Repositorio académico de acceso abierto (Univ. Autonóma de Chile)
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Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children: Validity and Cut-Points to Identify Sufficient Levels of Moderate- to Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With HIV
No full textPurpose: To investigate the validity of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) to assess the moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) level of children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV and propose cut-points, with accelerometer measures as the reference method. Method: Children and adolescents, aged 8–14 years (mean age = 12.21 y, SD = 2.09), diagnosed with HIV by vertical transmission, participated in the study. MVPA was investigated through the PAQ-C and triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+). Receiver operating characteristic curve and sensitivity and specificity values were used to identify a cut-point for PAQ-C to distinguish participants meeting MVPA guidelines. Results: Fifty-six children and adolescents participated in the study. Among those, 16 met MVPA guidelines. The PAQ-C score was significantly related to accelerometry-derived MVPA (ρ = .506, P < .001). The PAQ-C score cut-point of 2.151 (sensitivity = 0.625, specificity = 0.875) was able to discriminate between those who met MVPA guidelines and those that did not (area under the curve = 0.751, 95% confidence interval, 0.616–0.886). Conclusion: The PAQ-C was useful to investigate MVPA among children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV and to identify those who meet MVPA guidelines. © 2024 Human Kinetics Publishers Inc.. All rights reserved
PREVALENCIA Y ANÁLISIS MORFOLÓGICO DE LA PLACA ATEROMATOSA EN RADIOGRAFÍA PANORÁMICA DIGITAL DE UNA SUBPOPULACIÓN BRASILEÑA
No full textThis study had as a goal to analyze the prevalence of suggestive images of atheromatous calcification in the common carotid artery, aiming to relate it to age, sex, antimere and to analyze the morphology of its calcification, through digital panoramic radiographs of the jaws. It’s an observational, transversal and retrospective study, on which there were analyzed 4.837 radiographs, that came from the files of a dental radiology private service in the city of Cabo de Santo Agostinho-PE, Brazil, referring to the period between 2011-2017. The morphology of the calcified atheromatous plaque was classified in: Grade I – normal (plaque not displayed); Grade II – intimal thickening; Grade III – simple plaque (less than 5mm thick); Grade IV – complex plaque (over 5mm thick) and Grade V – debris (irregular plaque with moving projections). The data collected was expressed in absolute values and frequency, analyzed through the chi-square, considering p< 0,05. Of the analyzed radiographs, 1.321 filled the eligibility criteria, of these 51 (3,8%0 presented suggestive image of atheromatous plaque, 71% were of the female sex (p = 0,003), 45% were at the age range between 5th and 6th decade of life (p= 0,001), most of the identified plaques were unilateral, to the left (p=0,02) and 76% were morphologically classified as grade III (less than 5mm thick). In this study, it was verified the low prevalence of suggestive images of atheromatous in carotid artery, with greater occurrence on the female sex, between the 5th and 6th decade of life, unilaterally, to the left and morphologically classified in grade III.Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la prevalencia de imágenes sugerentes de calcificación ateromatosa en la arteria carótida común, con el objetivo de relacionarla con la edad, sexo, antimera y analizar la morfología de su calcificación, a través de radiografías panorámicas digitales de los maxilares. Se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal y retrospectivo, en el que se analizaron 4.837 radiografías, provenientes de los archivos de un servicio privado de radiología dental en la ciudad de Cabo de Santo Agostinho-PE, Brasil, referido al período 2011-2017. La morfología de la placa ateromatosa calcificada se clasificó en: Grado I - normal (placa no mostrada); Grado II: engrosamiento de la íntima; Grado III: placa simple (menos de 5 mm de espesor); Grado IV: placa compleja (más de 5 mm de grosor) y grado V: escombros (placa irregular con proyecciones móviles). Los datos recolectados se expresaron en valores absolutos y frecuencia, analizados mediante el chi-cuadrado, considerando p <0,05. De las radiografías analizadas, 1.321 cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad, de estas 51 (3,8% 0 presentaron imagen sugerente de placa ateromatosa, 71% eran del sexo femenino (p = 0,003), 45% estaban en el rango de edad entre 5 y 6a década de la vida (p = 0,001), la mayoría de las placas identificadas eran unilaterales, hacia la izquierda (p = 0,02) y el 76% se clasificaron morfológicamente como grado III (menos de 5mm de espesor). verificó la baja prevalencia de imágenes sugerentes de ateromatosas en arteria carótida, con mayor ocurrencia en el sexo femenino, entre la 5ª y 6ª década de la vida, unilateralmente, hacia la izquierda y clasificadas morfológicamente en grado III
Desarrollo moral en contextos educativos: Una revisión sistemática
No full textThe aim of this systematic review was to identify the evidence available in scientific literature in relation to moral development in educational contexts. The bibliographic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection (EBSCO) and Scielo were examined using predetermined search criteria and PRISMA methodology. Research studies published from 2010 to October 2020 were considered and, after evaluation, 3,021 articles dealing with the topic were identified and finally 167 articles were included in the review that met the inclusion criteria. The results suggest the influence of the educational context on moral development, from all levels of educational formation, where aspects, individual, cognitive, socioeconomic, intercultural, pedagogical, institutional, family and interactive converge, encouraging the development of studies that nourish the scientific discussion on the moral evolution of the human being and its associated training practices.El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue identificar la evidencia disponible en la literatura científica en relación con el estudio del desarrollo moral en contextos educativos. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos bibliográficas de PubMed, Scopus, Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection (EBSCO) y Scielo utilizando criterios de búsqueda predeterminados, siguiendo la metodología PRISMA. Se consideraron los estudios de investigación publicados desde 2010 hasta octubre de 2020 y, luego de la evaluación, fueron identificados 3.021 artículos que trataban el tema y se incluyeron finalmente 167 artículos en la revisión que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados sugieren la influencia del contexto educativo en el desarrollo moral, desde todos los niveles de formación educativa, donde convergen aspectos, individuales, cognitivos, socioeconómicos, interculturales, pedagógicos, institucionales, familiares e interactivos, incentivando al desarrollo de estudios que nutran la discusión científica sobre la evolución moral del ser humano y sus prácticas formativas asociadas
ARQUITETURA DA PARTICIPAÇÃO SOCIAL NO BRASIL: UM ESPAÇO EM CONSTRUÇÃO
No full textA incorporação de cidadãos na esfera pública emergiu como uma inovação democrática, que fez surgir diversas instituições, nas mais diferentes realidades. Vários sistemas democráticos no mundo começaram a desenvolver espaços institucionais para a participação de cidadãos. Embora diferentes, as Instituições Participativas (IPs) tornaram-se uma realidade em diversos países e trouxeram a promessa da democracia com maior capacidade distributiva. No Brasil, o processo foi institucionalizado nos três níveis da federação e em várias áreas temáticas. Apesar da diversidade de enfoques nas investigações sobre a participação, a pesquisa empírica sobre os seus efeitos ainda é escassa. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar e discutir a arquitetura de participação social no Brasil, apontando lacunas nas relações estabelecidas com as instituições tradicionais da democracia
Navigating burnout: a study of teacher identity in Chile, Ecuador, Brazil, Spain and Australia
No full textA key tool amongst the strategies used by teachers to combat stress at work is the construction and development of a professional identity. The underlying idea is that professional identity has the potential to prevent or help teachers to overcome burnout, a problem that is increasingly common within the profession. We conducted a multiple case study and analysed five subjective learning experiences recounted by novel teachers working in Chile, Ecuador, Brazil, Spain and Australia. Results show that (i) teachers constantly experience scenarios that lead to stress or exhaustion and involve various negatively valenced emotional evaluations; (ii) the substitution of these evaluations is particularly relevant, as it contributes to the formation of new meanings and positions relative to the situation; (iii) this repositioning may be connected to particular objects, to the subjects themselves, or to positions within the community in question; (iv) positively valenced emotional evaluations may be substituted for negatively valenced emotional evaluations, reflecting that positional changes are not always fruitful; and (v) some emotionally valenced evaluations endure over time and are key generators of professional stress. © 2024 Pedagogy, Culture & Society
Searching for the DNA of urbanisation. A material perspective
No full textBroadly accepted categorical differentiations of urbanisation understand cities as well-defined objects containing urban spaces in contrast to their hinterlands. However, urbanisation's multidimensional complexity challenges these approaches in the context of increasing social issues marked by rapid urban expansion, uneven development, ways of life, inequality, commodification, etc., that require fresh scientific answers grounded in innovative empirical evidence. Here, we analysed the population-based and the land-use/land cover-based categorical understandings of urbanisation, looking at their origins and main shortcomings. Our analysis makes a generalised description of urbanisation's spatial complexity, with an emphasis on the problematic spatial delimitation of urban boundaries; urbanisation occurring in remote wild areas; and the missing third spatial dimension. We discuss these shortcomings based on recent scientific developments, providing reasons why the categorical approach needs to be changed and how. We propose a continuous indicator of urbanisation which is based on the accumulation of anthropogenic materials, a physical, rather than a spatial or demographic characteristic. Our proposal allows the analysis of socio-ecological systems' spatial organisation, pursuing comparative studies across geographies and times, informing globally generalisable patterns of urbanisation processes and giving a material body to address claims for sustainable urban development. © 2024 The Author
Resolución de Rectoría N°011/2024 crea Subcomité de Bioética de Universidad Autónoma de Chile
No full textWildfires alter stream ecosystem functioning through effects on leaf litter
No full textBackground: Wildfires have strong impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, whose frequency, severity, and intensity are increasing with climate change. Moreover, the expansion of exotic monoculture plantations, such as those of eucalypts, increases this risk. When wildfires do not cause the disappearance of riparian vegetation, they still imply the fall of leaf litter exposed to the fire (i.e., crown scorch), which consequences for ecosystems are unknown. Experimental design: To explore how these leaf litter inputs may affect stream ecosystem functioning, we conducted a microcosm experiment where we quantified the decomposition of leaf litter from three tree species (alder, oak, and eucalypt) under two conditions (control litter simulating natural entries and litter subjected to 150 °C for 3 h mimicking exposure to fire). We also examined the interaction between this factor and a temperature rise (which is often associated to the loss of riparian vegetation caused by the wildfire) by manipulating water temperature (10, 12.5, and 15 °C). Finally, we explored the effects of these variables on the growth of a common detritivore, the caddisfly Sericostoma pyrenaicum. Results: Control alder presented the highest decomposition rates, which were notably reduced due to fire exposure. On the contrary, eucalypt litter decomposition was even slower than that of oak and hardly showed any effect derived from fire exposure. The different leaf litter types determined detritivore growth, to a greater extent than variation related to warming, which generally had negligible effects. Conclusions: Our study shows the negative effects of wildfires on stream ecosystem functioning even when they only involve brief exposure of leaf litter to the fire. Effects are greater on the most palatable native species, which represents the highest quality input in streams of the study area. Our results highlight the importance of protecting riparian forests, especially those composed of native species, against wildfires. © The Author(s) 2024.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MCIN; Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras, FEDER; Eusko Jaurlaritza, (IT1471-22, PID2022-138055NB-I00); Eusko Jaurlaritza; European Commission, EC, (ATE220060); European Commission, EC; Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT, (1231551); Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYTUniversidad Autónoma de Chil
Diazepam Alters the Ultrastructure of Fetal Atrium in Rat
No full textDiazepam (DZ) is a synthetic minor tranquilizer, used in patients with psychological and psychiatric disorders. It is a relaxing sedative, anticonvulsant and antipsychotic. DZ crosses the human placental barrier in mouse. Young women who are addicted to the drug, if they become pregnant and continue to use it, particularly during the first trimester, expose their children to psychomotor disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether DZ administered during pregnancy induces ultrastructural alterations of fetal mouse myocardium. The group (DZ) of pregnant female mice of the CD-1 strain was treated with a single daily dose of 1.0 mg / kg / pc / sc of day 6 to 17 and a group (C) that received saline solution. On day 18 females of both groups were anesthetized, the fetuses were perfused by intracardiac route with 1 % paraformaldehyde and 2.5 % glutaraldehyde, the heart was removed, the atrium was dissected, fixed in 1 % OsO4, it was immersed in epoxy resin. The fine sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and observed in a transmission electron microscope. In the myocytes of the fetuses of the DZ group, the sarcomers of the compact myocardium were shorter than those of the C group. Areas with disorganized myofibrils were observed. The sarcoplasmic reticulum of some myocytes had distended and fragmented cisterns, altered mitochondria, and abundant polyribosomes were observed. The changes may be due to the effect of DZ on the synthesis of actin and heavy myosin and on cytoplasmic organelles mediated by peripheral benzodiazepine receptors present on the outer membrane of the mitochondria and associated with voltage-dependent calcium channels. Ultrastructural alterations of the atrial myocardium of fetuses of mice exposed to DZ in utero may have postnatal effects
El dolo como fuente de error esencial
No full textLa presente investigación tiene por objeto explicar las consecuencias de la instrumentalización que el dolo hace del error esencial, especialmente la concurrencia de las acciones de nulidad absoluta y relativa frente a la existencia del dolo y el error esencial en el acto jurídico, señalando las opciones del litigante y la posición del juez frente a la situación descrita