Repositorio académico de acceso abierto (Univ. Autonóma de Chile)
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Diferencias en los niveles de homofobia y transfobia entre estudiantes de educación física y otras pedagogías de Chile
No full textHomophobia and transphobia are feelings of rejection and hostility towards homosexual and transgender people, which arise from prejudices and fears towards sexual diversity. The objective of the present research was to compare the homophobia and transphobia levels of physical education students and other pedagogies in Chile. To this end, the homophobia scale EHF-10 and the negative attitudes to trans people scale were applied to 384 students of 15 pedagogies from a university in Chile. The results show that homophobia and transphobia scores tend to be low in students of all careers. However, physical education students have the highest scores among all/future teachers, while biology, Spanish, English, history and geography students/students, Basic education and differential education have the lowest scores on one or both scales. It is concluded that there are differences in the levels of homophobia and transphobia according to the course, with the highest rates in physical education, although the scores of both scales are low. © 2023 Federacion Espanola de Docentes de Educacion Fisica. All rights reserved.Universidad Autónoma de Chil
The relevance of fungi in astrobiology research-Astromycology
No full textSince the very first steps of space exploration, fungi have been recorded as contaminants, hitchhikers, or as part of missions' crews and payloads. Because fungi can cause human disease and are highly active decomposers, their presence in a space-linked context has been a source of major concern given their possible detrimental effects on crews and space structures. However, fungi can also be beneficial and be used for many space applications. The exact effects on fungi are not always clear as they possess high adaptability and plasticity, and their phenotypes and genotypes can undergo several changes under the extreme conditions found in space, thus leading to different results than those we would have on Earth. Understanding and analysing these aspects is the subject of astromycology, a research field within astrobiology. The impending situation of a resurgent space race is expected to boost astromycology's visibility and importance. However, researchers lack both a framework and a solid base of knowledge from which to contextualise their work. This critical review addresses this gap by conceptualising the field of astromycology, covering key research and current questions pertaining to the field, and providing a relevant research instrument for future work.Science and Technology Development Fund (FDCT) , Macau SAR, China; Macau University of Science and Technology Faculty Research Grant [818602]; European Research Council [RGY0066/2018]; Human Frontiers Science Program; European Space and Italian Space Agencie; [FRG-22-080-LPS]Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Revisiting the link between domain satisfaction and life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic: Job-related moderators in triadic analysis in dual-earner parents with adolescent children
No full textIntroduction: Research has evaluated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns on individuals' life satisfaction, but wellbeing interrelations between family members in this context have been less explored. This study examined the spillover and crossover effects of one parent's job satisfaction (JS), satisfaction with family life (SWFaL) and satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL) on their own, their partner's, and their adolescent children's life satisfaction (LS), and the influence of adolescents' SWFaL and SWFoL on their own and their parents' LS, in dual-earner families with adolescents. The moderating role of job-related variables of both parents were also explored. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 860 dual-earner parents with adolescents in two cities in Chile during 2020. Mothers and fathers answered the Overall Job Satisfaction Scale and the three family members answered the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Satisfaction with Family Life Scale and the Satisfaction with Food-related Life Scale. Results: Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and structural equation modeling, we found that fathers' LS was positively associated with their own JS, SWFaL and SWFoL (spillover), and negatively with adolescents' SWFoL (crossover). Likewise, mothers' LS was positively associated with their own JS, SWFaL and SWFoL (spillover), with fathers' and adolescents' SWFaL, and negatively with adolescents' SWFoL. Adolescents' LS was positively associated with their own SWFaL and SWFoL (spillover), and with their fathers' JS, and negatively with their fathers' SWFoL. JS showed gendered patterns in spillover and crossover associations. Parents' type of employment, mothers' working hours and city of residence moderated some spillover and crossover associations for father-mother and parent-adolescent dyads. Discussion: These findings suggest that, for dual-earner parents with adolescents, improving individuals' LS requires interventions that should be carried out not individually, but at a family level. Copyright © 2023 Schnettler, Concha-Salgado, Orellana, Saracostti, Miranda-Zapata, Poblete, Lobos, Adasme-Berríos, Lapo, Beroíza and Riquelme.Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT, (1190017, 1230060); Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, ANIDUniversidad Autónoma de Chil
The Comet Assay in Drosophila: A Tool to Study Interactions between DNA Repair Systems in DNA Damage Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo
No full textThe comet assay in Drosophila has been used in the last few years to study DNA damage responses (DDR) in different repair-mutant strains and to compare them to analyze DNA repair. We have used this approach to study interactions between DNA repair pathways in vivo. Additionally, we have implemented an ex vivo comet assay, in which nucleoids from treated and untreated cells were incubated ex vivo with cell-free protein extracts from individuals with distinct repair capacities. Four strains were used: wild-type OregonK (OK), nucleotide excision repair mutant mus201, dmPolQ protein mutant mus308, and the double mutant mus201;mus308. Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was used as a genotoxic agent. Both approaches were performed with neuroblasts from third-instar larvae; they detected the effects of the NER and dmPolQ pathways on the DDR to MMS and that they act additively in this response. Additionally, the ex vivo approach quantified that mus201, mus308, and the double mutant mus201;mus308 strains presented, respectively, 21.5%, 52.9%, and 14.8% of OK strain activity over MMS-induced damage. Considering the homology between mammals and Drosophila in repair pathways, the detected additive effect might be extrapolated even to humans, demonstrating that Drosophila might be an excellent model to study interactions between repair pathways. © 2023 by the authors.Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT; Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, MECD, (CT2004-03005); Fundación para el Fomento en Asturias de la Investigación Científica Aplicada y la Tecnología, FICYT, (PC07-018); Fundació Catalana de Trasplantament, FCT, (LA/P/0059/2020, UIDP/00772/2020)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Effectiveness of Resistance Exercise on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
No full textBackground: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related to increased inflammatory processes. The effects of resistance exercise on inflammatory biomarkers in T2DM are controversial. Our purpose was to determine the effectiveness of resistance exercise on inflammatory biomarkers in patients diagnosed with T2DM. Methods: We searched four databases until September 2021. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of the effects of resistance exercise on inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10) in patients with T2DM. A random effects meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) and the raw mean difference (MD) for CRP. Results: Thirteen RCTs were included in the review, and 11 in the meta-analysis for CRP. Lower CRP levels were observed when resistance exercise was compared with the control groups (SMD=-0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.37 to -0.02). When conducting the MD meta-analysis, resistance exercise showed a significant decrease in CRP of -0.59 mg/dL (95% CI, -0.88 to -0.30); otherwise, in the control groups, the CRP values increased 0.19 mg/dL (95% CI, 0.17 to 0.21). Conclusion: Evidence supports resistance exercise as an effective strategy to manage systemic inflammation by decreasing CRP levels in patients with T2DM. The evidence is still inconclusive for other inflammatory biomarkers. Copyright © 2023 Korean Diabetes Association.Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, MECD; European Social Fund, ESF, (2020-PREDU-CLM-16746, BEAGAL18/00093); Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, UCLM; European Regional Development Fund, ERDFUniversidad Autónoma de Chil
The Methodological Quality Scale (MQS) for intervention programs: validity evidence
No full textIntroduction: A wide variety of instruments are used when assessing the methodological quality (MQ) of intervention programs. Nevertheless, studies on their metric quality are often not available. In order to address this shortcoming, the methodological quality scale (MQS) is presented as a simple and useful tool with adequate reliability, validity evidence, and metric properties. Methods: Two coders independently applied the MQS to a set of primary studies. The number of MQ facets was determined in parallel analyses before performing factor analyses. For each facet of validity obtained, mean and standard deviation are presented jointly with reliability and average discrimination. Additionally, the validity facet scores are interpreted based on Shadish, Cook, and Campbell’s validity model. Results and discussion: An empirical validation of the three facets of the MQ (external, internal, and construct validity) and the interpretation of the scores were obtained based on a theoretical framework. Unlike other existing scales, MQS is easy to apply and presents adequate metric properties. In addition, MQ profiles can be obtained in different areas of intervention using different methodologies and proves useful for both researchers doing meta-analysis and for evaluators and professionals designing a new intervention. Copyright © 2023 Chacón-Moscoso, Sanduvete-Chaves, Lozano-Lozano and Holgado-Tello.Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN, (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, PID2020-114538RB-I00); Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, ANID, (1190945, PID2020-115486GB-I00)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Pneumocystis Exacerbates Inflammation and Mucus Hypersecretion in a Murine, Elastase-Induced-COPD Model
No full textInflammation and mucus hypersecretion are frequent pathology features of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. Selected bacteria, viruses and fungi may synergize as co-factors in aggravating disease by activating pathways that are able to induce airway pathology. Pneumocystis infection induces inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in immune competent and compromised humans and animals. This fungus is a frequent colonizer in patients with COPD. Therefore, it becomes essential to identify whether it has a role in aggravating COPD severity. This work used an elastase-induced COPD model to evaluate the role of Pneumocystis in the exacerbation of pathology, including COPD-like lung lesions, inflammation and mucus hypersecretion. Animals infected with Pneumocystis developed increased histology features of COPD, inflammatory cuffs around airways and lung vasculature plus mucus hypersecretion. Pneumocystis induced a synergic increment in levels of inflammation markers (Cxcl2, IL6, IL8 and IL10) and mucins (Muc5ac/Muc5b). Levels of STAT6-dependent transcription factors Gata3, FoxA3 and Spdef were also synergically increased in Pneumocystis infected animals and elastase-induced COPD, while the levels of the mucous cell-hyperplasia transcription factor FoxA2 were decreased compared to the other groups. Results document that Pneumocystis is a co-factor for disease severity in this elastase-induced-COPD model and highlight the relevance of STAT6 pathway in Pneumocystis pathogenesis. © 2023 by the authors.Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT, (11191121)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE): Biosynthesis, Derivatives and Formulations with Neuroprotective Activities
No full textNeurodegenerative disorders are characterized by a progressive process of degeneration and neuronal death, where oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are key factors that contribute to the progression of these diseases. Therefore, two major pathways involved in these pathologies have been proposed as relevant therapeutic targets: The nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2), which responds to oxidative stress with cytoprotecting activity; and the nuclear factor NF-κB pathway, which is highly related to the neuroinflammatory process by promoting cytokine expression. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a phenylpropanoid naturally found in propolis that shows important biological activities, including neuroprotective activity by modulating the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways, promoting antioxidant enzyme expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine expression. Its simple chemical structure has inspired the synthesis of many derivatives, with aliphatic and/or aromatic moieties, some of which have improved the biological properties. Moreover, new drug delivery systems increase the bioavailability of these compounds in vivo, allowing its transcytosis through the blood-brain barrier, thus protecting brain cells from the increased inflammatory status associated to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. This review summarizes the biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of CAPE derivatives, their miscellaneous activities, and relevant studies (from 2010 to 2023), addressing their neuroprotective activity in vitro and in vivo. © 2023 by the authors.ANID FONDECYT; U.W.; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP, (2018/07366-4, FB210024)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Experiences of the Migrant Farmworkers during the Syndemic Due to COVID-19 in Spain
No full textThe present article addresses the COVID-19 syndemic, that is, the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with other diseases that interact and are determined by patterns of social inequality. The living and working conditions of migrant farmworkers increases the transmission of COVID-19. Descriptions of the experiences of migrant farmworkers provided by the professionals from different organizations that tend to them allowed the authors to discover the syndical nature of COVID-19. This study is based on qualitative descriptive research. Seventeen workers from different organizations participated in the study, through in-depth interviews between January and June 2022. A thematic analysis was performed to analyze the qualitative data. Two main themes emerged: Non-compliance with the collective labor agreement, and non-compliance with workplace health and safety standards. The results suggest that the adverse living and working conditions of the migrant farmworkers increased their risk of COVID-19 infection, due to the lack of compliance with the health measures decreed. The vulnerability experienced by migrant farmworkers increased work conflicts and prompted their mobilization to fight for their rights. © 2023 by the authors.General Nursing Council of Spain, (CTS-451, PNI_CGE88); UAL-FEDER, (UAL2020-CTS-D2031); Universidad de Almería, UALUniversidad Autónoma de Chil
ISOMA 2023
No full textVicerrector Sede Talca, Universidad Autónoma de Chile.El informe constituye una aproximación a la realidad social y económica de la región del Maule desde el análisis de datos de fuentes oficiales de gobierno, en una primera instancia, en el diálogo de relevantes agentes locales, por otro, y de la generación de información in-situ mediante la aplicación de instrumentos de medición a fin de obtener una panorámica territorial