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The gig economy in Chile: Examining labor conditions and the nature of gig work in a Global South country
No full textWhile there is growing literature regarding the impact of the gig economy in countries of the Global North, the way it operates in Latin America and the Caribbean remains underexplored. This article describes platform work in Chile, especially in the context of COVID-19, which has highlighted the essential role of geographically tethered digital platforms in facilitating essential goods and services in times of social distancing and quarantine. While the gig economy has provided employment for those outside traditional labor markets, its supposedly ‘collaborative’ employment structures obscure the different costs of precarity and informality transferred from platforms to workers (Ravenelle, 2019). Based on 35 interviews with gig workers using the Fairwork framework to evaluate working conditions in the gig economy, this article examines digital labor relations, both on paper and in reality; the conditions and limitations gig workers face daily; and their perceptions regarding such platforms. We discuss the contradictory experiences felt by platform workers, dependent on the platform in some ways, and independent in others. We argue that the inherently contradictory conditions and circumstances of platform work have become even more salient for gig workers in the context of COVID-19: risks increasingly fall on workers as platforms continue to stress their ‘choice’ to do so. This article reveals that the nature of the linkage between platform and worker is eminently a labor relationship, with clearly established elements of worker dependence. © 2023 The AuthorsUniversidad Autónoma de Chil
Evaluación de un curso para instructores de simulación en una universidad peruana
No full textIntroduction: medical education is constantly evolving to respond to the demands of the clinical and social context, and it is of vital importance to design and implement training programs according to the needs of each educational institution for training and improvement of educational services. Objective: to evaluate the satisfaction of the course carried out by the UPCH simulation center using the Kirkpatrick model. Methods: a survey was used at the end of the course and another one after 1 month. All responses were recorded using a Google Forms format. Results: in the General Satisfaction section, 66 % of the participants responded, "Very satisfied". In the General Evaluation section, regarding the organization of the course, the most voted answer was "very well" with 52 %. Regarding the pre-course bibliography, 54 % of the participants thought it was "Very good". Finally, regarding the facilities where the course was held, 62 % of the respondents indicated that it was "Excellent", 36 % of the participants mentioned the ECOE Module as the part of the course they found most useful. Conclusion: it is recommended to periodically include the clinical simulation teaching methodology course as a requirement for simulation trainer training as well as to continue to implement surveys in order to make changes and improvements through participant feedback. © Autor(es); 2023.Universidad Autónoma de Chil
The Association between Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and Physical Fitness with Body Mass Index and Sleep Time in Chilean Girls and Boys: A Cross-Sectional Study
No full textBackground: In recent decades, the school population has undergone behavioral changes that have affected their health and adult life. The current educational scenario presents high levels of sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, low physical fitness, high levels of obesity, and non-compliance with sleep recommendations. In Chile, the scientific evidence on associations between these behaviors is incipient. Objective: To analyze the association between sedentary behavior, physical activity, and physical fitness with BMI and minutes of sleep in Chilean children aged 10 to 11 years. Methods: A non-probabilistic convenience sample of 222 schoolchildren aged 10 to 11 years. The variables measured were body composition (BMI), cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m shuttle run test), lower and upper muscular strength (long jump test and handgrip dynamometry), speed (4 × 10 m running), and flexibility (sit and reach test). Physical activity and sleep were measured by accelerometers. Results: Of the participants, 60.4% and 90.6% did not comply with sleep and physical activity recommendations, respectively. Physical fitness was higher in boys in all components. The results of the linear regression show that in girls, moderate–vigorous-intensity physical activity, lower- and upper-body muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance were associated with BMI and sleep. In boys, light-intensity physical activity and upper-body muscular strength were associated with both variables. Conclusions: Physical activity intensity, strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with BMI and sleep; however, physical activity intensity and associated physical fitness components differed by gender. © 2023 by the authors.Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Genome sequencing reveals molecular subgroups in oral epithelial dysplasia
No full textThis study aimed to analyze the molecular characteristics of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), highlighting the pathways and variants of genes that are frequently mutated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and other cancers. Ten archival OED cases were retrieved for retrospective clinicopathological analysis and exome sequencing. Comparative genomic analysis was performed between high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and low-grade dysplasia (LGD), focusing on 57 well-known cancer genes, of which 10 were previously described as the most mutated in OSCC. HGD cases had significantly more variants; however, a similar mutational landscape to OSCC was observed in both groups. CASP8+FAT1/HRAS, TP53, and miscellaneous molecular signatures were also present. FAT1 is the gene that is most affected by pathogenic variants. Hierarchical divisive clustering showed division between the two groups: “HGD-like cluster” with 4HGD and 2LGD and “LGD-like cluster” with 4 LGD. MLL4 pathogenic variants were exclusively in the “LGD-like cluster”. TP53 was affected in one case of HGD; however, its pathway was usually altered. We describe new insights into the genetic basis of epithelial malignant transformation by genomic analysis, highlighting those associated with FAT1 and TP53. Some LGDs presented a similar mutational landscape to HGD after cluster analysis. Perhaps molecular alterations have not yet been reflected in histomorphology. The relative risk of malignant transformation in this molecular subgroup should be addressed in future studies. © 2023, Brazilian Oral Research. All Rights Reserved.ANID FONDEQUIP, (EQY220014, PEP I-2022016); BioinfoGP; Diagnostic Service of the Dentistry School at Universidad Mayor; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, ANID, (85220068)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Relación entre composición corporal y somatotipo con equilibrio postural dinámico en jóvenes basquetbolistas
No full textObjective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between body composition and somatotype with dynamic postural balance in young basketball players. Methods: The sample included 33 young male athletes aged (17.03 ± 0.94 years old). Body composition and somatotype were obtained from anthropometric measurements of diameters, perimeters, and skinfolds. Dynamic postural balance was measured with the modified star excursion balance test (mSEBT) in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. The Pearson correlation test was used to identify the relationship between body composition and somatotype variables with the dynamic postural balance of the athletes. Results: In the dominant lower limb, body composition showed significant correlations for the anterior direction of the mSEBT with adipose mass (r=-0.741; p=0.001), muscle mass (r=0.662; p=0.009), endomorph (r=-0.822; p=0.009) and ectomorph (r=0.790; p=0.002). Adipose mass also showed significant relationships with the posteromedial (r=-0.413; p=0.037) and posterolateral direction of mSEBT (r=-0.291; p=0.041). In the non-dominant lower limb, in the anterior direction of the mSEBT, there was a significant correlation with the adipose mass (r=-0.691; p=0.009), muscle mass (r=0.472; p=0.025), endomorph (r=-0.778; p=0.001) and ectomorph (r=0.843; p=0.001) somatotypes. Adipose mass was also correlated with the posteromedial (r=-0.451; p=0.012) and posterolateral (r=-0.390; p=0.022) directions of the mSEBT. Conclusions: In the present study, it was possible to find a relationship between the percentage of fat mass, muscle mass, endomorph, and ectomorph somatotypes with the performance of dynamic postural balance in young basketball players. © Copyright: Federación Española de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educación Física (FEADEF)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
SENTIDO DE VIDA Y GENERATIVIDAD EN PROFESORES RURALES CHILENOS*
No full textObjective: To interpret from a narrative perspective those strategies that favor the emergence of potentially generative behaviors on the part of teachers, contributing to the systematization of new ways of understanding the professional work of Chilean rural teachers. Method: a qualitative interpretive approach is adopted, following a descriptive, exploratory and transversal design. The sample is of an intentional nature, made up of 12 educators who have 33 years of experience in rural schools present in the Metropolitan, La Araucanía and Los Ríos Regions (Chile). For the interpretation of the data, content analysis is used, following the logic of the Grounded Theory and the In-Depth Interviews from the generative narrative perspective. Results: The strategies that favor the deployment of generative behaviors are the sense of life and spirituality, expressed in autonomy, flexibility and a high pedagogical involvement in their professional work, as well as a high sense of self-efficacy in their educational task. Finally, the teaching staff reveals a generative sense of life in which challenging personal goals and projects converge that contribute to the development of the communities in which they operate daily, configuring an educational legacy that transcends time. © 2023 Instituto Teologico de Caceres, Universidad de Extremadura. All rights reserved.Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Providing academic writing feedback assisted by Generative Artificial Intelligence in initial teacher education contexts
No full textThis paper presents the implementation of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) for providing descriptive feedback on 578 responses to pedagogical cases written by a cohort of students (n = 347) from seven initial teacher education programs at a Faculty of Education in Chile. To deliver feedback on these responses, a process called RECaP-GPT was developed, which incorporates human action and utilizes ChatGPT-4 as a teaching support tool. The feedback provided is based on pre-established criteria known to the students. The feedback generated by the GAI was validated and delivered to the students to enhance their evidence of learning throughout a semester of classes. The paper discusses the capacity of this tool to offer formative and extensive feedback on students' written work in a short period of time. Furthermore, it raises limitations observed in the implementation process that necessitate further research.Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Spanish version of the self-care self-efficacy scale: A validation study in community-dwelling older adults with chronic multimorbidity
No full textObjective: To test the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Self-Care Self-Efficacy Scale (SCSES-Sp) in community-dwelling older adults with chronic multimorbidity. Methods: A sample of 1013 community-dwelling older adults with chronic multimorbidity participated in an observational cross-sectional study that was carried out in 3 phases. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the SCSES-Sp has 4 dimensions: "self-efficacy in self-care behaviours based on clinical knowledge", "self-efficacy in self-care maintenance", "self-efficacy in self-care monitoring", and "self-efficacy in self-care management". A panel of independent experts considered the content of the SCSES-Sp valid. Convergent validity analysis showed moderate-strong correlations between all of the SCSES-Sp's dimensions and the reference criteria chosen. Reliability was good for the SCSES-Sp and all its dimensions. Test-retest reliability analysis showed that the SCSES-Sp was temporally stable. Conclusions: The SCSES-Sp is a valid and reliable tool to assess self-efficacy in self-care in Spanish-speaking, community-dwelling older adults with chronic multimorbidity. © 2023 The AuthorsMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN, (AEI/10.13039/501100011033)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Producing Territories for Extractivism: Encomiendas, Estancias and Forts in the Long-Term Political Ecology of Colonial Southern Chile
No full textThe aim of this article is to show that what seems natural today has a long social and environmental history, associated with the way in which territory has been socially produced. Socioenvironmental change is not natural, but instead is a political ecological project, and in this case, a colonial project deeply connected with the form that capitalism took in Southern Chile from the 16th century. This paper aims to connect three things: the colonial encomienda system as a primitive accumulation based on the capture of people and land to produce profit, the metabolic rift produced by colonial territorial relationships, and the emergence of a new nature which, dialectically, destroyed and created the conditions for the Indigenous uprisings, and the Mapuche resistance that continues today. The case of the fort in Mariquina Valley is used to illustrate the interlinkages between historical geography and landscape archaeology, to make the colonial production of nature visible, to understand how the Spanish fortress supported the production of the new colonial nature and the dispossession and transformation of the Indigenous territories. © 2023 by the author.Centro de Humedales del Río Cruces, (CEHUM 2019-05)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Emotions of University Professors and Students in Times of Pandemic: An Analysis from the Perspective of Resilience in Chilean Higher Education
No full textCOVID-19 forced a change in the usual face-to-face teaching–learning process to remote modalities in a matter of weeks. An abrupt change, within the context of uncertainty surrounding the pandemic, significantly increased the stress experienced by professors, students, and their families. Black screens were also a sign of anxiety in the face of new emergency didactic interaction. It has been documented that emotions influence learning; however, few studies have analyzed learning during a pandemic from a resilience approach. The perceptions of the teaching–learning process of 654 professors and 1540 students from 34 Chilean universities were analyzed. Emotions experienced in remote education during the pandemic were studied in relation to professor empathy, respect in the virtual classroom, student/professor technological resources, didactic strategies, student participation, group work, tutoring, perception of learning, assessment, and perception of demand. The results show a direct relationship between professor and student positive emotions and the quality of perceived pedagogical practice and interaction. © 2023 by the authors.Universidad Católica de Temuco, UCT; Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT, (1191956)Universidad Autónoma de Chil