' pioneering legislation in Chile: a perspective
No full textThe so-called neurorights are emerging human rights, or rather reconfigurations of already existing human rights, seeking to address the impact of the possible misuse of neurotechnologies, which have the potential to become more invasive and harmful in the future if not regulated. The aim of specifying neurorights is to protect the dignity and autonomy of the individual in the face of neurotechnological advances. Recently, Chile proposed a Constitutional reform inspired by the neurorights, opening a debate. One of the proposed neurorights is fair and equitable access to cognitive enhancement, which will be the specific object of this perspective article. Starting from the legal proposal, we analyse and discuss some perspectives on cognitive enhancement, or “neuroenhancement”, which could be considered as part of enhancement neurotechnologies, pointing out that pharmacological enhancers, or “smart drugs”, might be considered as part of these enhancers. We present a classification of the different types of cognitive enhancements as it has been proposed in the literature, into which pharmacological cognitive enhancement can be included, concluding that there is currently no agreement amongst scholars and lawyers about the ethical consideration of pharmacological cognitive enhancement. We therefore argue that it is necessary for the legislator to explicitly address the issue in the proposed regulations, in order to take a clear position on the topic, as it has been done in the United Kingdom, where the pharmacological neuroenhancers have been explicitly excluded from the regulation. If pharmacological neuroenhancers are going to be considered neurotechnologies, then new law proposals should seek harmonization with the already existing legislation regulating pharmacological health and consumer rights (both globally, taking into account international drug laws, and locally, according to each country's internal regulations) and of course, with the whole system of fundamental rights. Finally, we briefly discuss the ethical problem of equitable access to this new type of neurotechnologies (as part of the neurorights) and leave the debate open for new insights from the scientific community on the possible consequences of including (or not) pharmacological neuroenhancers as neurotechnologies for cognitive enhancement in the framework of the ethical and legal debate. Copyright © 2023 Cornejo-Plaza and Saracini.Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Knowledge transfer based on disseminative capacity, absorptive capacity, and learning: a comparative study between Brazil and Germany
No full textPurpose: This study aims to assess suppliers’ learning from knowledge transfers with a global truck manufacturer, considering both source and supplier capacity, and the cultural proximity between the parties. Design/methodology/approach: A case study was conducted between two factories, one in Brazil and one in Germany. This study adopted a mixed-method sequential explanatory approach, which involves a quantitative phase followed by a qualitative one to provide a better understanding of the studied phenomenon. Quantitative data were collected from the automaker’s suppliers in both countries and analyzed using factor and inferential analyses. Qualitative data were obtained from the automaker’s purchasing executives, and from the company’s suppliers in both countries. Content analysis was used to analyze data. Findings: Results suggest that both the source’s disseminative capacity and suppliers’ absorptive capacity had a positive effect on suppliers’ learning during knowledge transfers. The study also found out that cultural proximity among parties positively moderates the relationship between suppliers’ absorptive capacity and their learning. However, cultural proximity does not moderate the relationship between a source’s disseminative capacity and supplier learning. Practical implications: This study’s findings are important to foster knowledge transfers by developing absorptive and disseminative capabilities in the automakers industry, in which the implementation of interorganizational learning is quite challenging due to the large number of strategic providers. Originality/value: This study contributes to theoretical and conceptual consolidation of knowledge transfer, which includes cultural proximity among parties and the source’s and supplier’s disseminative and absorptive capacities, respectively. This study constructs and validates a model of knowledge transfer using a large automaker with a worldwide presence.Universidad Autónoma de Chil
La alianza terapéutica en tensión: una aproximación a partir de la práctica clínica del trabajo social
No full textEvidence has demonstrated that the therapeutic alliance and the repair of alliance ruptures are related to positive psychotherapeutic results. However, this has been less frequently studied in other helping relationships, in family interventions, and in mandatory interventions. This article aims to analyze the tensions within the therapeutic alliance between caregivers** and social workers from the Chilean child protection system. Ours is a longitudinal study that followed six social worker-caregiver dyads for 11 months. Techniques such as observation, in-depth interviews, and session-by-session interviews were carried out, followed by content analysis. The main results are: the therapeutic alliance is subject to tensions when there is a questioning of the parental abilities; asymmetry of power and the threat that the children may be taken from the house. These tensions affect the caregiver's trust in the social worker; thus managing and understanding the tensions make it possible to strengthen the relationship. Some strategies are reinforcing the clinical space as a safe space and developing a collaborative dynamic. This article discusses how tensions are associated with the family, social worker, methodology, and child protection system. Future lines of research to observe, analyze, and strengthen the therapeutic alliance are proposed. © Universidad Autonoma de Chile. All Rights Reserved.Universidad Autónoma de Chil
A Randomized, Controlled, Preliminary Study to Assess the Efficacy of Logic-Based Therapy in Reducing Anxiety and/or Depression in Family Caregivers
No full textThis paper analyzes the findings of a preliminary, controlled efficacy study conducted by the National Philosophical Counseling Association of a prominent modality of philosophical counseling, Logic-Based Therapy (LBT). In this study, the latter modality was compared to a mindfulness activity. The study included 20 caretakers randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The hypothesis investigated was that a one-hour LBT session is more effective in reducing the level of (state or trait) anxiety and/or depression in family caregivers than a one-hour mindfulness session. Utilizing data compiled from study participants’ responses to the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-2), two-way mixed ANOVA tests on three variables (state anxiety, trait anxiety, and depression (BDI-2) scores) were performed as well as paired analyses yielding the preliminary conclusion (pending a more extensive study) that LBT shows promise as an effective intervention for reducing state anxiety as compared to the control condition, the mindfulness activity. © 2023, The Author(s).Universidad Autónoma de Chil
A universal adhesive containing copper nanoparticles improves the bonding and mechanical properties of resin cement–root dentin interface: an in vitro study
No full textThe aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-MMP activity of two concentrations of copper nanoparticles (CuNp) and the effect of their addition to a universal adhesive system on resin cement-radicular dentin in situ degree of conversion (DC), elastic modulus (EM), nanoleakage (NL), and push-out bond strength (PBS). Anti-MMP activity was evaluated for several MMPs. Seventy-two roots of endodontically prepared human lower premolars were randomly divided into six groups according to CuNp concentration (0% [control], 0.1%, 0.2%) and adhesive strategy (etch-and-rinse [ER] and self-etch [SE]). Fiber posts were cemented, DC was measured using micro-Raman spectroscopy, the EM of the hybrid layer and adhesive layer was measured using a nano-indenter, the NL was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and PBS was tested at 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). CuNp demonstrated anti-MMP activity (p 0.47). Usually, a significant difference among root thirds was observed, except for DC and NL when CuNp 0.2% was evaluated. This is the first in vitro study showing that the incorporation of CuNp in an adhesive is an achievable alternative that can provide anti-MMP activity and improve the mechanical and bonding properties to root canal dentin.Universidad Autónoma de ChileInstituto de Ciencias Biomédica
Factors Influencing Sexuality in Late Adolescence: A Qualitative Study on Heterosexual Adolescents’ Perspectives
No full text(1) Background: Sexuality is influenced by the school, family, and social contexts. All of these play a crucial role in promoting adolescents’ sexual health and well-being. However, little is known about the factors that have an impact on sexuality in late adolescence. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the perspectives of late adolescents on the factors that influence their sexual lives. (2) Methods: A qualitative study with a descriptive design was carried out. Thirteen interviews were conducted. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed, and categorized into themes and subthemes. (3) Results: The results of our study offer support for the importance of sexual aspects in the lives of late adolescents who identify as heterosexual. (4) Conclusions: The most influential environments in late adolescent sexuality are the social, family, school, and peer contexts. © 2023 by the authors.Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Ethical conflicts among physicians and nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study
No full textRationale, Aims and Objectives: The healthcare system and professionals working in the sector have experienced a high caseload during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This has increased the potential for morally harmful events that violate professionals' moral codes and values. The aim of this study was to understand and explore experiences of new moral challenges emerging among physicians and nurses caring for individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist was used in this qualitative study based on Gadamer's phenomenology. Participants were selected using a convenience sampling method. Thirteen medicine and nursing graduates were interviewed in depth. The participants all worked on the frontline at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were gathered in two basic healthcare districts in Spain, encompassing both primary care and hospital care. Results: Four main themes emerged from the data analysis: (1) Betrayal of moral and ethical values as a key source of suffering; (2) Ethical and moral sense of failure accompanying loss of meaning; (3) Lack of confidence in performance; (4) Self-demand and self-punishment as personal condemnation among healthcare workers. Conclusions: Health institutions must implement interventions for health professionals to help mitigate the consequences of experiencing complex ethical scenarios during the pandemic. In addition, they should promote training in moral and ethical deliberation and prepare them to make decisions of great ethical significance. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.ASANEC, (TRFE‐SI‐2019/010); Andalusian Association of Community Nursing; University of AlmeriaUniversidad Autónoma de Chil
Is evening chronotype associated with higher alcohol consumption? A systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textA broader understanding of whether and to what extent chronotype should be considered a risk factor for alcohol consumption is needed. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence on the association between evening chronotype and alcohol consumption. A systematic search of observational studies on this association was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and PsycINFO databases up to April 30th, 2023. Random-effect models estimated the pooled odds ratio (OR) of alcohol consumption according to chronotype. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and Quality Assessment tool for Observational Cohorts and Cross-sectional Studies from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute were followed. A total of 33 studies involving 28 207 individuals (age range: 18–93 years) were included in this review. Overall, most studies indicated a higher volume and frequency of alcohol consumption in evening-type individuals than in individuals with different chronotypes. Additionally, a meta-analysis including 13 studies showed that evening-type individuals were 41% more likely to consume alcohol than those with other chronotypes (OR = 1.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.16–1.66; I 2 = 38.0%). Limitations of the present findings are the predominance of cross-sectional studies and varied definitions of alcohol consumption. The available evidence supports an association between the evening chronotype and alcohol consumption. The evening-type population, especially young adults, is a specific target for educational interventions for preventing or reducing alcohol consumption. PROSPERO number: CRD42022343778. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES; Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, MECD, (1225/2022); Ministério da Educação, MEC, (BEAGAL18/00093)Universidad Autónoma de Chil